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Postexposure treatment and animal rabies, Ontario, 1958-2000.

This paper investigates the relationship between animal rabies and postexposure treatment (PET) in Ontario by examining the introduction of human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV) in 1980 and the initiation of an oral rabies vaccination program for wildlife in 1989. Introducing HDCV led to an immediate doubling of treatments. Both animal rabies and human treatments declined rapidly after the vaccination program was introduced, but human treatments have leveled off at approximately 1,000 per year.

Animals↗

[Role of federal purposeful public health programs in the realization of the state research and technological policy].

Purposeful scientific and technological programs are an important component in organization and management of the research process. At present such programs are in the crisis, which prevents implementation of their normal function: scientific and technological progress in public health. Approaches to purposeful programs are to be altered, new effective means for realization of the state scientific and technologic policy searched for, and a novel economic mechanism stimulating the application of research findings created.

Government Programs↗

Evolution of a child health profile initiative.

While information technology has proliferated and advanced dramatically in the last 10 years, the application of information technology to health care policy and delivery has not been well coordinated either among public health agencies or between the public and private health sectors. In 1998, the Genetic Services Branch, Division of Services for Children with Special Health Needs, Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA/MCHB) began an initiative to help facilitate assessment and prompt provision of appropriate services to improve the health of children. Twenty-five state public health programs received grants to improve integration of newborn screening and genetic services systems with other maternal and child health systems. All Kids Count--a program of the Public Health Informatics Institute--completed a qualitative assessment of state programs that were funded to develop plans for integration. The results are being translated into a business/policy case addressing the need for integration, a description of essential functions that such systems support, ultimately system requirements, and measures for evaluation. HRSA/MCHB's partnership with All Kids Count continues with a project to develop a community of practice to assist programs in moving their integrated child health information systems forward.

Child↗

Distemper outbreak and its effect on African wild dog conservation.

In December 2000, an infectious disease spread through a captive breeding group of African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) in Tanzania, killing 49 of 52 animals within 2 months. The causative agent was identified as Canine distemper virus (CDV) by means of histologic examination, virus isolation, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis, and nucleotide sequencing. This report emphasizes the importance of adequate protection against infectious diseases for the successful outcome of captive breeding programs of endangered species.

Animals↗

Critics denounce Bush's proposed budget for HIV prevention and care.

AIDS Drug Assistance Programs in several states already have to put HIV-infected people on waiting lists to receive life-saving antiretroviral drugs because of budget shortfalls, and AIDS advocates say this problem will continue through 2002 and 2003 unless Congress provides a financial boost to HIV programs. Activists also say the United States will never achieve its goal of reducing new HIV infection rates by 50% within the next few years unless prevention spending is increased.

Anti-HIV Agents↗

Medicare program; Medicare prescription drug benefit. Final rule.

This final rule implements the provisions of the Social Security Act (the Act) establishing and regulating the Medicare Prescription Drug Benefit. The new voluntary prescription drug benefit program was enacted into law on December 8, 2003 in section 101 of Title I of the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 (MMA) (Pub. L. 108-173). Although this final rule specifies most of the requirements for implementing the new prescription drug program, readers should note that we are also issuing a closely related rule that concerns Medicare Advantage organizations, which, if they offer coordinated care plans, must offer at least one plan that combines medical coverage under Parts A and B with prescription drug coverage. Readers should also note that separate CMS guidance on many operational details appears or will soon appear on the CMS website, such as materials on formulary review criteria, risk plan and fallback plan solicitations, bid instructions, solvency standards and pricing tools, plan benefit packages. The addition of a prescription drug benefit to Medicare represents a landmark change to the Medicare program that will significantly improve the health care coverage available to millions of Medicare beneficiaries. The MMA specifies that the prescription drug benefit program will become available to beneficiaries beginning on January 1, 2006. Generally, coverage for the prescription drug benefit will be provided under private prescription drug plans (PDPs), which will offer only prescription drug coverage, or through Medicare Advantage prescription drug plans (MA PDs), which will offer prescription drug coverage that is integrated with the health care coverage they provide to Medicare beneficiaries under Part C of Medicare. PDPs must offer a basic prescription drug benefit. MA-PDs must offer either a basic benefit or broader coverage for no additional cost. If this required level of coverage is offered, MA-PDs or PDPs, but not fallback PDPs may also offer supplemental benefits through enhanced alternative coverage for an additional premium. All organizations offering drug plans will have flexibility in the design of the prescription drug benefit. Consistent with the MMA, this final rule also provides for subsidy payments to sponsors of qualified retiree prescription drug plans to encourage retention of employer-sponsored benefits. We are implementing the drug benefit in a way that permits and encourages a range of options for Medicare beneficiaries to augment the standard Medicare coverage. These options include facilitating additional coverage through employer plans, MA-PD plans and high-option PDPs, and through charity organizations and State pharmaceutical assistance programs. See sections II.C, II.J, and II.P, and II.R of this preamble for further details on these issues. The proposed rule identified options and alternatives to the provisions we proposed and we strongly encouraged comments and ideas on our approach and on alternatives to help us design the Medicare Prescription Drug Benefit Program to operate as effectively and efficiently as possible in meeting the needs of Medicare beneficiaries.

