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PubMed2001

[Eating disorders after the political changes in the formerly communist Eastern-European countries].

The authors summarize the Central and East European epidemiological data of eating disorders. These demonstrate that eating disorders are not exclusively characteristic to Western societies. In this respect the comparison of newer data to those which were performed before the political changes in 1989-1990 is especially valuable. Formerly in a Hungarian university sample the prevalence of bulimia was 1-1.3% among females, 0-0.8% among males, and this was higher than the prevalence of 0.6% in Austrian females, or 0% in German Democratic Republic. After the social changes similar data were found in several East European countries. This corroborates the culture-change idea of eating disorders. The transition to a Western market economy and the process of globalization is an experiment to evaluate the effect of sociocultural factors. The values and norms (e.g. thinness ideal) come closer to the Western culture, and mass media have a significant impact in this process.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

["It is a new kind of diaspora ..." Some notes on the politics of psychanalysts emigration, according to E. Jones's correspondence with Anna Freud].

This paper is an attempt to describe the forced emigration of the Jewish and non Jewish German and Austrian psychoanalysts, to Great Britain and to America and other countries, during the nazi persecution started in Germany in 1933. The paper is mainly based on the unpublished correspondence between A. Freud and E. Jones and other documents. The paper deals with the two major waves of forced emigration from Berlin in 1933-1934 and from Vienna in 1938 and illustrates E. Jones's and A. Freud's attempts to organize and direct the emigration and all the problems, difficulties and political decisions connected with it. There were objective difficulties due to the economical and social situation of Great Britain and America at that time. Yet there were also the difficulties related to the internal conflicts of schools and personalities of the various national Societies belonging to the International Psychoanalytical Association chaired by Jones. Using some details of the correspondence, the paper tries to show the differences in tactics to deal with very delicate and complex issues, adopted by E. Jones and A. Freud at times, especially for what concerned the attempt to save psychoanalysis as an Institution in Germany. To illustrate the difficulties related to the acceptance of some psychoanalysts coming from Berlin or from Vienna, the paper focuses on W. Reich's episode as it was dealt with in the correspondence between A. Freud and E. Jones, and finally on the problems created in the British Psychoanalytical Society, by the emigration of S. Freud and his daughter to Great Britain.

Germany↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Mystic, science, and politics in the development of health systems. The experience of Chile].

The combination of inspiration, science, and politics is a cornerstone precept for the common good of humanity, towards the fulfillment of social objectives. Based on this precept, this paper reviews core experiences of the Chilean Health Sector. Health sector key events taking place during the first half of the 20th century were the creation of the National Health Service and the development of mother and child healthcare policies. After the earthquake of 1939, the future President of Chile, Doctor Salvador Allende, set up the Special Sanitation Council, to balance policies. Also, he launched the Social Security reform process, which endured financing restrictions and the animosity of physicians opposing the socialization of medical care. In 1951 the reform was approved, to extend coverage to blue collar workers and their families; separate health provision from healthcare security; emphasize preventive pediatric care in mother's health, and reproductive health. The basic tenets of healthcare reform were the right to health, solidarity, and equity, as the pillars of policy-making and healthcare programming. The question of whether the evolution of social security in Chile has been consistent with the original healthcare reform tenets is raised by the author.

Chile↗
PubMed2001

HIV: getting action from our political leadership.

In this commentary on David Patterson's article on "Political Commitment, Governance, and HIV/AIDS," Justice Michael Kirby of the High Court of Australia reflects on how HIV/AIDS mobilized him and others in positions of power. He concludes that we are engaged not in a war, but in a great civil struggle, and that we have a moral duty to do what we can in this struggle.

Australia↗
PubMed2002

Taking political responsibility for nursing's future.

House and Senate bills, H.R. 4387 and S. 1864, to develop and fund new initiatives for solving the nursing and nurse educator shortage, were passed shortly before the 107th Congress recessed for Christmas. These bills are now slated for compromise through a Congressional conference committee. The window of opportunity to influence the outcome of this process is short. To gain favorable political action that will improve our ability to care for patients and educate future nurses during this process, ACT NOW.

Forecasting↗
PubMed2002

When worlds collide. Social science, politics, and the Rind et al. (1998). Child sexual abuse meta-analysis.

A 1998 meta-analysis by B. Rind, P. Tromovitch, and R. Bauserman in Psychological Bulletin indicated that the relations between child sexual abuse and later psychopathology were weak in magnitude. Shortly thereafter, this article was condemned by media personality Dr. Laura Schlessinger and numerous conservative organizations and was denounced by the United States Congress. In addition, the American Psychological Association (APA) distanced itself from the authors' conclusions. This incident raises questions regarding (a) authors' responsibilities concerning the reporting of politically controversial findings, (b) academic and scientific freedom, (c) the role of the APA in disabusing the public and media of logical errors and fallacies, and (d) the substantial gap between popular and academic psychology and the responsibility of the APA to narrow that gap.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Pierre Rayer and the foundation in 1858 of the AGMF: an underrated social-political event].

