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At least 1,135 records · Page 63Linked to original sources
PubMed1975

Effects of caudate nuclei removal in cats. Comparison with effects of frontal cortex ablation.

A method is described for performing one-stage ablation of the caudate nuclei through a midline approach in cats. Ten bilateral acaudate cats (BAc), with an average of 84% of caudate tissue removed, were studied for a average of over 6 months (three, for over 1 year). In addition, 11 cats with unilateral caudectomy (UAc), with an average of 95% of the nucleus removed, 10 cats with bilateral removal of the frontal-cortical areas (BFr), and four sham-operated cats (ShO) were also studied. Most cats were implanted with recording electrodes in neocortical area, the hippocampus, the potine reticular formation, neck muscles, and orbits. The results of the gross behavioral, neurological, and polygraphic observations are reported. 1. A long-lasting, behavioral change labeled "compulsory approaching syndrome" (CAs) was observed following surtery in all BAc cats. This syndrome was characterized by stereotyped, "compulsory," and prolonged approaching or following of persons, cats, or objects apparently aimed at a physical contact with the approached target and persisting under unusual conditions...

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Botulinum toxin A for treating muscular contractures in cephalic tetanus.

OBJECTIVE: This study reports the use of botulinum toxin for treatment of muscle contractures in a patient with cephalic tetanus. METHOD: Case report. RESULTS: An 80-year-old woman was diagnosed with cephalic tetanus, with contractures of the masseter, sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, and levator scapulae muscles. After one month of conventional treatment good recovery was observed, but with persistence of the contractures of the sternocleidomastoid, trapezius and levator scapulae. These contractures were treated with botulinum toxin A (75IU in the right sternocleidomastoid, 25IU in the right trapezius; one month later 50IU in the left levator scapulae, 50IU in the right levator scapulae, 75IU in the left sternocleidomastoid; two months later 25IU in the left trapezius). Full recovery was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Local infiltration with botulinum toxin A appears to be an effective treatment for persistent muscle contracture in cephalic tetanus.

Aged, 80 and over↗
PubMed2005

C1-C3 spinal cord projections to periaqueductal gray and thalamus: a quantitative retrograde tracing study in cat.

By far, the strongest spinal cord projections to periaqueductal gray (PAG) and thalamus originate from the upper three cervical segments, but their precise organization and function are not known. In the present study in cat, tracer injections in PAG or in thalamus resulted in more than 2400 labeled cells, mainly contralaterally, in the first three cervical segments (C1-C3), in a 1:4 series of sections, excluding cells in the dorsal column and lateral cervical nuclei. These cells represent about 30% of all neurons in the entire spinal cord projecting to PAG and about 45% of all spinothalamic neurons. About half of the C1-C3 PAG and C1-C3 thalamic neurons were clustered laterally in the ventral horn (C(1-3vl)), bilaterally, with a slight ipsilateral preponderance. The highest numbers of C(1-3vl)-PAG and C(1-3vl)-thalamic cells were found in C1, with the greatest density rostrocaudally in the middle part of C1. A concept is put forward that C(1-3vl) cells relay information from all levels of the cord to PAG and/or thalamus, although the processing of specific information from upper neck muscles and tendons or facet joints might also play a role.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Theta activity in the waking EEG is a marker of sleep propensity in the rat.

In humans, EEG power in the theta frequency band (5-8 Hz) during quiet waking increases during sleep deprivation (SD), and predicts the subsequent homeostatic increase of sleep slow-wave activity (SWA; EEG power between 0.5 and 4.0 Hz). These findings indicate that theta power in waking is an EEG variable, which reflects the rise in sleep propensity. In rodents, a number of short sleep attempts, as well as SWA in the waking EEG increase in the course of SD, but neither variable predicts the subsequent homeostatic increase of EEG SWA during recovery sleep. To investigate whether there is an EEG marker for sleep propensity also in rodents, the EEG of the rat was recorded during 6 h SD in the first half of the light period (SDL, n = 7). During SDL, power of the waking EEG showed an increase in the delta (1.5-4 Hz) and low theta (5-6.5 Hz) band. Based on the neck muscle EMG, wakefulness was subdivided into active (high EMG activity) and quiet (low EMG activity) waking. During quiet waking, the theta peak occurred at 5.5 Hz, the frequency at which the increase of EEG power during SD was most pronounced. This increase was due to higher amplitude of theta waves, while wave incidence (frequency) was unchanged. Correlation analysis showed that the rise in EEG power in the 5-7 Hz band during SD predicted the subsequent enhancement of SWA in non-rapid eye movement sleep. The analysis of data of a further batch of rats which were sleep deprived for 6 h after dark onset (SDD, n = 7) revealed a significant increase in theta-wave amplitude during the SD and a tendency for a similar, positive correlation between the increase of theta power (5-7 Hz) and subsequent SWA. The results indicate that in rats, as in humans, a specific waking EEG frequency, i.e., theta power in quiet waking is a marker of sleep propensity.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Sound-evoked neurogenic responses with short latency of vestibular origin.

