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PubMed1989

[Pharmacologic interventions in agitated mentally retarded patients].

Aggressive behavior of mental retardates is a frequent problem which semiological description is very polymorphic. Some psychiatric etiologies are listed, and then the different aspects of idiopathic aggressive behavior are described. These aspects give guidelines for more specific treatments which are further reviewed. Preferential indications and side effects are described for each in a way to suggest a therapeutic strategy. At the end, legal aspects involved are briefly exposed.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

Defective neuronal development in the mushroom bodies of Drosophila fragile X mental retardation 1 mutants.

Fragile X mental retardation 1 (Fmr1) is a highly conserved gene with major roles in CNS structure and function. Its product, the RNA-binding protein FMRP, is believed to regulate translation of specific transcripts at postsynaptic sites in an activity-dependent manner. Hence, Fmr1 is central to the molecular mechanisms of synaptic plasticity required for normal neuronal maturation and cognitive ability. Mutations in its Drosophila ortholog, dfmr1, produce phenotypes of brain interneurons and axon terminals at the neuromuscular junction, as well as behavioral defects of circadian rhythms and courtship. We hypothesized that dfmr1 mutations would disrupt morphology of the mushroom bodies (MBs), highly plastic brain regions essential for many forms of learning and memory. We found developmental defects of MB lobe morphogenesis, of which the most common is a failure of beta lobes to stop at the brain midline. A similar recessive beta-lobe midline-crossing phenotype has been previously reported in the memory mutant linotte. The dfmr1 MB defects are highly sensitive to genetic background, which is reminiscent of mammalian fragile-X phenotypes. Mutations of dfmr1 also interact with one or more third-chromosome loci to promote alpha/beta-lobe maturation. These data further support the use of the Drosophila model system for study of hereditary cognitive disorders of humans.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Effectiveness of routine periodontal treatment with and without adjunctive metronidazole therapy in a sample of mentally retarded adolescents.

A sample of mentally retarded adolescents with moderate periodontal disease was given conventional treatment with and without adjunctive metronidazole therapy following consent of guardians. Antibiotics or placebo tables were taken 1 week following prophylaxis in a double blind clinical trial. Six months after the baseline examinations, there were no significant differences between the treatment and control groups in the mean attachment level or the proportions of microorganisms in subgingival pockets.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Low cost organization of a mental retardation facility staff library.

A mental retardation facility staff library of 700 volumes required complete organization. Two restraining factors were lack of personnel and limited funds. A plan was developed to classify titles according to Library of Congress, with the subject heading catalog predominantly based on Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). A cataloging service was located which produced custom card sets and book labels from CATLINE and MARC computer databases. Where necessary, MARC records were edited to alter LC subject headings to MeSH terminology. Organization was accomplished at an average cost per title of less than $1.50.

Cataloging↗
PubMed2002

What about dental care for people with mental retardation? A commentary.

People with mental retardation have untreated oral health needs that are comparable or even greater than those of individuals in the general population. But dental students have limited experiences in providing care for patients with special needs. In addition, there are numerous other barriers that current practitioners must overcome if we are to provide needed services for a population that increasingly resides in our communities.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Therapy of speech development delay in mentally retarded children].

Twenty-one mentally retarded children participated in 40 language training sessions each that were based on behavior therapy. The training program had four levels of difficulty. The appropriate level for a given child was determined by evaluation of the child's spontaneous speech. Of the 21 children, 8 started with a 6-week waiting period. During this time they had 40 sessions of occupational therapy. The effect of the waiting period and of therapy on the children's speech was assessed by analysis of spontaneous verbal utterances and by specially constructed imitation tests. The children were tested before the waiting period and before and after therapy. Whereas the waiting period by itself had no significant effect, the therapy led to a significant increase in the mean length of utterances (in morphemes) and to highly significant improvement on the imitation tests.

Child↗
PubMed1990

Instruction on Piagetian concepts for children with mental retardation.