Aged↗

The development of national medical care programs in the United Kingdom and Canada: applicability to current conditions in the United States.

After a hiatus in the early to mid-1980s, a growing number of policy leaders, policy organizations, and citizen groups are advocating programs that ensure basic medical care for all. Although a large literature examines the applicability to the U.S. of national medical care programs that have been established in other countries from the perspective of operations and effectiveness, little attention has been given to the applicability of the experience of other nations in securing these programs. This paper examines the development of national programs in the U.K. and Canada and addresses two questions. First, what factors were critical to the establishment of the British National Health Service and the Canadian hospital and physician insurance programs? Second, how applicable are those factors to current conditions in the U.S.? The paper reviews the roles played by dislocations in society, by established models of state-sponsored medical care programs, by political institutions and leaders, and by the major medical sectors. It shows that the U.S., while differing in many particulars, presents several parallels to the U.K. and Canada. The paper argues that the current environment in the U.S. offers the nation the opportunity to develop at state or local levels government-sponsored programs that guarantee basic medical benefits to all. A new and powerful coalition, moreover, may in the coming years advance the cause of broader, more substantive change at the national level.

Canada↗

President Bush's comprehensive health reform program.

To deal with the shortcomings of the current U.S. health care system, President Bush has proposed a comprehensive reform package that would offer tax credits and deductions to low- and middle-income Americans to purchase private insurance, reform small market insurance to ensure availability and portability of insurance, allow creation of Health Insurance Networks to allow small businesses and nonprofit organizations to pool their purchasing power, reduce administrative costs, and control the growth of government health programs. Combined, the proposals would build on the strengths of the present private/public system and preserve consumer choice and free market discipline.

Cost Control↗

Medicare program; establishment of the Medicare advantage program. Final rule.

This final rule implements provisions of the Social Security Act (the Act) establishing and regulating the Medicare Advantage (MA) program. The MA program was enacted in Title II of The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 (MMA) (Pub. L. 108-173) on December 8, 2003. The MA program replaces the Medicare+Choice (M+C) program established under Part C of title XVIII of the Act, while retaining most key features of the M+C program. The MA program attempts to broadly reform and expand the availability of private health plan options to Medicare beneficiaries. This final rule responds to public comments on a proposed rule published on August 3, 2004 (FR 69 46866).

Aged↗

Oral health promotion for high-risk children: case studies from British Columbia.

Socio-economics, family stress and parenting style each plays as important a role in the development of early childhood caries as dietary and microbiological factors. Therefore, to be successful, oral health promotion initiatives should be designed and implemented with due consideration of issues such as collaboration with community partners, the role of dental health in overall child health and the involvement of the community in program planning. This article briefly describes 3 programs that have been undertaken in British Columbia either as public health initiatives or as demonstration research projects to improve oral health in young children from diverse communities with a high prevalence of early childhood caries.

British Columbia↗

Methodological issues in workplace substance abuse prevention research.

Substance abuse among working adults represents billions of dollars in preventable health care costs and industry financial loss. Therefore, it is imperative to develop and test effective substance abuse prevention programs for the workplace. However, applied workplace substance abuse prevention research is fraught with numerous methodological challenges. This article highlights a number of these challenges, which include (1) reaching a broad audience with prevention messages, (2) handling the concerns of the employer, (3) collecting substance use data in the workplace, (4) accessing and using records-based data, and (5) linking survey and records-based data. Using examples from the authors' ongoing research assessing a workplace health promotion and substance abuse prevention program, funded by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, the authors address these challenges.

Adult↗

Biological warfare threats in perspective.

