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Results for “MENTAL PROCESSES”

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At least 1,135 records · Page 63Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Assessment of social-cognitive processes in children with mental retardation.

The nature of social competence of 55 children with mental retardation was explored. Four social-cognitive processes (encoding, cue interpretation, strategy generation, and evaluation of consequences) and their link to social behavior were investigated. During a structured interview, the children responded to videotaped vignettes of social conflict situations involving peer group entry and peer provocation. Although the children were consistently accurate in interpreting hostile intentions, they exhibited difficulty in accurately interpreting benign intentions. Children generated different strategies for the peer entry and peer provocation conflicts. Children who experienced social-cognitive processing difficulties were more likely to display extreme patterns of behavior. Aggressive children frequently misinterpreted benign intention cues and generated aggressive strategies, whereas those who engaged in sensitive/isolated behavior frequently generated avoidant or appeal to authority strategies. Results suggest that assessment and intervention practices in the area of social competence need to address social-cognitive processes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Modeling processes in recovery from mental illness: relationships between symptoms, life satisfaction, and self-concept.

For persons with severe mental illness, controlling symptoms, regaining a positive sense of self, dealing with stigma and discrimination, and trying to lead a productive and satisfying life is increasingly referred to as the ongoing process of recovery. Drawing on psychiatric-medical and stress-social support models, and theories of self-concept and stigma, this study examines social-psychological processes in recovery from mental illness. Using longitudinal questionnaire data from 610 persons in self-help groups and outpatient treatment, 1 estimate a series of models of the relationships between key elements identified as part of the recovery process: symptoms, self-concept, and life satisfaction. The results show that these elements affect each other in a reciprocal manner. Moreover, findings indicate a key role for self-esteem, which mediates the effect of life satisfaction on symptoms. The study suggests a general framework for examining processes involved in recovery from mental illness.

Female↗
PubMed1994

Evaluating risk communications: completing and correcting mental models of hazardous processes, Part II.

We propose a decision-analytic framework, called the mental models approach, for evaluating the impact of risk communications. It employs multiple evaluation methods, including think-aloud protocol analysis, problem solving, and a true-false test that allows respondents to express uncertainty about their answers. The approach is illustrated in empirical comparisons of three brochures about indoor radon.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMed2005

Mental fatigue disturbs local processing more than global processing.

Focusing of attention is influenced by external features such as the presence of global or local target stimuli, but also by motivation and mood states. In the current study, we examined whether working on cognitively demanding tasks for 2 h, which induces mental fatigue, subsequently had a differential effect on global and local processing. The results showed that, compared to non-fatigued participants, fatigued participants particularly displayed compromised local processing. This indicates that mental fatigue may also manifest itself as effects on attentional focusing. The findings of this study are in line with recent ideas about the nature of fatigue-related cognitive deficits, implying disturbances in the control over attention and behaviour.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

General practitioners' response to depression and anxiety in the Australian community: a preliminary analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the uptake by general practitioners (GPs) of the five key components of the Better Outcomes in Mental Health Care (BOiMHC) initiative: education and training for GPs; the three-step mental health process; focussed psychological strategies; access to allied health services; and access to psychiatrist support. SETTING: All Australian states and territories during the first 15 months of the initiative (1 July 2002 - 30 September 2003). DESIGN: Retrospective survey of de-identified registration data held by the General Practice Mental Health Standards Collaboration (training uptake), de-identified Health Insurance Commission (HIC) billing data (provision of the three-step mental health process, focussed psychological strategies and case conferences with psychiatrists), and reports from "access to allied health services" projects to the Australian Department of Health and Ageing (project participation). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number and percentage of Australian GPs certified as eligible to participate in the initiative; provision of the three-step mental health process and focussed psychological strategies by GPs; participation in allied health pilot projects; and access to psychiatrist support. RESULTS: Within 15 months of the BOiMHC initiative commencing, 3046 GPs (about 15% of Australian GPs) had been certified as eligible to participate, including 387 who had registered to provide focussed psychological strategies. GPs had completed 11 377 three-step mental health processes and 6472 sessions of focussed psychological strategies. Sixty-nine "access to allied health services" projects had been funded, with the original 15 pilot projects enabling 346 GPs to refer 1910 consumers to 134 individual allied health professionals and 10 agencies. In contrast, the "access to psychiatrist support" component was less successful, with the HIC billed for 62 case conferences at which a psychiatrist and a GP were present. CONCLUSION: The level of uptake of the main components of the BOiMHC initiative has expanded the national capacity to respond to the needs of people with common mental disorders, such as depression and anxiety.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed1994

Processing speed as a mental capacity.

Throughout the lifespan, there are pronounced age differences in speed of processing, differences that are consistently related to performance on measures of higher-order cognition. In this article, we examine domain-specific and global explanations of these age differences in processing speed; we conclude that although experience can play a role in age differences in speed, there is also evidence that a general mechanism limits speeded performance. We also review research that shows the influence of processing speed on the quality of performance on nonspeeded tasks such as reasoning and memory. We suggest that speed of processing should be viewed as a fundamental part of the architecture of the cognitive system as it develops across the entire lifespan.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Mental Darwinism and the evolution of the emotion-processing mind.

The cognitive mental module with which humans process and adapt to emotionally charged environmental or triggering events is identified as the emotion-processing mind. The current architecture of this mental module presents several anomalous features. In an effort to clarify their basis, the evolution of this module is traced for the 6,000,000-year history of hominid existence. In addition, the nature of its current adaptive resources are explored as a way of introducing mental Darwinism, the concept that the emotion-processing mind is an adaptive entity that operates according to the principles of universal Darwinism.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed1984

Life events or life processes as determinants of mental strain? A 5-year follow-up study.

In a study among Finnish metal industry employees (n = 748) mental strain was measured at the beginning and at the end of a 5-year follow-up. Life event data for the follow-up period were gathered retrospectively through a questionnaire and a later interview. Mental strain was substantially higher among blue-collar than white-collar workers. In contrast, no differences in the occurrence or in the rating of life events was observed between these groups. Self-rated undesirable events were associated with high levels and desirable events with low levels of mental strain. Similar associations were observed in three objectively defined live events, viz. divorce, promotion in the job and change in housing conditions. Life events were, however, also related with the mental strain measured prior to the life events. Both the self-rated and objectively defined desirable events had usually a favourable impact on mental well-being, whereas undesirable events in most cases slightly increased mental strain. The differences in mental strain between occupational status groups seem to be caused by differences in the life processes rather than life events. Furthermore, many life events, e.g. divorce, are actually only discrete moments in long-lasting processes, which have an impact on mental well-being. And last, desirable life events can be seen rather as a preventive than a risk factor of mental strain.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Describing relationship problems in DSM-V: toward better guidance for research and clinical practice.

The authors provide a description of the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) and its limitations, as well as empirical connections between relational processes and mental health. Four types of relational processes are identified, with each type clearly distinguished in terms of its pattern of association with psychopathology. For illustrative purposes, examples are provided along with suggestions of how each might be accommodated in the DSM-V. In view of the importance and complexity of the connections between relational processes and mental health, the authors argue that reliable and standardized assessments of relational processes are needed and suggest 6 possible approaches for providing better coverage of relational processes and relational disorders in the DSM-V. The article concludes with a discussion of potential concerns about expansion of attention to relational processes in the DSM-V.

Adult↗