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At least 1,135 records · Page 63Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Predictors of lipoprotein(a) levels in a European and South Asian population in the Newcastle Heart Project.

BACKGROUND: Understanding of the higher susceptibility of South Asians to coronary heart disease is limited. One explanation is the combination of high prevalence of insulin resistance with higher lipoprotein(a) levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Lipoprotein(a) levels and genotypes in three South Asian groups aged 25-74 years (Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi) were compared with a European population in a cross-sectional study. Biochemical measurements included lipids, apolipoprotein A1 and B, glucose, insulin and fibrinogen. Insulin sensitivity was calculated using the homoeostasis model assessment method (HOMA). RESULTS: There was no significant difference in lipoprotein(a) levels between South Asian and European men. South Asian women combined had higher lipoprotein(a) levels than European women, a difference probably resulting from higher lipoprotein(a) levels in Pakistani women compared with Indian and Bangladeshi women. Fasting insulin and HOMA were negatively associated with Lp(a) in South Asians though the associations were statistically significant only in men. There were only modest associations between most cardiovascular risk factors and Lp(a). Twenty-seven apolipoprotein(a) size alleles were detected in the three South Asian groups ranging from 16 to 43 kringle-IV repeats. The apolipoprotein(a) size polymorphism explained 23% of the variability in lipoprotein(a) levels in South Asians. CONCLUSIONS: There were few nongenetic predictors of lipoprotein(a) levels in South Asians and Europeans. The lack of difference in Lp(a) between the South Asian and European men and the fact that differences between the women seemed to be confined to the Pakistani group offer little support to the hypothesis that higher Lp(a) levels contribute to the increased risk of heart disease in South Asians. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that susceptibility to heart disease in South Asians results from a combination of high insulin resistance and high Lp(a) levels.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Projecting radiation-induced cancer risks across time and populations.

Various methods can be used to project the risks of radiation-induced cancer estimated in cohort studies beyond the period of follow-up and to other populations. The epidemiological evidence for the choice of risk projection model is reviewed based on data from studies such as those of the Japanese atomic bomb survivors and UK ankylosing spondylitis patients given x-ray therapy. The results of risk projections based on various approaches are presented, including those suggested by UNSCEAR and by the BEIR V Committee. It is emphasised that the continued follow-up of populations such as the Japanese atomic bomb survivors is of great importance in estimating lifetime risks, and that further parallel analyses are required to examine how risks vary across populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An evaluation of the health hazard appraisal based on survey data from a randomly selected population.

The Special Projects Division of the City of Milwaukee Health Department conducted a telephone survey among randomly selected adult residents to determine the population having the greatest potential for benefiting from a health screening a counseling program. A modified version of the Health Hazard Appraisal (HHA) was completed by 268 respondents. From the survey results, it was estimated that by reducing various health risk factors, the respondents could lower their current probability of dying within 10 years by an average of 22 percent. The major predictor of the percentage of reducible risk was age. Persons 18-39 years old could reduce their current probability of dying within 10 years by an average of about 10 percent, whereas persons 40 years and older could reduce theirs by an average of more than 30 percent. Men could lower their probability by slightly more than women, but other sociodemographic factors, such as race, income, education, and residential area, either did not predict significantly the percentage of reducible risk or did so only because of their correlation with age. The results raise questions about the HHA's accuracy in calculating reducible risk, its use of death postponement information to motivate changes in behavior, and its value in health promotion programs, particularly for young adults who are not likely to die of chronic diseases within 10 years. The HHA should only be considered for public health screening programs that target middle-aged and, perhaps, elderly populations rather than the general population of persons under 40 years old.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Replacement level fertility and future population growth.

'Replacement level fertility' is a technical term which seems almost self-explanatory. However there are some important qualifications which make it a more difficult concept than might be supposed. Also, the relationship between replacement level fertility and zero population growth is complicated. The article explains why this is so and thus why, although the United Kingdom's current level of fertility is below replacement level, population is projected to grow for the next thirty years.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Estimating the denominator of a sentinel practice using accounting data of the federal physicians association].

In order to interpret the regional and temporal variation in the number of cases reported for sentinel topics, rates have to be calculated which relate these figures to a common denominator. For this denominator different definitions are possible, where this paper focuses on the contact denominator, counting all contacts between the patient and the doctor in a specified period of time and a specified population (i.e. children between 2 and 3 years of age by sex for the first MORBUS topic). One patient may produce different contacts. Due to work load considerations contact denominators could not be directly recorded in sentinel practices in the MORBUS-project. A method was developed which combined minimal denominator information obtained from sentinel practices with routine (accounting) data from the doctor's associations, in order to estimate denominators with a high degree of precision. Data elements in the accounting data base include number of personal patient-doctor-contacts by type of treatment (screening/cure/emergency/referral) and insurance status (ordinary member, family member, retired) itemized list of actions that were reimbursed through the insurance company structural data about the doctor/practice (specialty, accreditation date) etc. For a first assessment of the degree of accuracy with which denominators can be estimated by such data, a pilot test was scheduled for April 1991. Doctors recorded the number of contacts with children between two and three years of age (by sex) for one week on a simple checklist. A linear model which included specialty, region, number of vouchers per quarter, number of infant health assessments and date of accreditation as predictors, was fitted to the data.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Child↗
PubMed2005

A generative response to palliative service capacity in Canada.