OBJECTIVE: In ABR recording, a large negative deflection with a latency of 3 ms (N3) has been recorded in patients with peripheral profound deafness. It has been suggested that N3 might be of vestibular origin. So far, N3 has been recorded only in patients with peripheral profound deafness. If we can record N3 potentials in subjects with preserved hearing, recording N3 potentials might be a new clinical test of the vestibular system. To record neurogenic potentials (N3) of vestibular origin in healthy volunteers and patients with vestibular disorders. METHODS: Twelve healthy volunteers (10 men and two women, aged 23-37 years) and 12 patients with vestibular disorders (6 men and 6 women, aged 29-71 years) were enrolled in this study. To record responses, surface electrodes were placed on the ipsilateral mastoid and the vertex. An electrode on the nasion served as the ground. Recording was performed using an auditory evoked potential recording system with a mini-mixer and a stereo-amplifier. Signals at the vertex to the ispilateral mastoid were amplified and bandpass filtered (100-3000 Hz). One thousand-hertz short tone bursts (1 kHz STB; rise/fall time=0.5 ms, plateau time=1 ms) were presented to either ear through a headphone with or without white noise (WN) ipsilateral to the stimulated ear. The stimulation rate was 10 Hz, and the analysis time was 10 ms. The responses to 500 stimuli were averaged twice. RESULTS: When 1 kHz STB (95 dBnHL, equivalent to 130 dBSPL) were presented with 100 dBSPL WN (ipsilateral to the stimulated ear), a negative peak with 3-4 ms latency (N3) was observed in 23 of the 24 ears (95.8%) with reproducibility in healthy subjects. Without WN, N3 was observed in 17 of the 24 ears (70.8%). The threshold of N3 was 90.2 dBnHL on the average. The presence of N3 in the patients was in agreement with the presence of the VEMP, which were also recorded. CONCLUSIONS: Using techniques of WN exposure ipsilateral to the stimulated ear, we recorded N3 in healthy subjects and in vestibular disorder patients with preserved hearing. This negative peak is likely to be of vestibular origin. SIGNIFICANCE: N3 may be measured from subjects who cannot contract neck muscles due to their ages, mental states, or consciousness disorders. In other words, N3 may be measured from subjects from whom VEMP cannot be recorded. In combination with VEMP, N3 may be useful for the detection of lesion sites.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2006

Imaging of muscular denervation secondary to motor cranial nerve dysfunction.

The effects of motor cranial nerve dysfunction on the computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) appearances of head and neck muscles are reviewed. Patterns of denervation changes are described and illustrated for V, VII, X, XI and XII cranial nerves. Recognition of the range of imaging manifestations, including the temporal changes in muscular appearances and associated muscular grafting or compensatory hypertrophy, will avoid misinterpretation as local disease. It will also prompt the radiologist to search for underlying cranial nerve pathology, which may be clinically occult. The relevant cranial nerve motor division anatomy will be described to enable a focussed search for such a structural abnormality.

Cranial Nerve Diseases↗
PubMed2004

Dietary 18:3omega3 influences immune function and the tissue fatty acid response to antigens and adjuvant.

