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At least 1,135 records · Page 63Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Moral architecture: the influence of the York Retreat on asylum design.

Institutional and architectural history places the asylum alongside the prison and other institutional types whose architectural characteristics emphasized confinement and control. This history obfuscates important differences in how ideas about treatment were represented in the particular design of these institutions; in other words, how the structure of a place became part of its discourse. What becomes obvious in nineteenth-century, asylum architecture is the influence of a small Yorkshire private asylum built by a Quaker, William Tuke, in 1796. The York Retreat, in form, solidified the ideas of 'moral treatment' in design and in turn assumed an exalted character in the design of late nineteenth-century asylums. Every researcher working in the field of the history of insanity acknowledges the importance of this event and its impact on the discourse of insanity for the century to follow. Few however talk about how its unique design was incorporated as part of this discourse.

England↗
PubMed2000

Moral and ethical issues in plant biotechnology.

Plant biotechnology has recently become the focus of heated controversy and media attention, particularly in the UK. The most obvious concerns have centred upon the possible effects of the technology on the environment and on human health, but a broader and more fundamental set of considerations has also been evident in much of the debate, these are usually referred to as 'moral' or 'ethical' concerns.

Bioethics↗
PubMed2002

Stem cell therapy: medical advance or moral challenge?

My professional lifetime has seen progress in the biomedical sciences that beggars belief. This has lead to astonishing advances in the ability to prevent and treat disease and, in the developed world at least, people live longer and healthier lives than ever before. Paradoxically, this has gone hand in hand with the growth of a vocal and influential anti-science lobby that not only rejects much modern science but is also deeply suspicious of new medical interventions. The prospect of cell therapy in the near or middle future is their current target especially where the use of embryonic stem cells or of cell nuclear transfer techniques is concerned. The prospect of cell therapy is welcomed with enthusiasm by patients with genetic and degenerative diseases who hope to benefit from them. On the other hand the whole idea is regarded as repugnant by the anti-science lobby. While some of this opposition is essentially luddite in nature, there are some more persuasive arguments raised particularly to any research than uses embryonic or foetal materials. These arguments will be examined critically. The moral problems of denying the sick the hope of effective treatments have to be weighed against those seen in the development of such treatments. (This article is closely based on an already published paper. P. Lachmann, Stem cell research: why is it regarded as a threat? An investigation of the economic and ethical arguments made against research with human embryonic stem cells.

Bone Marrow Transplantation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The moral appeal of assisted suicide in end-of-life decisions.

This article identifies conceptual distinctions, e.g., killing, letting die, causing, refraining from causing, and moral principles, eg, autonomy, beneficence, utility, and their implications for the debate on assisted suicide.

Attitude to Death↗
PubMed1999

Aesthetic experience, medical practice, and moral judgement. Critical remarks on possibilities to understand a complex relationship.

The aim of the paper is to examine the possible relationships between the different dimensions of aesthetics on the one hand, and medical practice and medical ethics on the other hand. Firstly, I consider whether the aesthetic perception of the human body is relevant for medical practice. Secondly, a possible analogy between the artistic process and medical action is examined. The third section concerns the comparison between medical ethical judgements and aesthetic judgement of taste. It is concluded that the mutual relevance between the aesthetic sphere, moral judgement and medical practice can be understood only if we recognize these spheres as distinct.

Esthetics↗
PubMed2001

The welfare economics of moral hazard.

Pauly's analysis of the welfare effects of moral hazard assumes that consumption of health care does not increase with income, however, empirical evidence suggests it does. For health insurance contracts that pay off by reducing price, the income effect is represented by the additional health care consumed because of income transfers from those who remain healthy to those who become ill. This implies a different decomposition of demand than the standard Hicksian decomposition. When the effect of income transfers is removed, the price-related welfare loss is smaller than either the loss suggested by Pauly's analysis or a Hicksian decomposition.

Health Expenditures↗
PubMed1998

Parallel process: moral failure, addiction and society.

