Nuclear magnetic resonance studies on pyridine dinucleotides. I. The pH dependence of the carbon 13 nuclear magnetic resonance of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.
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Samples of human whole blood were exposed in CMF (field induction, 0.3 T) for 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 120, 150, 180, 240, 300 or 360 min. 15 min following exposure, the samples were gamma-irradiated in a dose of 0.0516 C/kg (137Cs) at a dose rate of 1.95 A/kg. The following chromosome aberrations were scored: deletions dicentrics, rings, and symmetrical exchanges. Exposure of the blood in CMF for 15 to 360 min decreased radiation damage to cells as compared with unexposed irradiated samples. The extention of time from 15 to 180 min increases the effect the smallest amount of chromosome damages being scored at 150-180 min. A 2.8 - fold, 3 - fold and 3.5 - fold decrease was registered in the number of aberrant cells, deletions and dicentrics, respectively. With increasing time of exposure (240 min), the radiomodifying effect started decreasing, and with 300-360 min exposure it was the same as that observed at 15-45 min.
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The exposure to radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields is one of the main aspects to be controlled in order to ensure the safety of patients in an NMR environment. Starting from the description of the main physical characteristics of RF fields active in imaging instrumentation, a simple model is obtained which accounts for the experimental interdependence between the parameters of the stimulus and SAR values deposited on the patients. This model can yield a preliminary/approximate prediction of exposure levels for a given test. Some NMR equipment admit the estimation of the actual SAR values during the test on the basis of electrical measurements. The paper illustrates the basic principles of these measurements. The biological effects associated with the absorption of RF energy are discussed with particular attention to the physical and biological factors which may result in local heating on the body, a danger which may not be prevented by simply observing the prescribed thresholds of mean exposure.