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At least 1,135 records · Page 63Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Soft plastic bread packaging: lead content and reuse by families.

The presence of lead in labels painted on soft plastic bread packaging was evaluated. Lead was detected on the outside of 17 of 18 soft plastic bread bags that were analyzed, with an average of 26 +/- 6 mg per bag with lead. Of 106 families questioned, 16 percent of respondents reported turning the bags inside out before reusing for food storage, thus putting food in contact with the lead paint. We estimate that a weak acid, such as vinegar, could readily leach 100 micrograms of lead from a painted plastic bag within 10 minutes. Further, lead and other metals painted on food packaging of any type becomes part of the municipal waste stream subject to incineration and to land-filling. The use of lead in packaging presents an unnecessary risk to public health.

Bread↗
PubMed2000

Fifty-one kilobase HSV-1 plasmid vector can be packaged using a helper virus-free system and supports expression in the rat brain.

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) plasmid vectors have a number of attractive features for gene transfer into neurons. In particular, the large size of the HSV-1 genome suggests that HSV-1 vectors might be designed to accommodate large inserts. We now report the construction and characterization of a 51 kb HSV-1 plasmid vector. This vector was efficiently packaged into HSV-1 particles using a helper virus-free packaging system. The structure of the packaged vector DNA was verified by both Southern blot and PCR analyses. A vector stock was microinjected into the rat striatum, the rats were sacrificed at 4 days after gene transfer, and numerous X-gal positive striatal cells were observed. This 51 kb vector was constructed using general principles that may support the routine construction of large vectors. Potential applications of such HSV-1 vectors include characterizing large promoter fragments or genomic clones and co-expressing multiple genes.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Transduction of multiple cell types using improved conditions for gene delivery and expression of SV40 pseudovirions packaged in vitro.

This comprehensive study demonstrates highly efficient transduction of a wide variety of human, murine, and monkey cell lines, using a procedure for in vitro packaging of plasmid DNA in recombinant simian virus 40 (SV40) capsid proteins to form pseudovirions. The pseudovirions are encapsidated by the VP1 major capsid protein, with no SV40 sequence requirement, and are able to carry up to 17.7 kb of supercoiled plasmid DNA. We developed a procedure to scale-up production of SV40 pseudovirions, as well as an efficient protocol to concentrate the virions with no loss of activity. We also developed a method that allows transduction of 10 times more cells than the original protocol. This protocol was tested using supercoiled in vitro-packaged plasmid carrying the human multidrug-resistance gene (MDR1 encoding P-glycoprotein; P-gp), or the enhanced green fluorescent protein reporter gene (EGFP) in .45 human lymphoblastoid cells and in K562 human erythroleukemia cells. Multiple transductions at 24-h intervals were shown to increase expression using the EGFP reporter gene. The protocols developed in this study establish in vitro-packaged SV40 pseudovirions as one of the most efficient gene delivery systems.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Promoter classifier: software package for promoter database analysis.

Promoter Classifier is a package of seven stand-alone Windows-based C++ programs allowing the following basic manipulations with a set of promoter sequences: (i) calculation of positional distributions of nucleotides averaged over all promoters of the dataset; (ii) calculation of the averaged occurrence frequencies of the transcription factor binding sites and their combinations; (iii) division of the dataset into subsets of sequences containing or lacking certain promoter elements or combinations; (iv) extraction of the promoter subsets containing or lacking CpG islands around the transcription start site; and (v) calculation of spatial distributions of the promoter DNA stacking energy and bending stiffness. All programs have a user-friendly interface and provide the results in a convenient graphical form. The Promoter Classifier package is an effective tool for various basic manipulations with eukaryotic promoter sequences that usually are necessary for analysis of large promoter datasets. The program Promoter Divider is described in more detail as a representative component of the package.

Algorithms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A package for cost and critical analysis of picture archiving and communication indicating its true yield (CAPACITY).

