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PubMed2006

Notification list. Notification that new names and new combinations have appeared in volume 56, part 4, of the IJSEM.

This listing of names published in a previous issue of the IJSEM is provided as a service to bacteriology to assist in the recognition of new names and new combinations. This procedure was proposed by the Judicial Commission [Minute 11(ii), Int J Syst Bacteriol 41 (1991), p. 185]. The names given herein are listed according to the Rules of priority (i.e. page number and order of valid publication of names in the original articles). Taxonomic opinions included in this List (i.e. the creation of synonyms or the emendation of circumscriptions) cannot be considered as validly published nor, in any other way, approved by the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes and its Judicial Commission.

Archaea↗

PubMed2006

Notification that new names and new combinations have appeared in volume 56, part 7, of the IJSEM.

Bacteria↗

PubMed2007

Notification that new names and new combinations have appeared in volume 56, part 10, of the IJSEM.

Bacteria↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Preschoolers' use of form class cues to learn descriptive proper names.

This study examined 3- and 4-year-old preschoolers' ability to learn proper names containing familiar descriptions. Children saw a novel creature with a familiar property (it was red) and heard either an adjective ("This is a red one") or a descriptive proper name ("This is Mr. Red"). The creature was then transformed, losing the property (e.g., it became green). Children had to extend the word to either the transformed original creature or a new creature bearing the original property (another red creature). Children, especially 4-year-olds, extended the adjective to the new creature but were significantly more likely to extend the proper name to the original creature. Lexical form class cues provided potent information about word meaning, directing preschoolers to reinterpret familiar descriptive terms (adjectives) as homophonic terms designating unique individuals (proper names).

Association Learning↗

PubMedDate not supplied

U.S. and Korean children's comprehension of fraction names: a reexamination of cross-national differences.

Two experiments tested the claim that the transparency of Korean fraction names promotes fraction concepts (Miura, Okamoto, Vlahovic-Stetic, Kim, & Han, 1999). In Experiment 1, U.S. and Korean first and second graders made similar errors on a fraction-identification task, by treating fractions as whole numbers. Contrary to previous findings, Korean children performed at chance when a whole-number representation was included. Nonetheless, Korean children outperformed their U.S. peers overall. In Experiment 2, U.S. children's performance improved when fraction names were used that explicitly referred to part-whole relations like Korean fraction names. U.S. children's scores actually exceeded those of Korean children. Thus, although the differences in fraction names may influence children's performance, this may not account for the reported cross-national differences.

Child↗

PubMed2000

Synchronizing visual and language processing: an effect of object name length on eye movements.

Are visual and verbal processing systems functionally independent? Two experiments (one using line drawings of common objects, the other using faces) explored the relationship between the number of syllables in an object's name (one or three) and the visual inspection of that object. The tasks were short-term recognition and visual search. Results indicated more fixations and longer gaze durations on objects having three-syllable names when the task encouraged a verbal encoding of the objects (i.e., recognition). No effects of syllable length on eye movements were found when implicit naming demands were minimal (i.e., visual search). These findings suggest that implicitly naming a pictorial object constrains the oculomotor inspection of that object, and that the visual and verbal encoding of an object are synchronized so that the faster process must wait for the slower to be completed before gaze shifts to another object. Both findings imply a tight coupling between visual and linguistic processing, and highlight the utility of an oculomotor methodology to understand this coupling.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Children's reliance on creator's intent in extending names for artifacts.

When children learn a name for a novel artifact, they tend to extend the name to other artifacts that share the same shape--a phenomenon known as the shape bias. The present studies investigated an intentional account of this bias. In Study 1, 3-year-olds were shown two objects of the same shape, and were given an explanation for why the objects were the same shape even though they were intended to be different kinds. The shape bias disappeared in children provided with this explanation. In Study 2, 3-year-olds were shown triads of objects, and were either given no information about the function of a named target object, told the function that object could fulfill, or told the functions all three objects were intended to fulfill. Only in the third condition did children overcome a shape bias in favor of a function bias when extending the name of the target object. These findings indicate that 3-year-olds' shape bias results from intuitions about what artifacts were intended to be.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed1996

Deficient nitric oxide responsible for reduced nerve blood flow in diabetic rats: effects of L-NAME, L-arginine, sodium nitroprusside and evening primrose oil.

