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PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of a lactose-containing sweetener on root dentine demineralization in situ.

Since lactose has been used as an excipient in powdered sweeteners, we evaluated its effect on dentine demineralization, in an in situ crossover study. Twelve adult volunteers wore palatal appliances containing 4 blocks of bovine root dentine, which were submitted 4 times a day to: distilled water (negative control), aqueous solution of powdered sweetener (Zero Cal); experimental group), 1.5% lactose solution (active group), 1.5% sucrose solution (positive control). After 15 days, microhardness was determined on dentine surface (SMH) and on the sectioned blocks (CSMH). All groups presented statistical differences in SMH before and after the treatments; water increased, while sweetener, lactose and sucrose decreased SMH. By CSMH, the only significant difference was observed after sucrose treatment. The data suggest that sweeteners containing lactose as a bulking agent may be cariogenic for root dentine.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Prevalence of primary adult lactose malabsorption in Pakistan.

Lactose absorption capacity was examined in 414 apparently healthy, adult Pakistani subjects. In a subgroup of 44 subjects, the lactose tolerance test was performed using both blood glucose and breath hydrogen determination. The remaining 370 probands were examined using a field version of the breath hydrogen test. In the total sample of 414 probands, 248 lactose malabsorbers were identified (60%). This result differs considerably from previous reports of very low frequencies of lactose malabsorption in Pakistan and neighbouring areas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Uptake and distribution of orally applied N-acetyl-(14C)neuraminosyl-lactose and N-acetyl-(14C)neuraminic acid in the organs of newborn rats.

N-acetyl-(14C)neuraminosyl-(alpha,2 leads to 3)lactose enzymatically prepared of CMP-NeuNAc and lactose by a particulate enzyme fraction from lactating rat mammary gland was applied orally to newborn rats and examined for uptake and distribution in relation to those of free N-acetyl-(14C)neuraminic acid. The neonates were allowed to stay with their mother before and during the incubation time up to 6 h. Within this time 70% of the given dose was excreted while 30% was retained in the body. (14C)NeuNAc-lactose activity appeared 1.5 h after application in blood, urine, and tissues and attained maximum values after 3 and 6 h, respectively. The highest uptake occurred in liver, spleen, and brain. The absorption of the trisaccharide was delayed by 30 min compared with free (14C)NeuNAc. The time courses of the curves show a slower but higher accumulation in the tissues suggesting a better utilization of the (14C)NeuNAc from (14C)NeuNAc-lactose or pecularities in the absorption of the trisaccharide by the organs.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1983

Effect of lactose content of nonfat milk diets on male rat serum lipids and lipoproteins.

The lactose content of a semisynthetic diet containing 45% of calories as nonfat milk powder was modified by enzymatic hydrolysis with beta-galactosidase or bacterial fermentation with yogurt cultures. Three milk-based diets and a stock diet were fed for 28 days to male rats derived from the Sprague-Dawley strain. Energy consumption, growth rate, feed efficiency, liver weight, liver cholesterol and liver triglyceride concentrations were not significantly different between the four diets. At day 28 serum cholesterol and serum triglyceride concentrations were not different between the milk-based diets. No hypocholesterolemic effect of the milk-based diets was seen at any time compared to the stock diet. Two of four electrophoretic lipoprotein fractions varied with the lactose content of the milk-based diet. The faster alpha lipoprotein decreased while the slower alpha lipoprotein increased with decreasing content of dietary lactose. These data indicate that lactose differs from its constituent monosaccharides, galactose and glucose, in its effect on lipoprotein levels, even though total serum cholesterol and triglycerides do not differ.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Diurnal variations and within the feed in lactose and oligosaccharides of human milk.

Variations of lactose and oligosaccharides in human milk were studied during the day and the feed, by dialysis, chromatography on Bio-gel P-2 column, paper chromatography, colorimetric analysis and gas chromatography. Progressive changes were found during the day, but not during the feed. A diurnal variation in milk lactose was seen, which was the inverse of the oligosaccharides. Significant negative correlations between lactose and oligosaccharides were seen in the afternoon and evening (p less than 0.05). The minimal mean value of lactose at 19.00 h is 58.64 +/- 5.28 g/l and the maximal mean values of oligosaccharides was 17.93 +/- 2.28 g/l. The data are discussed with regard to other milk constituents and to their possible physiological relevance.