Eighteen children with mild mental retardation were pretested on unidimensional classification (oddity), unidimensional seriation, number conservation, Slosson's Intelligence Test, and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT). The children were instructed on the Piagetian concepts twice per week for 4 months via a learning-set technique. All 315 problems (except 20 verbal classification and 15 verbal seriation items) involved concrete items. When posttested at the semester's end, the children had, with few exceptions, mastered the Piagetian concepts and made significant gains on performance on the PPVT.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Readability, interest, and coverage of ten introductory textbooks on mental retardation.

Ten introductory textbooks on mental retardation were analyzed with the Flesch formula for reading ease and interest. Reading level of all texts was in the "difficult, college level" category. Seven books were classified as "dull", 3 as "mildly interesting." Coverage on 26 topics and availability of teaching aids were also analyzed and charted. Good agreement was found in the topics treated by the various authors. Most books examined contained adequate organizational aids. An instructor's manual was the only widely available teaching aid.

Attention↗
PubMed1986

Physical characteristics and feeding skills as predictors of adequacy of nutrient intakes of mentally retarded individuals.

Characteristics common to mentally retarded adults with marginal or inadequate nutrient intakes who may be high risk for specific nutrient deficiencies were identified. Although physiological and psychological influences, feeding practices, and weight status were not found to influence the average nutrient intakes of the sample population, intakes of iron, calcium, and riboflavin were affected by sex of the resident. Inadequate intakes of these key nutrients may predispose this vulnerable population to nutrient-related disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

High-speed memory-scanning task performance of mildly mentally retarded and nonretarded individuals.

Mildly mentally retarded and CA-matched nonretarded subjects were required to memorize lists of English letters and Chinese characters varying in length from one to four elements. Single probe letters or characters were presented following memorization. The subject responded yes if the probe was a member of the memorized list or no if it was not. Subjects were encouraged to respond quickly but without making errors. Choice reaction times (RTs) were measured from probe onset to the depression of the yes or no response key upon which the index finger of the appropriate hand rested. Retarded subjects demonstrated slower overall choice mean RTs relative to the nonretarded group. Results also suggest that the processing difference lies in the memory scanning as opposed to the encoding/decision/response component of the linear model (Sternberg, 1969); however, this suggestion is limited by the disparity of the group data sets.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Stress inoculation and interinstitutional transfer of mentally retarded individuals.

Forty-four mentally retarded individuals were studied to determine if relocation syndrome can be averted in interinstitutional transfer. Twenty-two persons who were transferred on a voluntary basis to a small, new, highly staffed facility and given individualized attention in preparation for the move were compared to a group of nontransferred matched control persons on the Progress Assessment Chart and the Maladaptive section of the Adaptive Behavior Scale, Which were administered prior to transfer and 1, 2, and 4 weeks after. The transferred group displayed no lowered functioning in adaptive behavior and no increase in maladaptive behavior. No relocation syndrome was evidenced as prerelocation preparation appears to have averted the deleterious effects of transfer.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Effects of preference, prompt, and task agreement on the discrimination learning of mentally retarded adults.

Twenty-seven mentally retarded employees of a sheltered workshop were trained on five discrimination tasks (wires, hardware, moldings, capacitors, and fasteners) using five combination of preference, prompt, and task agreement: all agree, preference different, prompt different, tasks different, and all different. The data revealed that when the learners were prompted in the dimension of the target discrimination (a) fewer errors were made, (b) training time was reduced, and (c) fewer training trials were required to reach criterion. Preference for a particular dimension (color, shape, or size, as measured by a screening test) did not significantly affect performance on the discrimination tasks. Findings were discussed in terms of the functions of prompts as feedback, reinforcement, and symbolic parts of a compound stimulus.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Haptic attention and visual transfer by mentally retarded and nonretarded individuals.