1. This study examined the potential role of impaired nitric oxide production and response in the development of endoneurial ischaemia in experimental diabetes. Rats were anaesthetized (Na pentobarbitone 45 mg kg-1, diazepam 2 mg kg-1) for measurement of sciatic nerve laser Doppler flux and systemic arterial pressure. Drugs were administered into the sciatic endoneurium via a microinjector attached to a glass micropipette. 2. In two separate studies comparing diabetic rats (streptozotocin-induced; 8-10 wk duration) with controls, nerve Doppler flux in diabetic rats (Study 1, 116.6 +/- 40.4 and Study 2, 90.1 +/- 34.7 (s.d.) in arbitrary units) was about half that measured in controls (219.6 +/- 52.4 and 212.8 +/- 95.5 respectively; P < 0.005 for both). There were no significant differences between the two in systemic arterial pressure. 3. Inhibition of nitric oxide production by microinjection of 1 nmol L-NAME into the endoneurium halved flux in controls (to 126.3 +/- 41.3 in Study 1 and 102.1 +/- 38.9 in Study 2; both P < 0.001), with no significant effect in diabetic rats, indicating markedly diminished tonic nitric oxide production in the latter. D-NAME was without effect on nerve Doppler flux. 4. L-Arginine (100 nmol), injected after L-NAME, markedly increased flux in controls (by 65.8% (P < 0.03) and 97.8% (P < 0.01) in the two studies) and by proportionally similar amounts in diabetic rats [75.8% (P < 0.001) and 60.2% (P < 0.02)]. The nitro-donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 10 nmol) had similar effects to L-arginine in both groups (increases of 66.0% in controls and 77.5% in diabetics; both P < 0.002). 5. A second diabetic group, treated with evening primrose oil performed exactly like control rats in respect of responses to L-NAME, L-arginine and SNP. 6. These findings implicate deficient nitric oxide in nerve ischaemia of diabetes and suggest correction thereof as a mechanism of action of evening primrose oil.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Cortical stimulation elicits regional distinctions in auditory and visual naming.

We used electrical stimulation mapping to compare performance on auditory and visual naming tasks in inferotemporal, lateral temporal, frontal, and parietal cortex in 8 temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients with subdural electrodes placed for preoperative language localization. Performance on auditory responsive naming (ARN) and visual confrontation naming (VCN) was best during stimulation of parietal cortex and was equally impaired during stimulation of inferotemporal and frontal cortex. In contrast, ARN performance was significantly poorer than VCN performance during stimulation of anterior and posterior lateral temporal cortex. In most patients, stimulation of inferotemporal cortex at relatively low stimulus intensities (< or = 5 mA) during either ARN or VCN elicited reproducible errors in which patients could describe, gesture, spell, or draw, but not name, in response to auditory or visual cues. Inferotemporal and frontal cortex appear to be multimodality language regions distinct from lateral temporal cortex.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Visual confrontation naming outcome after standard left anterior temporal lobectomy with sparing versus resection of the superior temporal gyrus: a randomized prospective clinical trial.

PURPOSE: Intraoperative mapping of eloquent cortex during left (speech dominant) anterior temporal lobectomy has shown a significant proportion of patients to have sites on the anterior superior temporal gyrus at which visual confrontation naming can be disrupted by electrical stimulation. The purpose of this investigation was to conduct a randomized clinical trial to determine whether sparing versus resection of the superior temporal gyrus affected visual confrontation naming outcome after standard left anterior temporal lobectomy. Also examined was the degree to which inherent patient characteristics were associated with language outcome regardless of surgical technique. METHODS: Thirty patients with intractable left temporal lobe epilepsy undergoing standard anterior temporal lobectomy were randomized in regard to whether the superior temporal gyrus was resected or spared. Patients were tested preoperatively and 6-8 months postoperatively by using two conventional tests of visual confrontation naming ability. RESULTS: No significant differences were found between the groups in either confrontation naming or surgical outcome. Postoperative decline in nominal speech was most closely associated with later age at onset of epilepsy/absence of hippocampal sclerosis. CONCLUSIONS: It appears that specific types of localization-related temporal lobe epilepsy are more closely associated with the risk of adverse language outcome after anterior temporal lobectomy than with the surgical variations investigated in this study.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

I recognize your face but I can't remember your name: a simple explanation?

When shown the faces of familiar people, subjects are typically slower and less accurate at retrieving names than other semantic information. This finding, along with converging evidence from neuropsychological studies, has influenced most theoretical accounts of face recognition (e.g. Bruce & Young, 1986). These accounts propose that names are stored separately from semantic information, and that they may not be retrieved in the absence of other information. Here we show that it is possible to account for empirical findings without positing a separate store for names. The account is based on an implemented simulation with an interactive activation and competition architecture. We demonstrate that the fact that most names are unique leads naturally to the patterns of recall found in experimental studies.

Arousal↗

PubMed2003

Endothelial-independent prevention of high blood pressure in L-NAME-treated rats by angiotensin II type I receptor antisense gene therapy.