Recent legislation restricting disability and other financial benefits for persons with substance related disorders provides the latest chapter in this country's relationship with mind altering chemicals and its attempts to control their use. Whether seen from the perspective of a substance user or from that of an angry and insecure public, this relationship seems to lead inevitably to self-destructive processes. This paper will examine the historical context of drug control policy in this country and the impact of current policy on vulnerable populations and on society as a whole. Parallels between factors which drive addictive disorders and those that perpetuate ineffective public policy will be considered along with their moral implications.

Drug and Narcotic Control↗
PubMed1994

Sensitivity to indirect contacts with other persons: AIDS aversion as a composite of aversion to strangers, infection, moral taint, and misfortune.

College students and their parents rated their willingness to wear sweaters previously worn by a target person described as having AIDS, another infectious illness (tuberculosis), a misfortune (maimed in automobile accident), moral taint (convicted murderer), or simply as a healthy but unknown man. Parallel ratings were obtained with respect to beds slept in or automobiles previously owned by the same set of target persons. Results indicated that there are strong individual differences in sensitivity to 4 sources of aversion to indirect interpersonal contagion: infection, misfortune, immorality, and unfamiliarity. Individual sensitivity to any one of these sources predicts sensitivity to the others (rs in the .30s). Aversion to indirect contact with a person with AIDS (by sweater, bed, or car) includes all 4 sources of aversion.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1976

Achievement and morality: a cross-cultural analysis of causal attribution and evaluation.

A recent study by Weiner and Peter has considered the emergence of certain patterns of attribution and evaluation in achievement and moral situations. According to their analysis, judgments should generally follow a Piagetian sequence in which younger children are influenced more by the outcome of an episode and older children by the intent of the protagonist. With a sample of U.S. subjects they found overall support for this analysis. A major of the present study is to determine how sociocultural factors may influence the judgmental patterns outlined by Weiner and Peter by essentially replicating their study in the manifestly different cultural context provided in Iran. Important discrepancies with Weiner and Peter were found which can be attributed to sociocultural factors. However, the cognitive-developmental framework proved generally valuable in working toward a comparative understanding of socialization patterns extant in the two cultures.

Achievement↗
PubMed1991

Moral affect: the good, the bad, and the ugly.

The relations among 3 moral affective personality characteristics--shame-proneness, guilt-proneness, and empathic responsiveness--were examined in 4 independent studies of undergraduates. Results indicate that shame and guilt are distinct affective experiences that have important and quite different implications in the interpersonal realm. There was a substantial positive correlation between shame-proneness and guilt-proneness. Nonetheless, as predicted, other-oriented empathic responsiveness was negatively related to proneness to shame but positively correlated with proneness to guilt. In contrast, an index of more self-oriented personal distress was positively linked to shame-proneness. Taken together, these results add a new dimension to the ugliness of shame but suggest that guilt may not be that bad after all, at least in the interpersonal domain.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The paradox of group-based guilt: modes of national identification, conflict vehemence, and reactions to the in-group's moral violations.

The authors examined the relationships between 2 modes of national identification (attachment to the in-group and the in-group's glorification) and reactions to the in-group's moral violations among Israeli students. Data were collected during a period of relative calm in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict as well as during a period of great intensification of this conflict. As expected, in Study 1, the 2 modes of identification had contrasting relationships with group-based guilt: Attachment was positively related whereas glorification was negatively related to group-based guilt for in-group's past infractions. Glorification suppressed the attachment effect but not vice versa. Both relationships were mediated by the use of exonerating cognitions. In Study 2, group-based guilt for the in-group's current wrongdoings was increased by priming critical rather than conventional attachment to the in-group, suggesting a causal effect of mode of identification on the experience of negative group-based emotions.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The moral of her story: exploring the philosophical and religious commitments in Mary Whiton Calkins' self-psychology.

Over the course of 3 decades, from the turn of the century to the late 1920s, Mary Whiton Calkins articulated and defended a system of self-psychology that held that psychology as a field should be organized as the science of selves. Calkins' system was far from popular at the time, which leads one to question why she persisted in dedicating herself to the cause of defending it. Previous research has sought answers to this question through examination of Calkins' experience as a faculty member at Wellesley College. In this article it is additonally argued that Calkins was not prepared to abandon her system of self-psychology because it was intricately connected to her ideas about ethics and morality.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed1999

On the neurology of morals.