Alpha-linolenic acid (18:3omega3) has many important physiological functions including being beta-oxidized, serving a precursor to the synthesis of other lipids and it has immunomodulation properties. The objective of the present study was to test the effects of immunization and dietary 18:3omega3 on immune function and the fatty acid profile of immunized pig tissues. Piglets suckled from sows consuming either a control or high 18:3omega3 diet until 14 days old when they were weaned onto a similar diet as the sow and were moved to a segregated nursery for the remainder of the study. At 35 days of age, pigs on both diets (2 x 2 factorial design) received either an injection containing hen eggwhite lysozyme (HEWL), killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Freund's complete adjuvant (immunized) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (non-immunized) into the neck followed by a booster injection 2 weeks later and induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) one week later. Immunization increased (compared to non-immunized) while the high 18:3omega3 diet decreased haptoglobin by 30% compared to pigs consuming the control diet. Immunized pigs had a seven-fold increase in antibodies to HEWL and pigs consuming the high 18:3omega3 diet also had transiently higher levels of serum antibodies. There was a diet by immunization interaction on the DTH reaction such that immunized pigs consuming the high 18:3omega3 had the largest DTH reaction. The neck muscle proximal to the site of injection of immunized pigs had 10-30% lower levels of triglyceride and phospholipid linoleic (18:2omega6) and 18:3omega3 compared to non-immunized pigs. Thus, a high 18:3omega3 intake in pigs modulates immune function and tissue fatty acids in response to immunization.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2004

Design and validation of a computer-based sleep-scoring algorithm.

A computer-based sleep scoring algorithm was devised for the real time scoring of sleep-wake state in Wistar rats. Electroencephalogram (EEG) amplitude (microV(rms)) was measured in the following frequency bands: delta (delta; 1.5-6 Hz), theta (Theta; 6-10 Hz), alpha (alpha; 10.5-15 Hz), beta (beta; 22-30 Hz), and gamma (gamma; 35-45 Hz). Electromyographic (EMG) signals (microV(rms)) were recorded from the levator auris longus (neck) muscle, as this yielded a significantly higher algorithm accuracy than the spinodeltoid (shoulder) or temporalis (head) muscle EMGs (ANOVA; P=0.009). Data were obtained using either tethers (n=10) or telemetry (n=4). We developed a simple three-step algorithm that categorizes behavioural state as wake, non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, based on thresholds set during a manually-scored 90-min preliminary recording. Behavioural state was assigned in 5-s epochs. EMG amplitude and ratios of EEG frequency band amplitudes were measured, and compared with empirical thresholds in each animal.STEP 1: EMG amplitude greater than threshold? Yes: "active" wake, no: sleep or "quiet" wake. STEP 2: EEG amplitude ratio (delta x alpha)/(beta x gamma) greater than threshold? Yes: NREM, no: REM or "quiet" wake. STEP 3: EEG amplitude ratio Theta(2)/(delta x alpha) greater than threshold? Yes: REM, no: "quiet" wake. The algorithm was validated with one, two and three steps. The overall accuracy in discriminating wake and sleep (NREM and REM combined) using step one alone was found to be 90.1%. Overall accuracy using the first two steps was found to be 87.5% in scoring wake, NREM and REM sleep. When all three steps were used, overall accuracy in scoring wake, NREM and REM sleep was determined to be 87.9%. All accuracies were derived from comparisons with unequivocally-scored epochs from four 90-min recordings as defined by an experienced human rater. The algorithms were as reliable as the agreement between three human scorers (88%).

Algorithms↗
PubMed2004

Activity patterns as a correlate for sleep-wake behaviour in mice.

Sleep-wake behaviour in mice is known to interact with various behavioural dimensions. Therefore, it is necessary to control for such dimensions when evaluating sleep in mice. The characterisation of sleep in rodents usually is based on EEG signals. Since this method demands the invasive implantation of electrodes, it cannot be integrated into general behavioural phenotyping procedures. Thus, non- or minimum-invasive methods are needed for the analysis of sleep-wake behaviour. Although physiological parameters, like for instance general locomotor activity, allow for the assessment of sleep-wake behaviour in mice, existing methods lack reliability especially in measuring stationary and three-dimensional activities. In this study, a small magnet was implanted subcutaneously near the neck muscles of mice and each movement of the magnet was registered via a sensor plate. For validation of the described method, the effects of sleep deprivation were evaluated by both the magnet and the EEG in parallel. Our results show that the data obtained via the subcutaneously implanted magnet represent a reliable and sensitive measurement of quantitative aspects of sleep-wake behaviour: spatial variation as well as stationary activities could be dissociated from sleep. Qualitative sleep characteristics were not detected. In summary, this minimum invasive method allows for the detection of quantitative alterations in sleep-wake behaviour in mice, thus, offering a useful, rapid pre-screen in animal sleep research.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Visuo-spatial neglect: a systematic review of current interventions and their effectiveness.