The founding by Rayer in 1858 of the Association Générale des Médecins de France (AGMF), which gathered academic, hospital, and rural or urban doctors, was an act of professional solidarity. This action had a major social and political impact, making obsolete the Le Chapelier law of 1791, which limited to local communities the activity of provident societies. The AGMF also fought against illegal medical acts and for the dignity of medical care. It organized social health care, free for the poor and negotiated for local mutualists, helped establish relations between health care and government, and prepared the 1868 law on industrial injuries. Rayer financed the AGMF from the beginning, and devoted himself to it as a renowned clinician fully aware of the medical applications of science and as the founding President of the Société de Biologie and of Napoléon III's private physician, who fully supported the AGMF.

France↗
PubMed2001

Zero-sum politics, the Herbert thesis, and the Ryan White CARE Act: lessons learned from the local side of AIDS.

This study examines the dynamics of grass-roots decision-making processes involved in the implementation of the Ryan White CARE Act. Providing social services to persons with HIV/AIDS, the CARE act requires participation of all relevant groups, including representatives of the HIV/AIDS and gay communities. Decision-making behavior is explored by applying a political (zero-sum) model and a bureaucratic (the Herbert Thesis) model. Using qualitative research techniques, the Kern County (California) Consortium is used as a case study. Findings shed light on the decision-making behavior of social service organizations characterized by intense advocacy and structured on the basis of volunteerism and non-hierarchical relationships. Findings affirm bureaucratic behavior predicted by the Herbert Thesis and also discern factors which seem to trigger more conflictual zero-sum behavior.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2002

Establishing politically feasible water markets: a multi-criteria approach.

A multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) model to simulate the establishment of water markets is developed. The environment is an irrigated area governed by a non-profit agency, which is responsible for water production, allocation, and pricing. There is a traditional situation of historical rights, average-cost pricing for water allocation, large quantities of water used, and inefficiency. A market-oriented policy could be implemented by accounting for ecological and political objectives such as saving groundwater and safeguarding historical rights while promoting economic efficiency. In this paper, a problem is solved by compromise programming, a multi-criteria technique based on the principles of Simonian logic. The model is theoretically developed and applied to the Lorca region in Spain near the Mediterranean Sea.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2002

["There is no room for more"--case report of a Kurdish adolescent with an eating disorder in relation to family background of political persecution].

Migrant families make up almost 10% of the population of the German state of Schleswig-Holstein and a significant number of patients in the clinics for paediatrics. A casuistry shall show the specific problems and needs in the psychosomatic treatment of foreign children and adolescents, especially the problems of children of political refugees. In the Clinic for Paediatrics at the University of Lübeck a task group for migration and health has been formed which deals with the special needs of these patients. A better and more specific treatment of these patients shall prevent unnecessary long stays at the clinics, false diagnoses, wrong treatments, and the chronification of illnesses in the future.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Qualitative research in Spain: from political life to mistreatment of the sense].

A current of sociological thought came into being in Spain in the sixties consisting of what is known by the ill-defined term of qualitative methodology in our country. A blatant paradox, as the freedom with which this theoretical and methodological building would be erected was born precisely out of a lack of political freedom and freedom of thought of those dreadful years. Countering the official body of knowledge and also removed from all "protest" orthodoxy, a vivid, problematical reflection of the society's true situation conceived as critical theory took shape. It is in no way owing, as regards its assumptions, its findings or its formulations, to either English-U.S., sociology, which was predominant at the time, or to that which would later progressively makes it way to us. Taking exception to data and the imaginary all-powerful importance thereof, this methodology propounded a radical turnabout of the perspective of this research to focus on language, understood as the social discourse, in the powerful sense of the word, and not as a mere set of statements, also moving away from the more or less subjectivist conceptions of the meaning. Opposing the body of knowledge of this discipline, it construed research as a cross-roads, undertaking an endless task, as it is impossible to complete from a logical point of view. It then propounded listening to the sense, which is never the same as the meaning, and includes the analysis of the wording used for a full understanding thereof.... This is a totally autochthonous current perfectly well-founded at its epistemological, methodological and technical levels, the continuing survival today of which is more than uncertain, as it dissolves into the body of university knowledge, into the ongoing flow of the quotes of authors, currents and disciplines. It is corrupted in its commercial use, where its discontinuance now seems assured in benefit of the marketing discourse, and it is running the risk of becoming completely useless in social areas of study (such as Health), where poorer English-U.S. perspectives are coming into play without apparently meeting with the least critical opposition.

