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At least 1,135 records · Page 63Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Health care access of poverty-level older adults in subsidized public housing.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the health status, access and use of health care and unmet health care needs of poverty-level residents of the Seattle Housing Authority over the age of 62. METHODS: An in-person interview survey of a quota sample of community residents. RESULTS: About half of SHA residents reported problems accessing care and sixteen percent reported being denied care. Multivariate analysis showed that encountering barriers of health care use were associated with having insufficient funds for monthly living expenses and lack of transportation. Over 90% of the population knew where to seek health care, so knowledge about sources of care did not appear to be a barrier. SHA residents met or exceeded national goals for completion of six out of nine recommended exams and procedures. SHA residents had unmet needs for services not covered by Medicare or provided by visiting nurse services. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that SHA residents know how to access medical care, and that visiting nurse services may be remarkably effective in meeting some medical care needs of SHA residents. It appears access to care by residents of subsidized housing could be improved by addressing transportation and financial barriers, and by providing more services to residents on site.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Parent and peer communication effects on AIDS-related behavior among U.S. high school students.

Data from a 1989 national probability sample of 8,098 high school students in the United States indicate that young people's discussions about the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with parents and with peers are highly correlated and have opposite effects on behavior. Students who discussed HIV with their parents were less likely than those who did not to have had multiple sex partners, to have had unprotected sexual intercourse and to have ever injected drugs; on the other hand, students who discussed HIV with their peers were more likely than those who did not to have had multiple partners and to have had unprotected sexual intercourse. Subgroup analyses show that young women were influenced more by HIV discussions with parents, while young men were influenced more by discussions with peers; some communication effects differed by race and ethnicity. Students who received HIV instruction in school were more likely to have talked about HIV with both parents and peers.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Telecommunications and multimedia systems in education: what developments for radiology?

What are the new perspectives for the radiologist with the development of new technologies of telecommunications? At present, when digitization of most biomedical images has become a reality, problems of remote transmission are simplified. However, telematic literacy is necessary to the radiologist. It is already possible through multimedia supports, as CD-ROM and Internet "navigation". Which are the modalities to access "the network of networks"? Through Internet, hypertexs can be consulted, databases can be accessed, programs and printings can be retrieved, electronic mail can be exchanged. The CD-ROM is a further source of knowledge, especially effective in education due to multimedia and hypertext technology. In this context in the education of the radiologist, the hypertext version of a radiology text, finds its place. It is conceived to offer to each user an individualized approach to learning.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed1996

Training of opinion leaders in family planning in India: does it serve any purpose?

Community leaders are known to play a crucial role in the diffusion of innovations. The government of India started an ambitious programme for the training of opinion leaders in family planning, so as to provide a boost to its National Family Planning (Welfare) Programme. The present study attempts to analyse the knowledge, attitudes and practices of opinion leaders who had been trained in such Orientation Training Camps, vis a vis their untrained counterparts from the same geopolitical region. There was a highly significant difference between the knowledge of the two groups (p < 0.001) and a minor difference in their attitudes towards family planning (p = 0.18), but the practices of opinion leaders from both the groups were identical, thus pointing to a significant KAP-gap in the trained group. Opinion leaders from both the groups were engaged in minimal or negligible motivational work among their followers for acceptance of contraception, and only a very limited few from both the groups had themselves adopted any method of modern contraception.

Community Health Workers↗
PubMed1996

Sexual risk-taking by Muscovite youth attending school.

Sexual behaviors of adolescents place them at a high risk for HIV and other sexually transmissible infections. Studies of sexual risk-taking and other health compromising practices by youth in countries other than the United States are relatively rare. Examination of health practices across cultures provides insights with respect to explaining international differences in disease rates, helps predict future trends in disease transmission, and identifies health education needs of particular populations or settings. Sexual behavioral risk factors were studied in a sample of 1,090 youth (mean age = 14 years) in Moscow using a translated version of the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance (YRBS) survey developed by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Only 26.3% of Muscovite youth report being taught about HIV/AIDS infection in school, and just 41.7% indicate discussion of HIV/AIDS occurred with parents or other familial adults. Overall, 15.7% of females and 23.7% of males report at least one sexual intercourse in their lifetime. About 8.8% of the sample reported participation in sexual intercourse before age 12, and 34.9% indicated having had sexual intercourse with four or more partners. Concomitant use of alcohol and other drugs is common (24.4%) prior to the most recent intercourse, and use of a condom occurs in fewer than half (41.7%) of recent sexual episodes.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Women's lives in transition: a qualitative analysis of the fertility decline in Bangladesh.