Left visuo-spatial neglect is a well-recognized predictor of poor functional outcome following right hemisphere stroke. Over the past 60 years, 18 different methods have been described and evaluated aimed at reducing the effects of this impairment. Although there are some grounds for optimism particularly in terms of short-term impairment-based effects, the range and degree of disability borne by many patients remain high and the clinical effectiveness of the different methods viewed in terms of long-lasting functional improvement (i.e. improvement of disabilities or handicap) is not clear. A systematic review of the available clinically relevant literature, using comparative and stringent levels of evidence, indicates that visual scanning training (VST), trunk rotation (TR) or repeated neck muscle vibrations (NMV) when associated with an extensive training program, mental imagery training, video feedback training and prism adaptation (PA) can be recommended for the rehabilitation of patients with left neglect. More studies however are needed to determine the optimal paradigm of limb activation (LA) eliciting a sustained functional improvement. Sensory stimulations alone and Fresnel prisms do not appear to be functionally relevant. For the other methods, the actual literature is not sufficient to conclude whether or not a long-term functional improvement can be achieved.

Functional Laterality↗
PubMed2006

Exploding vs. imploding headache in migraine prophylaxis with Botulinum Toxin A.

Migraine headache is routinely managed using medications that abort attacks as they occur. An alternative approach to migraine management is based on prophylactic medications that reduce attack frequency. One approach has been based on local intramuscular injections of Botulinum Toxin Type A (BTX-A). Here, we explored for neurological markers that might distinguish migraine patients who benefit from BTX-A treatment (100 units divided into 21 injections sites across pericranial and neck muscles). Responders and non-responders to BTX-A treatment were compared prospectively (n=27) and retrospectively (n=36) for a host of neurological symptoms associated with their migraine. Data pooled from all 63 patients are summarized below. The number of migraine days per month dropped from 16.0+/-1.7 before BTX-A to 0.8+/-0.3 after BTX-A (down 95.3+/-1.0%) in 39 responders, and remained unchanged (11.3+/-1.9 vs. 11.7+/-1.8) in 24 non-responders. The prevalence of aura, photophobia, phonophobia, osmophobia, nausea, and throbbing was similar between responders and non-responders. However, the two groups offered different accounts of their pain. Among non-responders, 92% described a buildup of pressure inside their head (exploding headache). Among responders, 74% perceived their head to be crushed, clamped or stubbed by external forces (imploding headache), and 13% attested to an eye-popping pain (ocular headache). The finding that exploding headache was impervious to extracranial BTX-A injections is consistent with the prevailing view that migraine pain is mediated by intracranial innervation. The amenability of imploding and ocular headaches to BTX-A treatment suggests that these types of migraine pain involve extracranial innervation as well.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The coexistence of temporomandibular disorders and styloid process fracture: a clinical report.

This clinical report describes the diagnosis and treatment of a patient with both temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and styloid process fracture. The presence of tender muscles of mastication, facial pain, especially upon awakening, frequent grinding sounds, and tooth attrition indicated a diagnosis of TMD with bruxism as a possible etiological factor. However, the preliminary diagnosis of styloid process fracture based on the patient's sensation of a foreign body in the throat and some discomfort when turning the head was confirmed using radiography. The styloid process fracture was treated using conservative nonsurgical therapy, and an occlusal splint was used to treat the TMD. The patient's symptoms were significantly reduced at the 12-month follow-up visit.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Composition of chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminants among major adipose tissue depots of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from the Canadian high Arctic.

Monitoring of environmental contaminants in Canadian Arctic polar bears (Ursus maritimus) typically has used superficial adipose tissue samples collected as part of controlled native subsistence hunts. However, little attention has been paid to the compositional difference in contaminants that may exist among the major adipose depots that are routinely collected. To address this knowledge gap, we investigated the profiles and concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminants (CHCs), including major polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners and organochlorine (OC) pesticides and metabolites, in six major adipose depots (i.e. superficial, inter-muscular and intra-abdominal regions) obtained from adult male polar bears in the vicinity of Resolute Bay, Canadian high Arctic. Concentrations and congener patterns of PCBs (20 congeners) and OCs (14 compounds; chlordanes and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes and metabolites, chlorinated benzenes, hexachlorocyclohexane isomers, octachlorostyrene and dieldrin) were found to be relatively uniform throughout the adipose tissue of male polar bears. The only exception was the inter-muscular adipose depot from the cervical region, which was characterized, compared to other major depots routinely sampled, by lower proportions of higher-chlorinated and recalcitrant congeners such as CB170/190, 180, 194 and 206, and higher contribution of the lower-chlorinated PCBs, CB47, 74 and 99. No difference in the OC makeup and concentrations was found among the adipose depots investigated. In view of this, we conclude that the determination of CHCs in adipose tissue of polar bears from any major depots, with the potential exception of the fat under the neck muscles, would give a representative picture of the overall CHC composition and concentrations in polar bear fat for purpose of trend monitoring.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2005

Anomalous insertion of the splenius muscle in a dog.