At least ten countries are considered to have current biological weapons programs. These programs differ in scope and size. There is no evidence to suggest proliferation in the number of states parties engaged in biological weapons development. There is legitimate concern, however, that the sophistication of programs may be growing and that terrorist groups could acquire biological weapons. Thus, the threat that biological weapons could be used as agents of terrorism or warfare must be taken seriously.

Biological Warfare↗

Is Ministry of Health fully prepared to implement an effective DOTS program in Pakistan? An operations research on TB control program in the public health sector in Sindh.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: Pakistan is among the high-burden countries for tuberculosis. One of the fundamental problems in TB control is a high defaulter rate among the registered TB cases in the public sector. In 1999, a cross-sectional study was designed to identify the determinants of low compliance for the TB treatment in two rural districts in Sindh. METHODS: Before the actual data collection, a pilot testing was planned in a secondary level care hospital. Fourteen defaulters for TB treatment were identified but none could be contacted due to incomplete addresses. Other alternatives were explored with the health facility team to reach them including a field-based search through Lady Health Workers of the National Health Program but all endeavors went into vain. The pilot testing propelled us to postpone the cross-sectional study but we continued scrutinizing the follow up problem for TB patients in other health facilities. Not surprisingly, more or less a similar picture was found in those health facilities. PRINCIPAL CONCLUSIONS: The study concludes that the public health care system in Pakistan lacks even the basic requirements for an effective TB control program, that is, a viable information system and the functional integration of program with rest of the health care delivery system. A DOTS strategy to control TB was initiated in the public sector in Pakistan just one year prior to this study. The Ministry of Health requires re-visiting the program to ensure that the lacunae identified in this study are being taken care of in the current DOTS strategy.

Communicable Disease Control↗

Re-evaluating Russia's biological weapons policy, as reflected in the Criminal Code and Official Admissions: insubordination leading to a president's subordination.

Half-heartedly acknowledged by the Russian Federation, the Soviet Union ran the world's largest offensive program for biological weapons, breaching the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention. Russia criminalized biological weapons in 1993 only to decriminalize them in 1996, but in 2003 president Putin partly recriminalized them. None of these changes were declared within the Convention. Several well-known official statements, when reviewed in their context, turned out to admit to neither an offensive program nor a breach of the Convention. Thus, the Russian biological weapons policy is more ambiguous than usually depicted, and various policy shapers can be discerned.

Anthrax↗

Reduction in mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Thailand, 2001-2003: Results from population-based surveillance in six provinces.

BACKGROUND: In 2000, Thailand implemented a national program to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT). OBJECTIVE: To describe the effectiveness of the prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission program in Thailand. DESIGN AND METHODS: A register of HIV-exposed children at birth was created with follow-up of infection status. The register included children born to HIV-infected women between 1 January 2001 and 31 December 2003 at 84 public health hospitals in six provinces of Thailand. The main outcome measure was HIV infection in children. RESULTS: A total of 2200 children born to HIV-infected mothers were registered. Of these mother-infant pairs, 2105 (95.7%) received some antiretroviral prophylaxis, including 1358 (61.7%) who received the complete short-course zidovudine regimen during pregnancy and labor for the mother and after birth for the infant, with or without other antiretrovirals. HIV infection outcome was determined for 1667 (75.8%) children, of whom 158 [9.5%, 95% confidence interval (CI), 8.1-11.0%] were infected. Transmission risk was 6.8% (95% CI 5.2-8.9%) among 761 mother-infant pairs that received the complete zidovudine regimen alone, and 3.9% (95% CI, 2.2-6.6%) among 361 mother-infant pairs that received the complete zidovudine regimen combined with other antiretrovirals, usually nevirapine. The overall transmission risk from this cohort, including all antiretroviral prophylaxis combinations, is estimated to be 10.2%. CONCLUSIONS: The Thai national PMTCT program is effective in reducing mother-to-child transmission risk from the historical risk of 18.9-24.2%. The addition of nevirapine to short-course zidovudine beginning in 2004 may further improve program effectiveness in Thailand.

Anti-HIV Agents↗

Americans' views about the adequacy of health care for children and the elderly.

Recent attempts to increase health coverage for specific populations incrementally have been more successful than efforts to dramatically reconfigure the health care system. We present findings from a survey to assess support for programs for children compared with those for the elderly, as well as the public's desire to prioritize whether the needs of one should be addressed over the needs of the other. Americans believe that the health care needs of both children and the elderly are not being met, and there is clear and widespread support for a government role in ensuring adequate health care.

Adolescent↗