The hospital-wide use of picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) promises a number of advantages in the future. These benefits will only be obtained at considerable costs, however. In view of the rapidly developing technology the costs of hardware can be expected to decrease. The ideas about the expected moment when the benefits will exceed the costs show wide variation. In order to get a better view on the cost comparison between PACS and the classical film-based system and also to stimulate discussions on this topic, a software package called CAPACITY (cost and critical analysis of picture archiving and communication indicating its true yield) has been developed by BAZIS within the scope of its IMAGIS (image information system) project. CAPACITY calculates the costs in the year of introduction for both situations, conventional and PACS, based on the consumption or use of the various resources (e.g. film, optical disks, manpower in the archive, operators, network, workstations etc.) needed for the production of the radiological department. These two costs are calculated for a series of years, thus giving an indication for the moment of breakeven. User-supplied data is interrelated and checked for plausibility against a number of expert given rules of thumb by CAPACITY's critique module. The first results and experiences acquired during a pilot study using a prototype version of the package will be discussed. The CAPACITY package is available for evaluation and trial (only distribution costs will be charged if experiences and results are returned).

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed1977

Effects of package, extender, and light on stored frozen bull spermatozoa.

Spermatozoa were analyzed when fresh, freshly frozen, and stored at --196 C for 6 and 18 mo after processing in egg yolk-citrate and Promine-D extender with varying exposure to light and packaging in straws or glass ampules. Over all treatments there were decreases with time in spermatozoal motility, oxygen uptake, and cellular glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase due to freezing-thawing. Percent progressive motility decreased from spermatozoa freshly frozen (36.5%) to those stored for 6 mo (33.6%). Oxygen uptake in freshly frozen samples was 8.4 microliter per 10(8) cells per h. In frozen semen stored for 6 and 18 mo corresponding values were 12.2 and 8.3 microliter. Packaging methods did not have a significant effect on oxygen uptake, but package interacted with storage. Egg yolk-citrate extender supported greater progressive spermatoal motility than did promine-D. Extender interacted with storage for all criteria. Visible light radiation reduced progressive spermatozoal motility from 40.2 to 38.0% and oxygen uptake from 11.8 to 10.8 microliter per 10(8) cells per h. Light interacted with storage time. Correlations between all criteria and storage times were not important practically.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

The path to successful MRP (materiel requirements planning) package selection.

The vendor demonstration is usually nothing more than a glorified sales presentation and is of little value in judging how close a fit a software package is to your company's requirements. In order to turn the demonstration from a sales pitch into a tool for determining if the package meets your requirements, you must take control of the demonstration. The way to take control is to tell the vendor exactly what you expect to see during the demonstration and that the package will be judged on whether it is shown to meet each of your requirements. The way to tell the vendor what you want to see is by use of a "script." By using a scripted demonstration, the presentation becomes a tool in the selection process.

Commerce↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Packaging of intravenous solutions.

Until recently, polypropylene was not used extensively in the packaging of intravenous (i.v.) solutions. Despite the excellent moisture-barrier properties and the high purity level of polypropylene, the prevailing i.v.-solution packaging concepts are based on plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC), glass, and polyethylene. In the light of an article that appeared in the March/April issue of Medical Device Technology, in which Wilhelm Striepe justifies the use of PVC in the manufacture of medical products, this article looks at alternatives to PVC for the packaging of i.v. solutions.

Glass↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Packaging matters--part I: design of the pack.

Following the author's discussion of seals and seal integrity in medical packaging in the May/June issue of Medical Device Technology, this article discusses the parameters involved in the design of a pack. These parameters are discussed in relation to each integral part of the overall medical device package, from the inner pack to the shelf pack, and the conclusion is reached that a number of pitfalls could be avoided if the device and the package were designed together. Part II will deal with material selection.

Equipment Contamination↗
PubMed1997

Program package for paramedical investigations (EEG, EKG, radiography, biochemical investigations, pathological anatomy, nuclear medicine).