It has previously been established that a single systemic administration of retroviral vector containing angiotensin II type I receptor antisense (AT(1)R-AS) in the neonatal spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) prevents development of hypertension, and in addition cardiac hypertrophy and endothelial dysfunction. However, these studies could not determine whether the effects of AT(1)R-AS on high blood pressure (BP) and endothelial function were independent. Angiotensin receptor blockers have been shown to reduce BP in the L-NAME (N (omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride)-induced rat model of hypertension. Our objective in the present study was to use the L-NAME model of hypertension to determine whether AT(1)R-AS treatment would lower high BP and attenuate cardiac hypertrophy under conditions of permanent endothelial damage. A single bolus of LNSV-AT(1)R-AS viral particles in neonatal Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats was without affect on basal BP. Efficacy of the transgene incorporation was assessed by observing a significant reduction in angiotensin-induced dipsogenic response in the AT(1)R-AS-treated animals. Introduction of L-NAME in the drinking water for 10 weeks resulted in the establishment of hypertension only in the WKY rats treated with vector alone. These hypertensive (BP, 179 +/- 4 mmHg) animals showed a 17 % increase in heart weight/body weight ratio and a 60 % reduction in ACh-induced vasorelaxation in phenylephrine-preconstricted arteries. The L-NAME-induced high BP and cardiac hypertrophy were attenuated in rats expressing AT(1)R-AS. However, endothelial dysfunction could not be prevented with the antisense therapy. These observations demonstrate that attenuation of endothelial dysfunction is not a prerequisite for the antihypertensive effects of AT(1)R-AS treatment.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

L-NAME (N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester), a nitric-oxide synthase inhibitor, and WIN 55212-2 [4,5-dihydro-2-methyl-4(4-morpholinylmethyl)-1-(1-naphthalenyl-carbonyl)-6H-pyrrolo[3,2,1ij]quinolin-6-one], a cannabinoid agonist, interact to evoke synergistic hypothermia.

Cannabinoids evoke profound hypothermia in rats by activating central CB(1) receptors. Nitric oxide (NO), a prominent second messenger in central and peripheral neurons, also plays a crucial role in thermoregulation, with previous studies suggesting pyretic and antipyretic functions. Dense nitric-oxide synthase (NOS) staining and CB(1) receptor immunoreactivity have been detected in regions of the hypothalamus that regulate body temperature, suggesting that intimate NO-cannabinoid associations may exist in the central nervous system. The present study investigated the effect of N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a NO synthase inhibitor, on the hypothermic response to WIN 55212-2 [4,5-dihydro-2-methyl-4(4-morpholinylmethyl)-1-(1-naphthalenylcarbonyl)-6H-pyrrolo[3,2,1ij]quinolin-6-one], a selective cannabinoid agonist, in rats. WIN 55212-2 (1-5 mg/kg, i.m.) produced dose-dependent hypothermia that peaked 45 to 90 min post-injection. L-NAME (10-100 mg/kg, i.m.) by itself did not significantly alter body temperature. However, a nonhypothermic dose of L-NAME (50 mg/kg) potentiated the hypothermia caused by WIN 55212-2 (0.5-5 mg/kg). The augmentation was strongly synergistic, indicated by a 2.5-fold increase in the relative potency of WIN 55212-2. The inactive enantiomer of WIN 55212-2, WIN 55212-3 [S-(-)-[2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-[(morpholinyl)methyl]pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]-1,4-benzoxazinyl]-(1-napthanlenyl) methanone mesylate] (5 mg/kg, i.m.), did not produce hypothermia in the absence or presence of L-NAME (50 mg/kg), confirming that cannabinoid receptors mediated the synergy. The present data are the first evidence that drug combinations of NOS blockers and cannabinoid agonists produce synergistic hypothermia. Thus, NO and cannabinoid systems may interact to induce superadditive hypothermia.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Development of the Logical Observation Identifier Names and Codes (LOINC) vocabulary.

The LOINC (Logical Observation Identifier Names and Codes) vocabulary is a set of more than 10,000 names and codes developed for use as observation identifiers in standardized messages exchanged between clinical computer systems. The goal of the study was to create universal names and codes for clinical observations that could be used by all clinical information systems. The LOINC names are structured to facilitate rapid matching, either automated or manual, between local vocabularies and the universal LOINC codes. If LOINC codes are used in clinical messages, each system participating in data exchange needs to match its local vocabulary to the standard vocabulary only once. This will reduce both the time and cost of implementing standardized interfaces. The history of the development of the LOINC vocabulary and the methodology used in its creation are described.

Classification↗

PubMed1997

Opposing effects of L-NAME on capillary filtration rate in the presence or absence of neutrophils.

