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PubMedDate not supplied

[Seroepidemiological study of human hydatidosis, by means of an indirect hemagglutination test in Rio Negro County, X Region, Chile, 1989-1990].

Rio Negro Country (40 degrees 48'-40 degrees 50' South lat.; 73 degrees 12'-73 degrees 13' West long.), is located in the province of Osorno, South of Chile. It has a population of 18,031 inhabitants, with 39% in rural areas. The basic economic activity is cattle raising (cows, pigs). According to reports, prevalence of human hydatidosis in 1988 was 11.1 per 100,000. In order to contribute to a better knowledge of human hydatidosis in Rio Negro County, an indirect hemagglutination test (IHAT) was performed to 509 randomized persons. Five (1.0%) individuals resulted positive.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Comparison of the yield of indirect hemagglutination reaction and complement fixation reaction in the diagnosis of neurocysticercosis].

Two variations of an indirect hemagglutination test (IHAT) and a complement fixation test (CFT) for the diagnosis of human cysticercosis were compared and evaluated. For the IHAT, a cysticerci crude total saline extract (SE) and a cysticerci lyophylized and delipidized veronal bicarbonate saline buffer (VBS) extract were used, comparing their diagnosis yieldings with that of a CFT in 57 confirmed cysticercosis patients: 45 serum samples and 32 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Sera and CSF from 29 patients with other neurological diseases and 25 sera from healthy volunteers were also compared. Both types of methods presented an overall average concordance of 91.5% and 97.0% with CSF and sera respectively. With respect to the sensitivity observed with CFT was 85.2% and 93.3% for CSF and sera, whereas that of IHAT was 96.9% in CSF and 97.8% in sera, when SE antigen was used; with the VBS antigen for IHAT 96.9% and 95.6% were detected in CSF and sera respectively. In order to determine the specificity of the IHAT, besides the study in healthy volunteers, in patients with other neurological diseases and in 156 serum samples from individuals with other parasitoses, such as hydatidosis (43), trichinosis (56), fascioliasis (31) and Chagas' disease (26) were also tested. A high reactivity with the hydatidosis group was found. The specificity, using a titre > or = 1:16 as a diagnostic value and without considering hydatidic sera was 99.4% for RHAI (SE), 100.0% for RHAI (VBS). The use of IHAT and CFT in diagnosis of human cysticercosis is discussed.

Central Nervous System Diseases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in Chile. VII. Prevalence of human infection investigated by means of indirect hemagglutination reaction in the regions X, XI and XII].

In pursuing the studies on the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in Chile, a recent series of surveys have been undertaken in 1983-1990 in 4 urban and 22 periurban-rural localities from regions X, XI and XII of the country (39 degrees 38'-56 degrees 00' South lat.). An indirect hemagglutination test (IHAT) for toxoplasmosis was performed to 6,438 randomly selected apparently healthy persons. The age of the surveyed persons (2,779 males and 3,659 females) varied between 1 and 93 years. The number of examined persons represents a 0.61% of the total population of the three studied regions. IHAT titers of 1: > or = 16 were considered as positive. The general prevalence for positive IHAT was 46.3% (47.4% in men and 45.4% in women). Similarly to other regions, a higher proportion of positive reactors was detected in urban sections (49.0%) than in periurban-rural ones (40.3%). An increase of prevalence with age was also observed. Only 8 (0.12%) persons presented IHAT titers higher than 1:1000.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The indirect hemagglutination reaction in the diagnosis of trichinosis].

