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PubMed1983

An MMPI subscale (Gd): to identify males with gender identity conflicts.

This study reported on the development and cross-validation of a 31-item MMPI Gender Dysphoria subscale (Gd) which accurately discriminates between gender identity patients and matched controls, and identifies males with gender dysphoria syndrome. Both the validity and reliability of the Gd scale has been demonstrated and there is every expectation that the scale has excellent potential for clinical usage. In the construction of the Gd scale, we have addressed the major methodological problems of previous studies which have used psychological tests to assess gender role and identity disturbances: small criterion groups, a lack of an appropriate control group, and prediction of too many false positives.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Identification of random responders on MMPI protocols.

In clinical practice, indicators of random or irrelevant responses on MMPI protocols are typically not examined, and, if obtained, assumed to be the result of either gross psychopathology or attempts to malinger. A sample of 40 computer-generated random profiles and 40 profiles of forensic outpatients were compared on validity scales, clinical scales, and scales specially designed to detect randomness (TR index and Carelessness Scale). Results of discriminant analysis indicated differentiating patterns of responses with random profiles generally elevated. Further, the accuracy of several clinical decisions rules were evaluated. The "F greater than 80 and TR greater than 4" rule was found to have the greatest clinical utility at correctly classifying random responders.

Female↗
PubMed1984

A comparison of MMPI profiles of heroin addicts based on multiple methods of classification.

MMPI profiles of 442 male narcotic addicts in a drug treatment program were classified according to one of three methods: (a) highest 2-point code, (b) cluster analysis, and (c) concordance with common actuarial rules of profile fit. Profiles were then compared with those previously reported in the research literature. While each method resulted in slightly different perspectives, each reported modal profiles analogous to the 49'/94', 42'/24', and 48'/84' profiles. A frequency table of 33 different profiles by rates per thousand were presented as prototypal base rates for future comparison.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Identifying schizophrenia by means of scale 8 Sc of the MMPI.

A sample of 38 schizophrenic inpatients was found to achieve significantly higher mean scores on Scale 8 of the MMPI relative to 38 schizophrenia-spectrum and 38 control patients regardless of whether K- or non-K-corrected scores were used. However, when patients were individually classified by means of a cutting score (greater than or equal to 70), only K-corrected scores accurately discriminated between schizophrenic and control patients at a statistically significant level.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

A comparison of male and female alcoholics with an MMPI classification system.

The present study was designed to determine if an MMPI classification system developed for male alcoholics could be successfully extended to female alcoholics. Males and females were compared on the following measures: classifiability, Hs, D, and Mf scales, age and marital status. The results showed that although the examined classification system could be utilized with only limited success, the proportions classified for males and females were similar. A revised classification system resulted in greater classifiability of both males and females. Hs and D scales did not differ between the sexes, but Mf scales did. No differences were found in marital status between males and females. In general, the psychotic and psychopathic alcoholics were younger than the other alcoholic groups, with the neurotics and unclassified alcoholics being the oldest.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

The Goldberg neurotic-psychotic rule and MMPI 2-7-8 patients.

In a population of VA Medical Center psychiatric inpatients with 2-7-8 MMPI high point triads, the Goldberg Index (Neurotic-Psychotic) led to lesser, rather than greater, diagnostic accuracy in identifying patients with nonschizophrenic or schizophrenic diagnoses. It was found, however, the Goldberg diagnostic predictions for the 23.4% of the population at the extremes of this dimension (less than 40 or greater than or equal to 100) were quite accurate (86.7% correct), with intermediate cases showing no correspondence between diagnosis and Goldberg score. It was concluded that the Index might be useful if predictions are only made for patients with these extreme scores.

Humans↗
PubMed1984

MMPI substance abuse scales on drug addicts with and without concurrent alcoholism.

The range and utility of the MMPI-derived MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale (MAC) and the Heroin Addiction Scale (He) was assessed with a large sample of drug addicts with and without concurrent alcoholism. Results indicated that addicts with a co-existing alcohol problem obtained higher MAC scores than addicts without a current alcohol problem. Opiate abusers scored higher on the MAC than non-opiate abusers. No such effects were observed with the He scale. The MAC is a particularly robust scale that taps generic substance abuse and may even be sensitive enough to detect alcoholism in drug addicts.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

The development and cross-validation of an MMPI typology of murderers.

A sample of 80 male offenders charged with premeditated murder were divided into five personality types using MMPI scores. A hierarchical clustering procedure was used with a subsequent internal cross-validation analysis using a second sample of 80 premeditated murderers. A Discriminant Analysis resulted in a 96.25% correct classification of subjects from the second sample into the five types. Clinical data from a mental status interview schedule supported the external validity of these types. There were significant differences among the five types in hallucinations, disorientation, hostility, depression, and paranoid thinking. Both similarities and differences of the present typology with prior research was discussed. Additional research questions were suggested.

Antisocial Personality Disorder↗
PubMed1985

MMPI scales for DSM-III personality disorders: their derivation and correlates.

Scales tapping the dimensions of personality disorder as represented in the DSM-III were derived using a combined rational/empirical strategy. The final version of the scales demonstrated both content validity as well as internal consistency. Correlations between the derived scales and between these scales and the original MMPI clinical scales were generally found to be in the expected direction providing preliminary evidence of criterion related validity. It is suggested that the derived scales may represent an advance toward the reliable assessment of DSM-III personality constructs.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

The Mezzich MMPI regression formula revisited.