The purpose of this program package is to provide computer-based assistance for the work performed in paramedical investigation laboratories: functional investigations, radiology, biochemical investigations, pathological anatomy, nuclear medicine, in hospitals, polyclinics, medical practices. The common characteristics regarding the management of the work done in such laboratories has made a global approach of the problem possible. The modular design of the program package has allowed its stagewise development, thus offering the possibility of integration with the medical information management in each laboratory. The program package for paramedical investigations has a two level structure. programs and data bases pertaining to the main program; programs and data bases specific to each type of computerised laboratory.

Clinical Laboratory Information Systems↗
PubMed1982

Building a structured learning package.

Pharmacists must become educators of patients and of pharmacy technical personnel. The literature cited in this paper has found that problems of patient compliance, personnel management, the high cost of medical care, and patient medical self-help may very well be solved in part through the application of competently written learning packages. One specific approach to learning package creation is illustrated in this paper, using the training of a unit-dose technician as an example. The subjects of student motivation, step-wise learning using subobjectives, learning feedback, material relevance, and student evaluation are discussed. Higher-level cognitive skills and readability are briefly discussed and illustrated to focus the readers' attention on the more difficult aspects of building learning packages.

Drug Information Services↗
PubMed1992

[The activity package of the dental assistant].

The aim of this study was to assess the package of activities that is actually carried out by the chairside assistant, and the activities that should be dropped or added to the package, according to both assistants and dentists. A representative sample of 1034 dentists and their assistants received a questionnaire. Results showed large differences between assistants in kind and number of activities actually carried out. Part of the group of assistants as well as part of the group of dentists expressed their wish to extend the package of activities.

Data Collection↗
PubMed2002

[Construction, packaging and titration of recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors contaning antitumor genes].

OBJECTIVE: To construct, package, and titrate vectors that express antitumor genes using adeno-associated virus (AAV) containing human alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) promoter. METHODS: Recombinant AAV vectors were constructed by blunted ligation of plasmids rAAV-AFP-GFP and pTR-UF5 and p16 cDNA and p21 cDNA. Packaging cell lines, 293 and C12 cells, were transfected with rAAV vectors, plasmid PspRC72, and adenovirus cosmid pAdc with the help of LipofectAMINE and then infected by wild adenovirus 48 hours later. The total viral particle titre was measured by PCR. Electron microscopy was used to observe the morphology of rAAV. C12 cells were infected with rAAV and wild adenovirus (MOI 10) and the titre of infectious virus was measured. by RCA method. Hepatocellular carcinoma cells were cultured and infected with rAAV containing green fluorescent protein (GFP), the infectious rate was observed 48 hours later. RESULTS: Recombinant vectors, rAAV-AFP-p16, rAAV-AFP-p21, rAAV-CMV-p16, and rAAV-CMV-p21, were constructed and verified by DNA sequencing and enzyme digestion. The total viral titre was 10(13) to 10(14)/ml. The titre of infectious rAAV containing GFP was 5 x 10(10)/ml. Electron microscopy showed that the rAVV was round and plaqued with a diameter between 20 and 30 nm. When the MOI was 100, the infectious rate of hepatocellular carcinoma cells was at least 70%. Four rAAV vectors carrying p16 or p21 genes have been constructed. rAAV packaging and titration methods were developed to produce highly-purified AAV stocks. These approaches help in research of gene therapy in liver cancer.

Cell Line↗
PubMed2002

Methods for structural and functional analysis of an RNA hexamer of bacterial virus phi29 DNA packaging motor.

During multiplication and maturation, the lengthy genomic DNA of dsDNA viruses is translocated with remarkable velocity into a limited space within the procapsid and packaged to crystalline density. A viral DNA-packaging motor accomplishes this energy consuming motion task. An RNA molecule of bacterial virus phi29 has been found to be a vital component of the DNA-packaging motor. Six pRNAs form a hexagonal complex to gear the DNA translocating machine using a mechanism similar to the driving of a bolt with a hex nut. Sequential action of six RNA molecules to drive the motor is similar to the consecutive firing of six cylinders of a car engine. This article reviews the structure of pRNA to demonstrate that its structure plays a vital role in its function, and focuses on methods and unique approaches that lead to the elucidation of pRNA structure.