An indirect hemagglutination test (IHAT) for trichinosis using a Melcher's antigen was evaluated and compared with a precipitin test (PT) and a bentonite flocculation test (BFT). One hundred and forty eight serum samples from patients from the whole country confirmed or suspected to have trichinosis by clinical or epidemiological evidences were studied: 117 (79.1%) samples resulted positive by IHAT, 138 (93.2%) by PT and 65 (43.9%) by BFT. Sixty three serum samples from patients with strong clinical suspect of trichinosis presented the PT and the BFT positive and were compared with the IHAT for sensitivity study. IHAT was positive in 60 (95.2%) serum samples. In order to determine the specificity of IHAT 25 serum samples from healthy volunteers and 124 serum samples from individuals with other parasitoses, such as cysticercosis (48), hydatidosis (45) and fascioliasis (31) were studied. The specificity, using a titre > or = 1:16 as a possible diagnostic value was 96%. The use of IHAT with RP and BFT in the diagnosis of human trichinosis is discussed.

Complement Hemolytic Activity Assay↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies against Escherichia coli: association between indirect hemagglutination test and survival.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was modified for detection of antibodies against the two main pathogenic serotypes of Escherichia coli: serotypes O78:K80 and O2:K1. The ELISA was a more sensitive and repeatable test than the indirect hemagglutination test (IHT), which is a common method for detecting antibodies against E. coli. Cross-reactivity between the two strains was measured by reacting antisera of each serotype against homologous and heterologous antigens. The results suggest that aside from similar determinants expressed by the two serotypes, serotype O2:K1 expresses more strain-specific determinants than does O78:K80. Comparison of mean antibody titers of immunized chicks by IHT and ELISA along the primary response revealed that during the first 15 days after immunization with inactivated E. coli, the titers in both tests were parallel. After 15 days post-immunization, antibody titers measured by IHT decreased rapidly, whereas titers measured by ELISA decreased only slightly. In addition, a higher correlation was found between titers detected by ELISA and survival through challenge with E. coli than between titers detected with IHT and survival through challenge. The results suggest that the ELISA is a better test for detection of antibody in flocks suspected of being infected with E. coli.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

RETROCELL HIV-1 passive hemagglutination assay for HIV-1 antibody screening.

A passive hemagglutination assay (PHA) for serum human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) antibody screening was developed using aldehyde-stabilized human erythrocytes coated with purified HIV-1 antigens. The assay is simple to perform, and the components are inexpensive. In preliminary testing of a panel of 490 confirmed HIV-1 seropositive specimens, all tested positive by the HIV-1 PHA assay. By testing seroconversion specimens and dilution panels, the assay demonstrated a sensitivity equivalent to a recombinant protein-based HIV-1 enzyme immunoassay (EIA). In-house evaluation of 2,557 HIV-1 prescreened specimens from South African blood bank donors revealed initial and repeat reactive rates of 0.2 and 0.04%, respectively. Field testing of the HIV-1 antibody PHA at two sites gave performance of 100% sensitivity (400 seroconfirmed samples) and 0.55% initial/0.28% repeat reactive rates in the testing of 3,983 negative samples. The performance, low cost, and ease of use make the HIV-1 antibody PHA test a prime candidate for HIV-1 antibody screening in regions of the world where more sophisticated technology is inappropriate.

Blotting, Western↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A comparative study of the IgG-binding components of the membrane in different strains of Staphylococcus aureus using the indirect hemagglutination reaction and an immunofluorescence method].

A comparative estimation of IgG-binding activity of 85 S. aureus clinical strains was carried out by the method of indirect hemagglutination reaction. The S. aureus strain selected as a result of screening was found to exceed by more than an order the Cowan I strain obtained from the L. A. Tarasevich State Institute of Standards and Control of the Medical Biological Drugs in the IgG-binding activity. It was established that the ratio of two types of IgG-binding sites located on the S. aureus surface, varied depending on the strain, composition and quality (liquid or solid) of the culture medium.

Antibody Affinity↗
PubMed1990

[Determination of hepatitis B virus pre-S 2 antigen by reversed passive hemagglutination and its clinical significance].