Acetylglucosamine↗
PubMed1967

Restoration of parathyroid responsiveness in vitamin D-deficient rats by parenteral calcium or dietary lactose.

The effects of treatment with vitamin D, calcium, or lactose on the responsiveness of vitamin D-deficient rats to parathyroid hormone were compared. In the absence of vitamin D, parenteral calcium or dietary lactose administration resulted in increases in serum calcium concentration although not to the normal values obtained in animals given vitamin D. Dietary lactose also partially restored the low bone calcium content of vitamin D-deficient rats. Untreated vitamin D-deficient rats showed no significant changes in serum calcium concentration after parathyroidectomy or parathyroid extract administration. Vitamin D, lactose, and calcium all restored responsiveness to parathyroid hormone; serum calcium concentration decreased after parathyroidectomy and showed a dose-related increase in response to parathyroid extract. Hence, the unresponsiveness to parathyroid hormone in vitamin D deficiency may be due to a lack of calcium at a local site of action, presumably bone, rather than to the absence of vitamin D as a specific cofactor.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Co-adhesion of oral microbial pairs under flow in the presence of saliva and lactose.

Co-aggregation (interactions between two suspended micro-organisms) between oral microbial pairs has been studied extensively and is believed to be an important factor in dental plaque formation. However, co-adhesion (interactions between suspended and already-adhering micro-organisms) may well be equally important. The aim of this paper was to determine the influence of saliva and lactose on the co-adhesion of streptococci (S. oralis 34 and S. sanguis PK1889) to actinomyces (A. naeslundii T14V-J1 or 5951) adhering on glass under flow from buffer and saliva in the absence and presence of lactose. The kinetics of co-adhesion as well as co-adhesion in a stationary end-point of co-aggregating and non-co-aggregating pairs was studied in a parallel plate flow chamber by analysis of the spatial arrangement of co-adhering micro-organisms as a function of time. For co-aggregating pairs, initial deposition rates of streptococci in the immediate vicinity of adhering actinomyces (local initial deposition rates) were up to 5 to 10 times higher than the non-local initial deposition rates in buffer and in saliva, respectively. In a stationary end-point of co-adhesion, 5 to 6 times more streptococci co-adhered with the adhering actinomyces than averaged over the entire substratum surface. A non-co-aggregating pair showed only minor preferential (co-)adhesion near the adhering actinomyces. Co-adhesion in buffer was fully lost when lactose was added. However, addition of lactose to saliva did not inhibit co-adhesion, but co-adhesion became more reversible. Detachment of micro-organisms from the substratum due to the passage of an air-liquid interface, as occurs in the oral cavity during eating, drinking, and speaking, was minimal when deposition was carried out from buffer to bare glass. Major detachment of streptococci adhering to the substratum occurred when adhesion was mediated through a salivary conditioning film on the glass, while detachment of adhering actinomyces and streptococci co-adhering with them remained low. It is suggested that, in the development of dental plaque, adhering actinomyces may act as strongholds for other micro-organisms, like streptococci, to adhere.

Actinomyces↗
PubMed2004

Partially responsive celiac disease resulting from small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and lactose intolerance.

BACKGROUND: Celiac disease is a common cause of chronic diarrhea and malabsorption syndrome all over the world. Though it was considered uncommon in India in past, it is being described frequently recently. Some patients with celiac disease do not improve despite gluten free diet (GFD). A study described 15 cases of celiac disease unresponsive to GFD in whom small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) or lactose intolerance was the cause for unresponsiveness. CASE PRESENTATION: During a three-year period, 12 adult patients with celiac disease were seen in the Luminal Gastroenterology Clinic in a tertiary referral center in northern India. Two of these 12 patients (16.6%), who did not fully respond to GFD initially, are presented here. Unresponsiveness resulted from SIBO in one and lactose intolerance in the other. The former patient responded to antibiotics and the latter to lactose withdrawal in addition to standard GFD. CONCLUSION: In patients with celiac disease partially responsive or unresponsive to GFD, SIBO and lactose intolerance should be suspected; appropriate investigations and treatment for these may result in complete recovery.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Lactose as a low molecular weight carrier of solid dispersions for carbamazepine and ethenzamide.