The fertility decline that began in Bangladesh in the late 1980s and continues has prompted diverse theories to explain it. In this qualitative analysis of 21 focus-group sessions with rural women ranging in age from the teens to late 40s and living in the villages of the Matlab area, the women's perceptions of their changing society and of the influence of the family planning program are examined. The women's statements reveal their awareness of the social and economic transition they are undergoing and their interest in family-size limitation, which is bolstered by a strong family planning program. Although the shifts in economic and social circumstances are not large, in conjunction with the strong family planning program they constitute a powerful force for change in attitudes, ideas, and behavior among these women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Use of the Trendelenburg position by critical care nurses: Trendelenburg survey.

BACKGROUND: Little evidence indicates that changing a patient's body position to the Trendelenburg (head lower than feet) or the modified Trendelenburg (only the legs elevated) position significantly improves blood pressure or low cardiac output. This intervention is still used and is often the first measure implemented for treatment of hypotension. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this research was to assess the degree of use of Trendelenburg positions by critical care nurses, the clinical uses of these positions, and the sources of knowledge and beliefs of nurses about the efficacy of the positions. METHOD: A survey was mailed to 1000 nurses whose names were randomly selected from the membership list of the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses. RESULTS: The return rate was 49.4%. Ninety-nine percent of the respondents had used the Trendelenburg position, and 80% had used the modified Trendelenburg position, mostly for treatment of hypotension. Most used this intervention as an independent nursing action, and most learned about these positions from their nursing education, nurse colleagues, supervisors, and physicians. The Trendelenburg position was used for many nonemergent reasons; the most frequent use was for insertion of central IV catheters. Although 80% of the respondents believed that use of the Trendelenburg position improves hypotension almost always or sometimes, many respondents recognized several adverse effects associated with use of this position. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The results provide evidence that tradition-based therapy still underlies some interventions used in the care of critically ill patients and that some nurses may be relying on an outdated knowledge base that is not supported by the current literature.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Urban adolescent females' views on the implant and contraceptive decision-making: a double paradox.

Focus groups and in-depth interviews were used to explore the decline in popularity of the contraceptive implant in a clinic-based sample of 41 ethnically diverse, urban, sexually active adolescents. While these teenagers' socioeconomic status and patterns of inconsistent contraceptive use made them potentially ideal implant recipients, they were unlikely to select this method. Negative media reports about the method were less influential than social conditions such as peer perspectives and gender relations. Oral networks that propagated misinformation went unchallenged because of the silence of satisfied users. Personal factors such as future orientation, autonomous decision-making and value of control also influenced contraceptive decision-making.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Traditional Balinese youth groups as a venue for prevention of AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases.

OBJECTIVES: Our aims were to assess the feasibility of conducting peer-led educational interventions against AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) through traditional Balinese youth groups and to gather information on sexual risk-taking and its correlates among Balinese youth. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey was conducted, with follow-up questionnaires for pilot intervention participants. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A self-administered questionnaire was given to 375 subjects (aged 16-25 years) from 12 youth groups representing four main resort areas in Bali. Post-intervention data were collected from 97 of these subjects who had taken part in pilot educational programs. Focus groups supplemented survey data in evaluating the intervention and understanding risk behaviors. RESULTS: In a cross-sectional survey, one-quarter of males and few females reported sexual activity; subsequent focus groups suggested under-reporting by females. While knowledge and worries about HIV/AIDS were high, only 10% of sexually active males and no females reported consistent condom use. The mean age of first sexual intercourse was highly correlated with first alcohol consumption (P = 0.0003). Peer educators from selected youth groups planned and implemented interventions for their own groups. Post-intervention data indicated significant increases in communication about sexual issues with friends and parents. Condom attitudes became less negative and efficacy increased. Participants reported this as a first experience with peer-led health education, preferred interactive activities to adult-led lectures and recommended follow-up educational sessions. CONCLUSIONS: Peer educators from traditional youth groups can plan and conduct prevention programs for HIV/STDs that are well-received by their group memberships. Using such venues may be an efficient way to reach a wide range of pre-sexual Balinese youth, as well as those already at risk for HIV/STD due to unprotected sex, alcohol consumption and multiple sexual partners.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Unite and fight.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

[When a physician makes a mistake].

Inevitably, doctors make mistakes in the normal course of providing care. Making a mistake often causes distress for the doctor involved, but it can also be an important source of knowledge and self-reflection. This article discusses central aspects with respect to mistakes and medical malpractice. The doctor's relationship to ethics and legislation is discussed, and an overview of the administrative action taken by the Norwegian health authorities is presented. The organisations and offices a physician may come into contact with when involved in a patient's complaint are briefly presented. "Meldesentralen" was formed in 1993 by the Norwegian Directorate of Health for the purpose of collecting reports on accidents in medical practice. We argue that the accidents reported to "Meldesentralen" do not reflect the true situation on this issue. We introduce a model for a systematic approach towards a colleague who has made a mistake or who is suspected of having made one.