Bacillus Phages↗
PubMed2002

Spectronet: a package for computing spectra and median networks.

Spectronet is a package that uses various methods for exploring and visualising complex evolutionary signals. Given an alignment in NEXUS format, the package works by computing a collection of weighted splits or bipartitions of the taxa and then allows the user to interactively analyse the resulting collection using tools such as Lento-plots and median networks. The package is highly interactive and available for PCs.

Computational Biology↗
PubMed2005

[Sorting of packaging cells for retroviral vector carrying green fluorescent gene and viral titer determination].

OBJECTIVE: To develop a method for acquisition of efficient and stable retroviral packaging cells on the basis of fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) technique. METHODS: PA317 cells were transfected by the recombinant retroviral vector pLEGFP via liposome, and the result of transfection was examined using fluorescent microscope. Polyclones and monoclone of the packaging cells were obtained with FACS and identified by PCR and reverse transcriptional PCR (RT-PCR). NIH3T3 cells were used to determine the virus titer in the supernatant. RESULTS: Examination under fluorescence microscope confirmed the success of cell transfection with the retrovirus, and polyclonal and monoclonal cells with efficient and stable expression were obtained after FACS. The inserted EGFP gene fragment could be amplified by PCR from the genomic DNA of the polyclonal and monoclonal cells and by RT-PCR from the retrovirus RNA in the supernatant of monoclonal cell culture and some of the monoclonal cell cultures (6/8). Determination of the virus titer in the cell culture supernatant showed efficient viral production by the cells. CONCLUSION: FACS is an efficient method for obtaining stable retroviral packaging cells.

Gene Expression Regulation, Viral↗
PubMed1992

Role of the amino-terminal domain of bacteriophage phi 29 connector in DNA binding and packaging.

The connector of bacteriophage phi 29 is required for prohead assembly, binds DNA, and drives DNA packaging into viral proheads. Limited proteolysis of the connector protein with endoproteinase Glu-C from Staphylococcus aureus V8 and chymotrypsin showed that a domain of the NH2-terminal region is involved in DNA binding and in the subsequent packaging into preformed proheads, but not in prohead assembly. Mutants in specific amino acids of the NH2-terminal domain, obtained by directed mutagenesis techniques, showed that the Ala1-Arg2-Lys3-Arg4 region of the connector is absolutely necessary for DNA packaging into the proheads as well as for efficient DNA binding.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The potential effectiveness of warning labels on cigarette packages: the perceptions of young adult Canadians.

BACKGROUND: Since 1989 when health warning labels appeared on Canadian cigarette packages, the labels have changed from text only covering less than one quarter of the package to text and graphics covering over half the package. This study examines how Canadians in their 20s feel about the current graphic warning labels and their potential to prevent smoking and encourage quitting. METHODS: Participants between 20 and 24 years of age were part of a 10-year cohort study begun when the group was in Grade 6, with the purpose of examining factors that may affect smoking. Five questions about warning labels were added to the 2002 questionnaire requesting information on perceptions of the labels and their potential impact on smoking behaviours of young adults. One item had been included in previous questionnaires. RESULTS: 32.8% (n = 1267) of the respondents were smokers, with males (35.6%) being more likely to smoke than females (30.4%). Current smokers were less likely than experimental/ex-smokers to believe that warning labels with stronger messages would make people their age less likely to smoke. Female current smokers were more likely to think about quitting. CONCLUSION: Despite the efforts taken in developing the labels, some young adults are skeptical about their effects. Warning labels may have to be modified to target issues that are relevant to young adults; gender differences are important in this modification. Warning labels can offer an additional component to a comprehensive tobacco control program, in that they provide health information.

Adult↗