The splenius muscle in the dog is a triangular muscle extending from the third thoracic vertebra to the skull. It inserts on the nuchal line of the occipital bone and the mastoid part of the temporal bone and occasionally it also sends a strong serration to the transverse process of the axis. Here we describe a new, anomalous insertion of both the left and right splenius muscles in one young adult dog routinely prepared for anatomical dissection. In this dog, a group of muscle fibres diverged ventrolaterally from both the right and left splenial muscles to be inserted at the end of the transverse processes of the third cervical vertebra. This anomalous insertion of the splenius muscle corresponds to the splenius cervicis muscle present in other species.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Sleep rebound in animals deprived of paradoxical sleep by the modified multiple platform method.

The objective of the present study was to assess the sleep rebound of animals exposed to the modified multiple platform method (MMPM), in which cage-mate rats were placed onto narrow platforms (NP=6.5 cm in diameter), onto wide platforms (WP=14 cm in diameter) or onto a grid (GR). The last two groups were included as environmental controls for the deprivation method. Animals were implanted with bipolar electrodes in the cortex, hippocampus and neck muscle. Baseline sleep was recorded for 6 h, after which the animals were placed in one of the above-mentioned settings for 90 h and their sleep was again recorded. Comparison between baseline and post-GR recordings revealed no sleep differences in these animals. Placement of animals onto WP resulted in augmented sleep time (16%), time spent in PS (+99%), duration of PS episodes (+77%), sleep efficiency (+16%), and in reduced latency to PS (-84.8%). Finally, NP animals exhibited a dramatic increase in sleep time (+34.3%), time spent in PS (+184.7%), duration of PS episodes (+106%), and in sleep efficiency (+34.4%). Moreover, sleep latency (-52.2%) and time spent in SWS (-12.2%) were reduced. Based on the results of sleep rebound, the data indicated that placement of animals onto narrow platforms in the MMPM was an effective PS deprivation method and the grid should be considered as an adequate environmental control.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

The ultrasonic value of local muscle hypertrophy in patients with temporomandibular joint disorders.

Muscle pain and tenderness on palpation are two common symptoms in patients with temporomandibular joint disorders. Examination of the masticatory muscles is largely restricted to the use of electromyography. The technique of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of muscle hypertrophy in patients with temporomandibular joint disorders was investigated. The results of the study indicate that ultrasonography may be beneficial to locate affected muscles that do not exhibit symptoms of tenderness on palpation and thereby give hints for treatment planning.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

A pilot study comparing the efficacy of hard and soft stabilizing appliances in treating patients with temporomandibular disorders.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Soft and hard stabilizing appliances have been used to treat temporomandibular disorders. No data exist to suggest whether a hard or soft appliance is beneficial. PURPOSE: This study compared soft and hard acrylic resin stabilizing appliances in the reduction of masticatory muscle pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-three patients with at least one clinical sign from the list of diagnostic subgroups of temporomandibular disorders were alternately assigned a hard or soft appliance for temporomandibular disorder treatment. No other temporomandibular disorder treatment (self-care, physical therapy, biofeedback, or muscle or joint injections) was rendered. Each patient was seen by two dentists at each visit. One dentist initially fabricated the appliance and adjusted the appliance on each visit and an examining dentist examined the patient each visit and recorded signs of temporomandibular disorders. The appliance material (soft or hard) was not disclosed to the examining dentist, only to the dentist who fabricated and adjusted the appliance. Patients were examined and appliances were adjusted every 2 to 3 weeks for a minimum of 10 weeks. Masticatory muscles were palpated and charted on each visit. Data were analyzed and subjected to nonparametric Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: Eighteen of the initial 23 patients, 7 in the hard appliance group and 11 in the soft appliance group finished the study over 10- to 15-week period. Soft and hard appliances performed the same in reduction of masticatory muscle pain. CONCLUSION: This study suggests, based on the limited number of participants, that soft and hard stabilizing appliances may be equally useful in reducing masticatory muscle pain in short-term appliance therapy.

Acrylic Resins↗