Solid dispersions of carbamazepine or ethenzamide were prepared by melting and rapid cooling with liquid nitrogen using lactose as a carrier. The physical characteristics of these solid dispersions were investigated by powder X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and dissolution rate analysis. The degree of crystallinity of the drugs in solid dispersions decreased with decreases in the molar ratio of the drugs to lactose. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis demonstrated the presence of intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the primary amide group of carbamazepine and lactose. Dissolution studies indicated that the dissolution rate was markedly increased in solid dispersions compared with physical mixtures and pure drugs. These results indicated that lactose is useful as a carrier for the production of solid dispersions of drugs having a primary amide group in their structures.

Calorimetry, Differential Scanning↗
PubMed2000

A comparison of cellactose with two ad hoc processed lactose-cellulose blends as direct compression excipients.

Three processed lactose-cellulose blends of similar composition, particle size and true density were compared as direct compression excipients: one was prepared by dry granulation, one by extrusion-spheronization, and the commercial product Cellactose. Differences among their flow properties depended solely on their different sphericities. Unlike those of the other blends, Cellactose particles exhibited numerous macropores. The mean yield pressures of all three blends were similar to those of direct compression lactoses. Cellactose tablets prepared at a punch pressure that largely eliminated macropores (pores >1 microm) had better mechanical properties but much poorer disintegration than tablets of the other blends prepared at the same punch pressure. However, the tensile strength and disintegration time of Cellactose tablets both fell rapidly as macropore volume was increased by reducing punch pressure, while the enthalpy of wetting/dissolution rose. The strength and water-resistance of well-compacted Cellactose tablets is attributed to the spatial distribution of lactose and cellulose in Cellactose particles, rather than to beta-lactose content or extra-particular structural features.

Cellulose↗
PubMed2005

Effect of compression on interaction between 1,4-dihydropyridine compounds and lactose monohydrate.

Manidipine dihydrochloride or benidipine hydrochloride will change to hydrate form in part, when differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) measurement is carried out together with lactose monohydrate. This interaction was accelerated by compressing their mixture. It can be suggested that the interaction may cause by the disruption of crystal structure of lactose monohydrate due to compression to set free of water molecules. A new DSC peak at 170 degrees C, which was not observed in each component, appeared in DSC measurement of a mixture. This will be based on hydrate formed by the interaction, i.e., movement of water molecules. The profile of the plotting of the DSC peak area ratio before and after compression against the compression force changed by the molar ratio of lactose monohydrate in a mixture. In the case of low molar ratio of lactose monohydrate, profiles for manidipine dihydrochloride and benidipine hydrochloride differed from each other. This will be because manidipine dihydrochloride is stickier than benidipine hydrochloride. The profile for manidipine dihydrochloride became more gradual and showed lag compression force region when the amount of addition of the lubricant, magnesium stearate in a mixture increased. The endothermic peak area at 170 degrees C for manidipine dihydrochloride was larger than that for benidipine hydrochloride. It should be suggested that benidipine hydrochloride is easier to be transformed to its hydrate than manidipine dihydrochloride.

Compressive Strength↗
PubMed1994

Preparation of a photoactivatable fluorescent derivative of lactose and its application to photoaffinity labeling of a conger eel lectin.