Pre-S 2 antigen has been distinct as one of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) markers recently. We detected Pre-S 2 antigen by reversed passive hemagglutination (R-PHA) in 98 samples and investigated the correlation between Pre-S 2 antigen and other HBV markers. Forty-two samples in 98 surface(s) antigen positive samples were positive for Pre-S 2 antigen (42.9%). Nineteen samples in 21 e antigen positive samples and 20 samples in 74 e antibody samples were positive for Pre-S 2 antigen (90.5% and 27.0% respectively). Pre-S 2 antigen titers by half quantitative 2n dilution method ranged from 256 to 2048 or more in e antigen positive samples and from 8 to 64 in e antibody positive samples. They showed two-peak distributions. There were no significant correlation between Pre-S 2 antigen titers and GPT values. In conclusion, determination of Pre-S 2 antigen might be one of the useful indexes of proliferation of HBV.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The relationship between the hemagglutination-inhibition test and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibody to Newcastle disease.

An assay of 364 chicken serum samples for Newcastle disease virus antibodies determined that a commercial NDV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) had a 98.2% sensitivity and a 91.7% specificity relative to the NDV HI test. The ELISA values regressed significantly (F = 930, df = 1/362, P less than 0.001) on the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) titers. The correlational coefficient was 0.85. For individuals, two tests can have the same result based upon chance alone. Kappa is a measure of agreement between two tests that corrects for this chance agreement. The kappa between the ELISA and HI test was calculated to be 0.84 (Z = 7.74, P = 0.00001), which indicates a highly significant agreement between the two tests.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Reverse passive hemagglutination assay for human chorionic gonadotropin in urine using monoclonal antibody].

Aiming to find a urinary hCG immuno-assay which is specific, sensitive and easy to perform, a reverse passive hemagglutination reaction was studied by using sheep red blood cells (SRBC) coupled with monoclonal antibodies (Mab) to hCG. Three Mabs (5D4, 6E4, 2F8) with different specialty were used for the study. Mab 5D4 reacted to hCG, hCG-beta, and LH but not to hCG-alpha. Mab 6E4 reacted to hCG, hCG-alpha and LH, but not to hCG-beta. Mab 2F8 reacted to hCG but not to hCG-alpha, hCG-beta, or LH. All three Mabs were IgG1. SRBC were treated with glutaraldehyde and then with tannic acid. These treated SRBC were coupled with IgG(2mg/ml) of each anti hCG-Mab. For assays, 30 microliters of 1:1 mixtures of two different Mab-coupled SRBC and 30 microliters of standard hCG or urine samples were mixed in wells of microtiter plates and reacted for 60 min at room temperature. Among three different combinations, the couple 5D4-SRBC and 2F8-SRBC were most sensitive and specific for hCG assays and the minimum amount of hCG and LH detected in this combination assays was 12.5 mIU/ml and 800 mIU/ml, respectively. Some clinical data obtained by applying this assay were presented.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1990

Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in nine populations of dairy goats: compared titers using modified direct agglutination and indirect hemagglutination.

In a convenience survey of dairy goats on 9 farms in Tennessee, Kentucky, and Georgia, 54 of 99 females were positive for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii as measured by the indirect hemagglutination test (IHA). Two of 9 males were also positive. Positive goats were found on all farms. The percentage of positive does increased from 55% to 65% when the sera were titered a second time by modified direct agglutination (MDAT). This difference was not statistically significant, indicating that both IHA and MDAT are reliable epidemiological tools.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1979

[Serological diagnosis of IBR. Comparative studies of cattle sera in the virus neurtalization and passive hemagglutination reactions].

Three hundred eighty six cattle serums were simultaneously investigated by virus neutralizing (VN) and passive hemagglutination (PSH) reactions. Results obtained by the two methods coincided in 94% of the sermums studied and all serums with VN antibodies had also antibodies which can be established by the PSH reaction. About 6% of the positive reagents for PSH reaction were negative for the VN reaction. These were serums containing early antibodies (IgM) or low-titer antibodies of the IgG class, and were subtreshold for the VN reaction. The antibody titers determined by the PSH reaction were 7 to 10 times higher than these determined by the VN reaction, while their mean titer in serums with minimum VN index 1.0 was 1:23. The conclusion is drawn that PSH can be used as an independent serological test.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Detection of antibodies to citric acid extract of skeletal muscle (CAE-ab) in the sera of patients with myasthenia gravis using indirect hemagglutination].