Ethics, Medical↗
PubMed1998

Evaluation of information given to rheumatology patients using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

This paper reports the findings of a study of information given to rheumatology patients using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. One hundred and twenty patients were randomized to three groups. Group A received an information leaflet, Group B received both a leaflet and a verbal explanation and Group C received only a verbal explanation. Information was gathered on demography, knowledge base, sources of information, satisfaction with the leaflet and further information requirements. Data were collected by questionnaires which were completed before randomization and 8-12 weeks later. Analysis indicates the potential benefits of giving information to patients although the full implications of these benefits are not clear and further research is indicated in this important area.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal↗
PubMed1976

[Desire for children and the practice of family planning].

Of 1647 women in confinement (mean age 26years) and 185 students nurses (mean age 18 years), the majority wanted two children. 8% of the women in confinement and 2% of the student nurses had received no previous family planning information, whereas 38% of the women in confinement and 81% of the student nurses had practiced contraceptive methods with a Pearl-index of 3 or less (oral contraceptives, basal-temperature-method). 31% of the women in confinement had already had unplanned pregnancies (mean: 1.4 pregnancy per woman). The last pregnancy was not planned in 27% and in these 4 out of 5 pregnancies were caused by incorrect application of the contraceptive method. Faulty practices and unsatisfactory results, in spite of the availability of secure contraceptive methods, emphasize the necessity of intensifying family planning. Because programmes including personal counsel have yielded better results, these should be favoured and include a clinical post partum programme. The latter was considered necessary by 95% of the women attending such a programme in our hospital.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Issues in statutory rape law enforcement: the views of district attorneys in Kansas.

CONTEXT: The 1996 federal welfare reform law calls for the reduction of adolescent pregnancy rates through aggressive enforcement of statutory rape laws at the local and state level. Yet there are few quantitative data on district attorneys' attitudes toward enforcement and related issues. METHODS: Anonymous surveys were mailed to all 105 Kansas district attorneys in 1997; 92 surveys were returned. In-depth telephone interviews were conducted with seven of the attorneys. RESULTS: Most of the respondents (74%) favored aggressive enforcement, but just 37% believed the public would support aggressive enforcement. Only 24% believed enforcement would reduce adolescent pregnancy. Fifty-seven percent supported the current legal age of consent in Kansas (16 years). Fifty-three percent thought the law should not specify age differences between the partners. Most (77%) believed the law should protect sexually active minors, and that paternity acknowledgments should be admissible evidence in prosecutions (78%). Only 17% believed that enforcement would discourage adolescents from seeking health care. CONCLUSIONS: The potential impact of statutory rape prosecution on reproductive and psychological health should be considered in each case. Educating law enforcement officials about adolescent health care issues and encouraging them to consult with professionals in health and psychological fields may help to minimize the potentially negative effects of enforcement on adolescents' reproductive health.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Knowledge and attitudes of Japanese dental health care workers towards HIV-related disease.

OBJECTIVE: The present study was undertaken to investigate knowledge of AIDS and HIV infection among Japanese dental health care workers, the source of that knowledge and attitudes of dental workers towards infected patients. METHODS: The study population surveyed by means of a self-administered questionnaire consisted of 174 dental health workers at Nagasaki University Dental Hospital, including students and trainee hygienists. RESULTS: Most respondents (100% response) claimed their major source of AIDS knowledge to be derived from the media. Almost all considered their knowledge of AIDS and HIV infection to be more than moderate but still inadequate. The majority of respondents would be hesitant about performing dental treatment on HIV-positive patients. It was widely anticipated that dental patients infected with HIV would increase in the next few years and many were anxious about the increasing occupational risk of HIV infection. Only 22.4% of respondents had the same attitude towards treating HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients. Most also considered that they would be able to take care of the oral opportunistic diseases associated with HIV. Over 90.0% of respondents requested additional education about HIV, particularly information about the prevention and spread of the virus and cross-infection requirements. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that further training in the medical and psychological aspects of treating HIV-positive patients is indicated in Japan.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed2004

Modeling the effects of prior knowledge on learning incongruent features of category members.

The authors conducted 3 experiments addressing the issue of how observations and multiple sources of prior knowledge are put together in category learning. In Experiments 1 and 2, learning was faster for critical features, which were predictable on the basis of prior knowledge, than for filler features, and this advantage increased as more observations were made. In addition, learning was fastest for incongruent features that could only be predicted using knowledge from other domains. In Experiment 3, presenting contradictory features that violated prior knowledge led to rote learning rather than use of prior knowledge. The results were simulated with the Baywatch model, which addresses how observations of category members lead to recruitment and selection of sources of prior knowledge.

Cognition↗