Four mentally retarded and four nonretarded adolescents learned compound discriminations in the haptic (touch) modality using Ray's (1969) conflict-compound procedure. Reinforcement history was controlled so that prior reinforcement contingencies were unchanged for one element and reversed for the other element of a compound (two-element) stimulus during discrimination training. Consistent with Huguenin and Touchette's (1980) results in the visual modality, our retarded subjects evinced selective attention effects in posttraining tests conducted in the haptic modality. Results with nonretarded subjects similarly indicated that they had selectively attended to only one element of a conflict-compound stimulus during compound discrimination training. Visual transfer tests revealed that for most individuals the effects of conflict-compound discrimination training transferred from the haptic to visual sensory modalities. Results were discussed in terms of selectivity of attention to nonredundant stimulus elements as an effective strategy for discrimination learning rather than a perceptual deficit.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Improving the visual discrimination of mentally retarded children: a training strategy.

Mentally retarded children were asked to judge whether a series of visual stimuli matched a standard. With each judgment the investigator verbalized "right" or "wrong" and then provided full feedback of particulars, indicating with gesture and words the cue similarities and differences that supported each correct and each incorrect judgment. Control subjects were either given no training (test--retest only) or were asked to make the judgments but given no feedback. Attesting to the efficacy of the training procedure, the trained subjects exhibited total intradimensional transfer; the control subjects, none. The results were related to the attention-retention theory of discrimination learning developed by Fisher and Zeaman and to the "differentiation" methodology and theory presented by Gibson and Gibson.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Mental retardation and sentences for murder: comparison of two recent court cases.

Several states and the United States have laws that exempt persons who have mental retardation from the death penalty and other severe sentences. Two recent murder cases in Indiana, which has such a law, illustrate some of the problems in applying it. The characteristics of the two defendants were quite similar, but one defendant was found to have mental retardation and was exempted from the death penalty and the other was not. The disparity was attributed to differences in the assessment of adaptive behavior and to general stereotypes of people who have mental retardation. Equal application of sentencing limitation laws requires greater involvement of professionals with specialized training and experience in mental retardation.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Elementary counting of cardinal and ordinal numbers by persons with mental retardation.

Cardinal and ordinal counting skills were assessed in 37 mentally retarded adult workers and 42 school children with mental retardation. The major results were the very poor performance of the younger children (essentially at chance beyond the numbers 1 and 2) and the overall marked inferiority in ordinal compared with cardinal counting.

Achievement↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence of epilepsy in adults with mental retardation and related disabilities in primary care.

Two primary care practices were used to recruit adults with and without disability. Disability groups included autism, Down syndrome, cerebral palsy, and mental retardation. The patients without disability had an epilepsy prevalence rate of 1%. The prevalence of epilepsy within the disability groups was 13% for cerebral palsy, 13.6% for Down syndrome; 25.4% for autism, 25.5% for mental retardation, and 40% for adults with both cerebral palsy and mental retardation. During the decades of adulthood, the prevalence of epilepsy declined for those with cerebral palsy and mental retardation. The prevalence of epilepsy increased with advancing years for adults with Down syndrome, autism, and those without disability. Nonetheless, during each decade the prevalence of epilepsy was higher in all of the disability groups compared to those without disability.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Brothers and sisters of adults with mental retardation: gendered nature of the sibling relationship.

Differences and similarities between brothers and sisters of adults with mental retardation with respect to the instrumental (caregiving, companionship) and affective (positive affect, emotion) aspects of the sibling relationship were examined. Sisters scored higher than brothers in the caregiving, companionship, and positive affect aspects of the sibling relationship. Brothers' sibling relationships were conditioned by the gender of the sibling with mental retardation. Brothers of brothers with mental retardation had a more favorable emotional response than did brothers of sisters. Two-wave longitudinal data showed that sibling involvement and closeness increased over time, but was dependent upon changes in the health of the mother. The findings are discussed in relation to normative patterns in the sibling relationship across the life course.

Adult↗