In this paper are described the method and results for the demonstration of the antibodies to citric acid extract of skeletal muscle (CAE-ab) in the sera from myasthenia gravis (MG) patients with or without thymoma, in patients with other diseases and in healthy controls by an indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA), were described. The CAE-ab titers were positive in 15 (71.43%) of the 21 MG patients with thymoma, the antibody titers ranging from 1:16 to 1:512. In the 35 MG patients without thymoma, as well as in the 32 healthy controls and 22 patients with other diseases, the antibody titers were all negative A statistically significant difference was found between the CAE-ab titers in the group of MG patients with thymoma and those in the other three groups. It was considered that IHA for the purpose of demonstrating CAE-ab could serve as a supplementary diagnostic method for early detection of thymoma in MG patients at an early stage.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

[Enzyme linked counter reference electrophoresis assay and reverse passive hemagglutination assay in general survey of liver cancer].

The AFP content in sera of 11735 persons was tested by the new method-enzyme linked counter reference electrophoresis assay and the conventional method-reverse passive hemagglutination assay (RPHA). AFP level in 15 out of 11735 persons, determined by the former technique, was over the normal range, quite similar to those by radiorocket electrophoresis. A good correlation was noted between the two techniques. But by RPHA, AFP was positive only in 7/15 and gave a false positive up to 4.53% (532/11735). It is indicated that the new method is more specific and sensitive than RPHA, and more suitable for general survey of liver cancer.

Counterimmunoelectrophoresis↗
PubMed1989

[The use of passive hemagglutination for determining the fibronectin-binding properties of microorganisms].

The authors present the data that evidence in favour of employing fibronectin sensitized formalin-treated red cells for the indication of fibronectin-binding microorganisms (as exemplified by staphylococci) in the passive hemagglutination test (PHAT). The possibility of a quantitative estimation of fibronectin binding by the PHAT is shown. PHAT will help detect higher numbers of fibronectin-binding staphylococci than flocculation on the glass.

Fibronectins↗
PubMed1989

[Screening carriers of the HBs-antigen with the use of a "group" passive hemagglutination reaction test].

The passive hemagglutination test (PHAT) with a mixture of tested sera is suggested to be used in screening of HBsAg carriers. A pool of 4 sera is used in a test, diluted twofold with physiologic saline; thus the end dilution of each serum is 1:8. Examinations of 296 serum samples by the current and the 'group' methods have yielded the results that coincide. The 'group' PHAT method cuts down the consumption of the diagnostic agent 4-fold and is less labor-consuming.

Carrier State↗
PubMed1989

[A two-step method of purifying the surface antigen of the hepatitis B virus and its use in the passive hemagglutination reaction for indicating antibodies to the surface antigen of the hepatitis B virus].

A simple and economic scheme for the purification of HBsAg has been developed: step I--immunosorption with the use of a cellulose suspension with immobilized purified anti-HBs, and step II--isopycnic ultracentrifugation through CsCl. This method yields a 300-fold purified HBsAg, its harvest being 75%. An erythrocytic immunodiagnosticum for the passive hemagglutination test has been prepared on the basis of this purified HBsAg; the sensitivity of the test with this immunodiagnosticum is but slightly inferior to that of radioimmunoassay. The specificity and immunogenicity of the resultant HBsAg preparation has been tested by rabbit immunization. The obtained highly effective sera contained no antibody to human proteins. The results recommend the suggesman proteins. The results recommend the suggested method for wide practice.

Animals↗