Fluid filtration rate (JV/S) from rat mesenteric capillaries was measured using a modified Landis technique before and after superfusion with 100 microM NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. Three groups were studied: 1) control rats, 2) rats injected with antineutrophil serum (ANS), and 3) rats injected with a monoclonal antibody (CL26) against the leukocyte adhesion molecule CD18. The relative increase in JV/S (L-NAME/ baseline) in control rats averaged 1.66 +/- 0.32 (n = 11), which was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than in ANS (0.51 +/- 0.12; n = 5)- and CL26 (0.45 +/- 0.16; n = 6)-injected rats exposed to L-NAME. The L-NAME-induced changes in JV/S in each group were due to altered permeability rather than altered pressure gradients, as determined by measurements of arteriolar hydrostatic pressure (using a servo-null apparatus) and estimates of intravascular oncotic pressure (using plasma protein concentration). These findings indicate that nitric oxide synthase inhibition increases the permeability of mesenteric capillaries to water, a response that is dependent on neutrophil adhesion.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

L-NAME antagonizes vasopressin V2-induced vasodilatation in dogs.

Experiments were performed in conscious chronically instrumented dogs to study the mechanism of hemodynamic effects mediated by selective vasopressin V2 agonists. In one group of dogs (n = 5) instrumented for the measurement of arterial pressure and cardiac output (electromagnetic flowmeter), the infusion of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 20 or 40 micrograms.kg-1 x min-1) prevented or significantly inhibited the increase in cardiac output, heart rate and systemic conductance induced by injections of 1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP, desmopressin) and 4-valine-8-D-arginine vasopressin (VDAVP), two selective V2 agonists. L-NAME infusion did not modify the aortic adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate increase induced by DDAVP infusion. In a second group of dogs similarly prepared (n = 4), the administration of L-arginine (10 mg.kg-1 x min-1) at the same time as that of L-NAME (20 micrograms.kg-1 x min-1) completely prevented the hemodynamic effects of L-NAME and restored the response to DDAVP administration. In a third group of dogs (n = 4), the infusion of a bradykinin B2 antagonist, at a rate that significantly inhibited the cardiac output, heart rate, and blood pressure responses to bradykinin, did not modify the hemodynamic response to DDAVP infusion. We conclude that the hemodynamic effects of selective V2 agonists in dogs are not mediated by bradykinin release but instead via a V2-like receptor on endothelial cells that triggers the release of nitric oxide.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Dual effects of L-NAME during transient focal cerebral ischemia in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

The role of nitric oxide (NO) in ischemic neuronal injury is unclear. In permanent focal ischemia models, NO release has been reported to be both neuroprotective, by virtue of actions to improve cerebral blood flow (CBF) within ischemic tissue, and neurotoxic. Very little attention has been given to determining the role of NO in transient focal ischemia. In the present studies, low-dose NO inhibition using NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 0.1 mg/kg bolus, 0.01 mg.kg-1.min-1 iv) reduced infarct volume after 180 min of middle cerebral arterial occlusion (MCAO) and 120 min of reperfusion as measured via 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride by 55% (P < 0.0001). Similar reductions occurred whether L-NAME was given throughout MCAO-reperfusion or just 30 or 60 min before reperfusion. L-NAME reduced CBF in the area of infarction at 30 and 180 min of MCAO by 36 and 33% (P < 0.02). In contrast, 15 min into reperfusion, L-NAME increased CBF in the area of infarction by 69% (P < 0.03) and by 27% in the contralateral homologous right hemisphere. Although vascular effects are present, these findings suggest a neurotoxic role for NO primarily during reperfusion after transient focal ischemic injury.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Effect of L-NAME on pressure-flow relationships in isolated rabbit lungs: role of red blood cells.

Nitric oxide (NO) is produced by and relaxes pulmonary arteries and veins; however, a role for NO as a participant in the control of pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) remains to be defined. Here we investigated the hypothesis that for NO to serve as a determinant of PVR in the rabbit requires the presence of blood. In isolated blood-perfused rabbit lungs, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 100 microM) increased PVR and the slope of the pressure-flow relationship. These effects of L-NAME were prevented by pretreatment with L-arginine. In contrast, in lungs perfused with a physiological salt solution, L-NAME had no effect on PVR or the pressure-flow relationship. The addition of washed red blood cells (RBCs) to physiological salt solution, but not the addition of plasma and platelets, restored the response to L-NAME. This effect of RBCs was not reproduced by increasing perfusate viscosity with dextran. These results suggest that, in the rabbit lung, NO is a determinant of PVR in the presence of blood. Moreover, that aspect of blood that permits the generation of NO appears to be related to the RBC and not to perfusate viscosity.

Animals↗