PURPOSE: This paper situates a large-scale learning and service development capacity-building initiative for hospice palliative care services within the current Canadian policy context for use by international readers. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: In 2000 a national initiative using action research as its design was crafted to support continuing professional development and knowledge management in primary-health care environments. FINDINGS: The Canadian health policy context is complex and requires innovative solutions to achieve desired changes in response to emerging population health demands for quality end-of-life care. Employment of educational and social science constructs, including complexity theory, communities of practice, transformative learning theory, and workplace learning methods, has proven helpful in supporting the creation of national capacity for hospice palliative care. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS: There is a significant contribution for social scientists to make in aiding a better understanding of the complexity in health systems. At the same time, an aging population in industrial countries demands more active engagement of legal and bioethical scholars in a range of emerging policy and legislative questions about quality end-of-life care. Educational research is also required to understand better and reform curricula to prepare an emerging generation of health science practitioners for the demands of an aging population. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Changing health service delivery environments demand rethinking of the knowledge and skills leaders require to influence desired change. A broader understanding of where and how learning takes place is essential for enhancing the quality of patient care. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: The Pallium Project represents a generative response to facilitating learning and building longer-term system capacity. The journey of project development to date illustrates some important lessons that can be adopted from hospice palliative care to inform other primary-health care initiatives, including, potentially, mental health, cardiology, diabetes, geriatrics, where productive change can result from productively linking specialists and primary-care colleagues.

Canada↗
PubMed1998

Responses of cockroach antennal lobe projection neurons to pulsatile olfactory stimuli.

Behavioral evidence indicates that insects preferentially orient toward pulses of odorants as they occur downwind from a point source. Our recent results have shown that cockroach olfactory receptor neurons are able to reliably resolve 10-Hz pulses of the general "green' odorant 1-hexanol, but it is unknown to what extent the central olfactory pathway is able to resolve temporal aspects of a general odor stimulus. In the present study, temporal response characteristics were measured in antennal lobe projection neurons of female American cockroaches, Periplaneta americana in response to series of short odor pulses (2.5-20 Hz). Odor pulses were delivered to olfactory sensilla in a moving airstream controlled by electromagnetic valves and quantified by replacing the odorant with oil smoke and measuring the concentration of smoke passing through a light beam. The responses of projection neurons were recorded with an intracellular microelectrode placed in the projection neuron cell body. A variety of time courses of responses were recorded. Response patterns were consistent among identical stimuli within a neuron and varied among neurons. Some neurons increased spike frequency with stimulus onset while others decreased spike frequency. The latency to the change in spike frequency and the duration of the response also varied among neurons. Regardless of the temporal characteristics of the responses, nearly all projection neurons were able to resolve pulses of 1-hexanol presented at 5 Hz and some could resolve 10-Hz pulses. Thus, responses of antennal lobe projection neurons can reflect fine structures of non-uniform distributions of general odorants in a turbulent odor plume. In addition, the variety of temporal response characteristics to identical stimuli suggests that odor quality is coded by a temporal code expressed across a population of projection neurons.

Animal Communication↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Food consumption and the nutritional status of schoolchildren of the Community of Madrid (CAENPE): general methodology and overall food consumption. Consumo de alimentos y estado nutricional de la población escolar].

The CAENPE study (Food Consumption and Nutritional State of the School Population) was a transversal observational study funded and promoted by the Directorate-General of Food Hygiene in the Ministry of Health, implemented in 1991-93, with the main aim of quantifying food consumption in the school population (6-14 years of age) in the Regional Community of Madrid, together with an anthropometric study and nutritional analysis of that population. This project sets our the General Methodology for the study, paying particular attention to the sampling design, to ensure that the sample is representative of the community, and the results of the overall consumption of food and its comparison with recommended diet and other population studies. Quantification shows a high and rising consumption of meat, meat products, sweets, snacks and prepared dishes, suitable consumption of eggs, legumes and fruit and a notable lack of greens, vegetables and potatoes. The basic results underline the need to introduce educational measures with practical effect on home and school menus.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Optometric vision therapy -- results of a demonstration project with a learning disabled population.

Thirty-six children attending a private school for learning disabled children were diagnosed as having visual and/or perceptual disorders. The experimental group received individual programming in visual and perceptual development at their appropriate developmental levels. The control group received instruction in physical education, art or music classes. Both groups received individualized reading assistance. Statistical analysis of the two year demonstration project, which included nine months of actual training, indicated that the experimental group made significant gains in reading as compared to the control group. The improvement in basic instructional level of The Informal Reading Inventory (Temple University), and the Word Reading and Paragraph Meaning subtests of the Stanford Achievement Tests, and the actual classroom reading levels were all statistically significant. The Informal Word Recognition Inventory (Daniels) and the Spelling subtest of the Stanford Achievement Tests showed a definite trend approaching statistical significance.

Child↗