In a sample of depressed psychiatric inpatients, the Mezzich regression formula, based on five MMPI scales, correlated moderately with clinicians' judgments and yielded few false negative diagnoses in identifying patients with unipolar Major Depressive Disorder, but was less effective in eliminating false positives.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Anxiety and anger as predictors of MMPI elevations in chronic pain patients.

Studies utilizing the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) with chronic pain patients have almost without exception found marked elevations on the Hypochondriasis (Hs), Depression (D), and Hysteria (Hy) scales. The present data reveal that Trait Anxiety was a significant predictor of elevations on all three of these scales for both males and females. Trait Anger emerged as a classical suppressor variable for males only. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

A comparative clinical investigation of the "How" and "Charlie" MMPI subtypes.

We studied the thought and affective disturbance of Megargee and Bohn's (1979) most psychopathological Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) subtypes, the "How" and "Charlie" profiles. 75 subjects, consisting of three groups of How and Charlie subtypes in inpatient and outpatient forensic settings and two control groups, are tested using the Whitaker Index of Schizophrenic Thinking (WIST) and Profile of Mood States (POMS). Results indicate both How and Charlie subtypes have mild formal thought disorder, with the former showing greater variance of thought disorder. Charlie subtypes, however, are more angry, less depressed, more vigorous, and more constricted and defensive than the How subtypes. We conclude that the How subtype needs further actuarial refinement to be diagnostically useful.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Bulimia and object relations: MMPI and Rorschach variables.

Rorschach and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) responses from persons vomiting to manage body weight and fat phobia were compared to those from a matched control group to determine the levels of personality structure. These responses were also contrasted with those of representative groups from normal and personality disordered populations. Findings were that the bulimic group's test protocols differed significantly from those of the control group, displaying evidence of serious cognitive slippage and dramatic, emotional and erratic personality structures arrested at the differentiation subphase of ego development. The clinical importance of timely developmental diagnosis and interventions designed to promote object constancy was discussed in light of these findings.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

The Masculinity-Femininity Scale of MMPI-2: is it useful with normal men?

Using ratings provided by significant others, we examined characteristics of 819 normal men whose scores on the Masculinity-Femininity scale (Scale 5) of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) ranged from low to high. Also examined were the possible effects of educational level as a moderator variable. Only one external characteristic was correlated with Scale 5 scores at a level of significance that could not be attributed to chance, and that correlation was negative, whereas previous literature indicated a positive relationship. The findings were essentially the same whether or not the effects of education were controlled. Regardless of Scale 5 scores and the higher the men's educational levels, the more positive were ratings by their partners. In general, the results do not support the usefulness of Scale 5 in describing the personalities and behaviors of normal men.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Relationships between MMPI codetypes and MAC scale elevations in adolescent psychiatric samples.

This study investigated the relationship between subjects' MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale (MAC) elevations and their placement in various codetype classifications. The sample consisted of 1,347 adolescents receiving psychiatric services in Missouri, Virginia, or Texas. The frequency of MAC scores greater than or equal to 24 and greater than or equal to 28 was evaluated, separately by gender, for single-scale and two-point codetypes, containing a minimum of at least 10 subjects. Marked differences occurred in the frequency of MAC scale elevations depending on the adolescent's codetype classification. MAC scores for both genders, for example, were most frequently elevated for the 4-9/9-4 codetype and more rarely elevated for the 2-3/3-2 codetype. Results are discussed in terms of potential measurement overlap which may occur between the MAC scale and several MMPI standard clinical scales, including 4, 6, and 9. It was also noted that the sensitivity and specificity of the MAC scale may vary in relation to subjects' clinical scale profile characteristics.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

MMPI profiles of women in codependency treatment.

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) profiles of 73 women presenting themselves for treatment of codependency in a 10-day residential setting were examined. Results suggest a significant amount of psychopathology to be present in this population. More than 50% of these individuals produced clinically significant elevations of five or more scales, and 38% produced elevations on six or more scales.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The signer effect on MMPI performance of deaf respondents.

In order to determine the existence of a signer effect, two videotapes of the same 38 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) critical items, translated into American Sign Language (ASL) and signed by different signers, were administered to 35 deaf adults. Results of this study demonstrate an insignificant signer effect and underscore the potential utility and practicality of future ASL translations of self-report tests for use with deaf individuals. Caveats for future translations include the necessity for constant attention to translation refinements and for utilizing native ASL users with appropriate training in psychology as signers.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

New measures for assessing alcohol and drug abuse with the MMPI-2: The APS and AAS.

We introduce two new scales for assessing substance abuse problems with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2): the Addiction Potential Scale (APS), a 39-item empirically derived scale, developed by contrasting the responses of a large residential substance abuse sample with responses from both normative and psychiatric control groups; and the Addiction Acknowledgement Scale (AAS), a 13-item face-valid scale, constructed rationally and with attention to internal consistency. Both new scales are shown to discriminate well between groups and substantially better than other selected substance abuse scales. Covariation between the scales and joint effectiveness are examined. Finally, limitations for their practical utility are expressed, and considerations for future research are identified.

Adult↗