Politics↗
PubMed1976

Licensure in Florida: the beginning of political involvement.

This article presents a report on the licensure campaign of the Florida Occupational Therapy Association (FOTA) beginning with the organization of a licensure committee in November 1974 and ending with the governor's signature seven months later. The licensure campaign provided lessons that can be shared with other groups. It is recommended that the membership be educated and involved, that full consent be obtained from all occupational therapists in the state, that a lobbyist be hired, that compromise be anticipated and be possible, and that organizations seeking licensure be aware that this step is just the beginning of political involvement.

Florida↗
PubMed2003

Political significance of knowledge in Southeast Europe.

The processes of globalization and transition are inevitable, full of dangers and threats, but offer enormous opportunities. Surveys of public opinion show that citizens are not aware of the fact that their countries are governed by the will of the people and a large majority considers that their country and the world are not going in the right direction. Presently, knowledge is becoming a dominant political power. This article outlines a strategy for building a knowledge-based society to minimize dangers, avoid threats, and take advantage of most of the opportunities, bringing a concrete action plan for Croatia, applicable to countries with similar history and socioeconomic structure.

Croatia↗
PubMed2002

[Relationship between science, politics, religion and daily life].

The relationship between science, politics and religion is discussed, with special reference to the effect of scientific discoveries on the improvement of the quality of everyday life. It is concluded that the results of scientific research lead to prosperity of man and nations. However, the society appears to insufficiently use these advantages which can be partly the result of failing to recognize the connection between basic science and products that re-define everyday life. On the other hand, problems might originate from the aversion towards the risks as well as from short-term planning.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Political economy of tobacco control policy on public health in Japan.

Tobacco use, particularly smoking, remains the number one cause of preventable disease and mortality in Japan. This review of the tobacco control policy and public health is the first to offer a composite review of the subject within Japan. This review attempts to evaluate the most important aspects of the current political economy of the tobacco control policy, and concludes that more effective control policies must be employed to minimize the impact of smoking on the public's health in Japan. Further the article attempts to place the approaches in the larger context of tobacco control, providing a vision for the future of tobacco prevention and control based on current knowledge. Tobacco use will remain the leading cause of preventable illness and death in Japan, until tobacco prevention and control efforts are commensurate with the harm caused by tobacco. Taken together, the results of various studies have clearly shown that control measures can influence tobacco smoking patterns, and in turn, the rate of tobacco-related problems. Government tobacco taxes have not kept pace with inflation for years. Availability of tobacco is virtually unlimited with easy access and the prices being very low due to the strong currency of Japan. Thus Japan must be one of the most tobacco accessible countries. It is important to ensure that people are not conditioned to smoke tobacco by an unduly favourable economic and commercial environment. For that reason, prevention advocates have called for substantial regulation of tobacco products and appeal for both tobacco tax increases and tobacco taxes to be indexed to inflation. In this review, present tobacco related public health policies in Japan are discussed with implication for prevention of tobacco related problems. Continued research in this area will be necessary to determine the most effective policies of reducing tobacco related problems in Japan.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Politics and pellagra: the epidemic of pellagra in the U.S. in the early twentieth century.

The epidemic of pellagra in the first half of this century at its peak produced at least 250,000 cases and caused 7,000 deaths a year for several decades in 15 southern states. It also filled hospital wards in other states, which had a similar incidence but refused to report their cases. Political influences interfered, not only with surveillance of the disease, but also in its study, recognition of its cause, and the institution of preventive measures when they became known. Politicians and the general public felt that it was more acceptable for pellagra to be infectious than for it to be a form of malnutrition, a result of poverty and thus an embarrassing social problem. Retrospectively, a change in the method of milling cornmeal, degermination, which began shortly after 1900, probably accounted for the appearance of the epidemic; such a process was suggested at the time, but the suggestion was ignored.

Disease Outbreaks↗
PubMed1992

The making of public health data: paradigms, politics, and policy.

Public health data do not simply exist: the variables included or excluded from any given data set reflect the choices of individuals and institutions with the power to make these decisions. Their judgement typically is guided by prevailing theories of disease causation, which in turn usually resonate with their society's predominant political, economic, and ideological characteristics. This essay examines the making of public health data as a social process, both historically and in the present, and critiques the routine omission of social class data from US public health data bases, the treatment of "race" and "sex" as primarily biological variables, and their conflation with ethnicity and gender. Overcoming these problems will require developing social theories of disease causation and ending the pervasive silence about the health consequences of class, race, and gender inequalities.

Attitude to Health↗