A photoactivatable heterobifunctional fluorescent reagent, 1-azido-5-naphthalene sulfonyl (ANS) hydrazide, was synthesized and characterized. ANS-hydrazide reacted with lactose to form a photoactivatable hydrazone. The derivative (ANS-lactose) had the same binding affinity for a conger eel lectin as lactose judging from the hemagglutinating-inhibition assay with rabbit erythrocytes. ANS-lactose was used for photoaffinity labeling of a conger eel lectin. The photolabeled lectin was digested with chymotrypsin to isolate photolabeled peptides by reversed-phase HPLC by monitoring fluorescence. A major labeled peptide was located at positions 31-45 in the lectin by amino acid analysis and N-terminal sequencing. The identified segment was close to the highly conserved region throughout animal beta-galactoside-binding lectins.

Affinity Labels↗
PubMed2004

Genetic predisposition for adult lactose intolerance and relation to diet, bone density, and bone fractures.

UNLABELLED: Evidence that genetic disposition for adult lactose intolerance significantly affects calcium intake, bone density, and fractures in postmenopausal women is presented. PCR-based genotyping of lactase gene polymorphisms may complement diagnostic procedures to identify persons at risk for both lactose malabsorption and osteoporosis. INTRODUCTION: Lactase deficiency is a common autosomal recessive condition resulting in decreased intestinal lactose degradation. A -13910 T/C dimorphism (LCT) near the lactase phlorizin hydrolase gene, reported to be strongly associated with adult lactase nonpersistence, may have an impact on calcium supply, bone density, and osteoporotic fractures in the elderly. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We determined LCT genotypes TT, TC, and CC in 258 postmenopausal women using a polymerase chain reaction-based assay. Genotypes were related to milk intolerance, nutritional calcium intake, intestinal calcium absorption, bone mineral density (BMD), and nonvertebral fractures. RESULTS: Twenty-four percent of all women were found to have CC genotypes and genetic lactase deficiency. Age-adjusted BMD at the hip in CC genotypes and at the spine in CC and TC genotypes was reduced by -7% to -11% depending on the site measured (p = 0.04). LCT(T/C-13910) polymorphisms alone accounted for 2-4% of BMD in a multiple regression model. Bone fracture incidence was significantly associated with CC genotypes (p = 0.001). Milk calcium intake was significantly lower (-55%, p = 0.004) and aversion to milk consumption was significantly higher (+166%, p = 0.01) in women with the CC genotype, but there were no differences in overall dietary calcium intake or in intestinal calcium absorption test values. CONCLUSION: The LCT(T/C-13910) polymorphism is associated with subjective milk intolerance, reduced milk calcium intake, and reduced BMD at the hip and the lumbar spine and may predispose to bone fractures. Genetic testing for lactase deficiency may complement indirect methods in the detection of individuals at risk for both lactose malabsorption and osteoporosis.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1994

Effect of exogenous oxytocin on the leakage of lactose from the mammary gland and on suckling-induced plasma prolactin in the lactating rat.

The leakage of lactose from the mammary gland into plasma and the increase in the suckling-induced concentration of prolactin in the plasma of oxytocin-injected lactating rats suckling different numbers of pups were investigated. Rats nursing eight pups were isolated from their litter for 6 h and injected i.v. with either 1 iu oxytocin or saline and allowed to resuckle either two, eight or 12 pups for 1 h. The concentration of lactose in plasma increased significantly in rats injected with oxytocin and allowed to resuckle two or eight pups; however, there was no difference in rats allowed to resuckle 12 pups. When compared within oxytocin-injected groups, the concentration of lactose was significantly lower in rats allowed to resuckle eight or 12 pups than in rats allowed to resuckle only two pups. Plasma prolactin concentrations increased during the suckling period in mothers suckling either eight or 12 pups, and oxytocin diminished the increase in prolactin concentration in both groups. In rats suckling two pups, prolactin release was not observed. The second objective of this study was to determine the relationship between the leakage of lactose from the mammary gland by oxytocin injection and suckling. Mothers that had the three left nipples of their mammary glands occluded were isolated from their litter of eight pups for 6 h and were allowed to resuckle with eight pups for 1 h. At the start of resuckling, 0.01, 0.1 or 1 iu oxytocin was injected i.v.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Measurement of lactose concentrations in milk of Microtus montebelli with methylamine reaction].