Patients with medial prefrontal lesions often display irresponsible behavior, despite being intellectually unimpaired. But similar lesions occurring in early childhood can also prevent the acquisition of factual knowledge about accepted standards of moral behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

The development of a measure of job satisfaction for use in monitoring the morale of community nurses in four trusts.

The development of the Measure of Job Satisfaction (MJS) for use in a longitudinal study of the morale of community nurses in four trusts is described. The review of previous studies focuses on the use of principal component analysis or factor analysis in the development of measures. The MJS was developed from a bank of items culled from the literature and from discussions with key informants. It was mailed to a one in three sample of 723 members of the community nursing forums of the Royal College of Nursing. A 72% response rate was obtained from those eligible for inclusion. Principal component analysis with varimax rotation led to the identification of five dimensions of job satisfaction; Personal Satisfaction, Satisfaction with Workload, Satisfaction with Professional Support, Satisfaction with Pay and Prospects and Satisfaction with Training. These factors form the basis of five subscales of satisfaction which summate to give an Overall Job Satisfaction score. Internal consistency, test-retest reliability, concurrent and discriminatory validity were assessed and were found to be satisfactory. The factor structure was replicated using data obtained from the first three of the community trusts involved in the main study. The limitations of the study and issues which require further exploration are identified and discussed.

Career Mobility↗
PubMed1994

On the moral nature of nursing practice.

Until recent times many nursing authors have relied on rather narrow interpretations of selected aspects from the broader discourse of ethics and moral philosophy in their writing on ethics in nursing. As a consequence, discourse in nursing ethics has been limited in its vision and far from comprehensive in its content. This can be seen in the large number of texts and journals which discuss issues in nursing ethics. Particularly in many of the nursing textbooks up to and including the 1960s, 1970s and, to a lesser extent, the early 1980s, ethics content is commonly framed in terms of the dilemmas of practice. Moreover, overall there is a preoccupation with either deontological or teleological positions and the application of corresponding analytical frameworks consistent with the particular view taken. In most texts the preferred view is deontological, with a predominating emphasis on principle and duty. Recently in nursing ethics there has been a focus towards the deconstruction of the dominant views in ethics encompassed by the more traditional perspectives. Consequently, as in other areas of applied and theoretical ethics, there has been a re-awakening of interest in the 'virtues', and in processes which encourage the articulation of ethical dimensions of practice in ways other than applying principles, rules and formulae to situations of clinical dilemma.

Ethical Theory↗
PubMed1997

Pastoral care and moral government: early nineteenth century nursing and solutions to the Irish question.

This paper re-examines the role of the early nineteenth century nurses, conventionally depicted in nursing histories as the well-meaning but untrained Catholic nursing nuns or, in post-Reformation Europe, servants and fellow patients. It will be argued here that professional and capable nursing had begun to transform the care of the sick poor and to demonstrate its importance to the success of medical/surgical innovation long before Florence Nightingale and her call to Scutari. Moreover, the case is put that the emergence of nineteenth century forms of care for the sick occurred in response to the pressing problems of population management in Ireland, Great Britain and North America. The pastoral concerns of the first Irish nurses, with their expertise in both the spiritual and material domains, provided the prototype for what was to follow: a spiritual form of life that addressed the governmental concerns of its time. Finally, it is argued that given the overt moral imperatives of nineteenth century nurses of all persuasions, the depiction of nursing history as a crossing from the religious to the secular domain is challenged.

Catholicism↗
PubMed1998

Weaving a fabric of moral meaning: how nurses live with suffering and death.

Nursing has a long and rich history of caring for those who are sick and suffering, as well as for those who are dying. The threat of death, and/or the reality of suffering till death, for patients, is a reality in the lives of nurses. The purpose of this study was to examine how nurses live with patients who are suffering and dying. Founded on notions of relationship and embodiment, naturalistic inquiry was used to generate and analyse qualitative data from nine nurses who, at the time of the study, were working with patients whom they described as suffering or dying. Findings reflected how the nurses used the dilemmas of their patients' lives to inform their own personal and professional lives through a process of 'weaving a fabric of moral meaning'. Findings are discussed in terms of practice, research and education.

Adaptation, Psychological↗