Concentrations of lactose in milk of Microtus montebelli were measured with the method using with the methylamine reaction. In this method, a small amount of sample (0.5 g) was sufficient for assay, and reproducibility and sensitivity were excellent. This method was very useful for measuring of lactose concentrations in experimental small animals. The average lactose concentration in milk of Microtus montebelli was 1.57g/100g, considerably low in comparison with the value of ICR mice (2.70g/100g). The low concentration of lactose in milk was considered to be one of metabolic characteristics of Microtus montebelli as a herbivorous animal.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium colonization of the crop in the domestic turkey: influence of probiotic and prebiotic treatment (Lactobacillus acidophilus and lactose).

Acute colonization of the crop of the domestic turkey by Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (ST) was examined. The influences of preharvest probiotic and prebiotic treatment with lactobaccilli and lactose on crop colonization with ST were also investigated. Prior to Salmonella challenge, poults received 2.5% lactose and Lactobacillus acidophilus (1.9 x 10(9) organisms/liter) in the only source of drinking water from 1 day old to termination. At 3-wk-old, turkey poults were challenged with ST (1.7 X 10(8) colony-forming units [CFU]/ml) before their natural nocturnal fast to determine the potential effects of supplementation on crop colonization when the crop was engorged and subsequently undergoing emptying. Crop ingesta and tissue were collected at time points 30 min and 4, 8, and 24 hr postchallenge and ST levels were determined. High levels of ST were detected in the crop. For instance, for the poults not receiving lactose or lactobacilli, 30 min after ST challenge, there were 4.4 x 10(7) CFU in the crop ingesta and 5.3 x 10(5) CFU in the crop wall. Ingesta ST levels dropped dramatically to 1.0 x 10(6) CFU after 4 hr as the crop emptied. Crop wall ST levels were steady during the nocturnal crop evacuation. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated ST in close association with the crop epithelium. Treatment with lactose and L. acidophilus supplementation did not reduce ST colonization.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2004

Effect of post-prandial posture on orocecal transit time and digestion of milk lactose in humans.

We examined the effect of post-prandial body posture on orocecal transit time and absorption of milk lactose using the breath hydrogen test. In this experiment, subjects ingested a cup of commercially available milk to which we had added a small amount of lactosucrose (an indigestible trisaccharide), and then they lay on their backs or sat on a chair for the first 4 hr (from 08:00 to 12:00). After four hours lying or sitting, they remained sedentary on a sofa for the second six hr (from 12:00 to 18:00). Participants' end alveolar breath samples were collected every 15 min from 08:00 to 12:30, then every 30 min from 13:00 to 18:00. The experiment was conducted on two consecutive days using a randomized, crossover study design. Examination showed that the orocecal transit time of the oligosaccharides (lactosucrose and milk lactose) under the post-prandial supine condition was significantly longer than that under the sitting condition. In addition, the amount of breath hydrogen excretion under the supine condition was significantly lower than under the sitting condition, indicating that the unabsorbed milk lactose moved into cecum under the supine condition is smaller than that under the sitting condition. These findings provide evidence that postprandial supine posture works more beneficially to digest and absorb milk lactose when compared to the sitting posture.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

A putative role for cell-cell epithelial contacts in lactose secretion.

Rates of synthesis and secretory release and the maximal requisite intracellular transit time (Tsec) for lactose were measured in vitro for three preparations of lactating guinea pig mammary tissue: tissue slices, mammary epithelial cell (MEC) acini, and mono-dispersed MEC. The Tsec values for tissue slice and acini preparations were similar, lactose required approximately 16 min to pass from its site of synthesis (Golgi) to the extracellular medium. Dispersal of mammary tissue into single cells by collagenase disruption of all cell-cell junctional complexes increased the Tsec value to approximately 25 min but did not alter kinetics of lactose synthesis and secretory release. These data suggest a possible involvement of cell-cell junctional contacts in intracellular transport of lactose.

Animals↗