SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Gluconates”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,135 records · Page 63Linked to original sources

PubMed1964

2-KETOGLUCONATE FERMENTATION BY STREPTOCOCCUS FAECALIS.

Goddard, J. L. (University of Oklahoma School of Medicine, Oklahoma City), and J. R. Sokatch. 2-Ketogluconate fermentation by Streptococcus faecalis. J. Bacteriol. 87:844-851. 1964.-Streptococcus faecalis 10Cl did not grow with 2-ketogluconate alone as an energy source, but did grow when gluconate was added. More growth was obtained than could be accounted for by the gluconate alone. The requirement for gluconate in the stimulation of growth on 2-ketogluconate was found to be stoichiometric, not catalytic. Glucose did not replace gluconate in this phenomenon, apparently owing to the repression of the 2-ketogluconate pathway by glucose. Resting cells grown on a combination of gluconate and 2-ketogluconate did ferment 2-ketogluconate without added gluconate. Fermentation balance studies with resting cells detected the following products in moles (per mole of 2-ketogluconate): carbon dioxide, 0.98; lactic acid, 0.19; formic acid, 1.42; acetic acid, 0.70; and ethanol, 0.42. 2-Ketogluconate-1-C(14) and -2-C(14) were prepared and fermented. The data were interpreted to show that 90% of the substrate was decarboxylated to carbon dioxide and pentose phosphate. Pentose phosphate was then fermented to pyruvate through the sedoheptulose diphosphate variation of the pentose phosphate pathway found in this organism. The other 10% of the substrate was converted to pyruvate by way of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway. Calculations of the energy available by the above combination of pathways indicated that about 2.3 moles of adenosine triphosphate per mole of 2-ketogluconate could be obtained if the energy available in acetate formation is conserved through the acetokinase reaction.

Acetates↗

PubMed1976

The uptake of 2-ketogluconate by Pseudomonas putida.

The uptake of 2-ketogluconate is inducible in Pseudomonas putida: 2-ketogluconate, glucose, gluconate, glycerol and glycerate were each good nutritional inducers of this ability. 2-Ketogluconate uptake obeyed saturation kinetics (apparent Km in 2-ketogluconate-grown cells was 0.4 mM). 2-Ketogluconate was transported against a concentration gradient, apparently in an unchanged state, and the process required metabolic energy, all of which indicate an active transport system. A number of independently isolated mutants with deranged activity of a common glucose-gluconate uptake system were found to be also defective in 2-ketogluconate transport. Strains unable to transport 2-ketogluconate which grew readily on glucose and gluconate were also isolated. These results suggest that 2-ketogluconate transport is governed by at least two genetic elements: one which is also required to take up glucose and gluconate and another which appears to be specific for 2-ketogluconate transport. Similarly, glucose and gluconate transport appears to require at least one factor which is not necessary for 2-ketogluconate transport, as suggested by the lack of induction of the common glucose-gluconate uptake system by glycerol and glycerate, substrates which are good inducers of 2-ketogluconate uptake.

Biological Transport, Active↗

PubMed1975

The uptake of fructose by Pseudomonas putida.

Fructose transport was not apparently affected in a number of Pseudomonas putida strains with deranged activity of a common glucose-gluconate uptake system, indicating the existence of an independent fructose uptake system. Fructose uptake by glucose-gluconate uptake mutants was induced by fructose and obeyed saturation kinetics (apparent Km equal 0.3 mM). The fructose uptake system serves to transport glucose in addition to fructose. The entry of fructose into P.putida cells appears to be mediated also by the glucose-gluconate uptake system, as shown by the ability to accumulate fructose of wild type cells grown on glucose, a substrate that induces the glucose-gluconate uptake system but not the fructose uptake system. In addition, fructose was found to be an inducer of the glucose-gluconate uptake system. The physiological significance of these observations is not clear because the fructose uptake system can provide the cell with a high enough internal concentration of fructose to support maximum growth rate on this hexose, as shown by following the growth course of a glucose-gluconate uptake mutants on fructose.

Biological Transport↗

PubMed1971

Carbon and sulphur utilization during growth of Pseudomonas fluorescens on potassium D-glucose 6-O-sulphate as the sole sulphur source.

Pseudomonas fluorescens N.C.I.B. 8248, cultured on potassium d-glucose 6[(35)S]-O-sulphate as the sole sulphur source, liberated the 6-O-sulphate ester of d-gluconate into the culture medium. Extracts of bacteria grown under this cultural condition oxidized d-glucose 6-O-sulphate to yield the gluconate ester. Results suggest the involvement of a glucose dehydrogenase-like enzyme. The gluconate ester was apparently not oxidized further to any significant extent; however, it served as substrate for a desulphating enzyme found in extracts. Growth on d-glucose 6-O-sulphate as the sole source of sulphur was not associated with the appearance of a true glycosulphatase. Collectively, these results suggest that d-gluconate 6-O-sulphate, rather than the glucose ester, supplied the necessary sulphur for growth. Oxidative activities toward d-glucose 6-O-sulphate, d-glucose, d-gluconate 6-O-sulphate and d-gluconate found in extracts of P. fluorescens adapted to grow on d-glucose 6-O-sulphate as the sole source of carbon and sulphur are presented for comparative purposes.

Alcohol Oxidoreductases↗

PubMed1998

The yiaE gene, located at 80.1 minutes on the Escherichia coli chromosome, encodes a 2-ketoaldonate reductase.

An open reading frame located in the bisC-cspA intergenic region, or at 80.1 min on the Escherichia coli chromosome, encodes a hypothetical 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase, which was identified as a result of the E. coli Genome Sequencing Project. We report here that the product of the gene (yiaE) is a 2-ketoaldonate reductase (2KR). The gene was cloned and expressed with a C-terminal His tag in E. coli, and the protein was purified by metal-chelate affinity chromatography. The determination of the NH2-terminal amino acid sequence of the protein defined the translational start site of this gene. The enzyme was found to be a 2KR catalyzing the reduction of 2, 5-diketo-D-gluconate to 5-keto-D-gluconate, 2-keto-D-gluconate (2KDG) to D-gluconate, 2-keto-L-gulonate to L-idonate. The reductase was optimally active at pH 7.5, with NADPH as a preferred electron donor. The deduced amino acid sequence showed 69.4% identity with that of 2KR from Erwinia herbicola. Disruption of this gene on the chromosome resulted in the loss of 2KR activity in E. coli. E. coli W3110 was found to grow on 2KDG, whereas the mutant deficient in 2KR activity was unable to grow on 2KDG as the carbon source, suggesting that 2KR is responsible for the catabolism of 2KDG in E. coli and the diminishment of produced 2KDG from D-gluconate in the cultivation of E. coli harboring a cloned gluconate dehydrogenase gene.

Alcohol Oxidoreductases↗

PubMed1992

Hydrofluoric acid dermal burns. An assessment of treatment efficacy using an experimental pig model.

There currently exist various opinions concerning the best therapy for managing hydrogen fluoride (HF) dermal burns. Previously reported animal studies designed to evaluate the efficacy of certain therapies are not completely convincing. Studies initially were conducted to develop a reliable animal model for assessing efficacy of treatment. Evaluation of several animal species, dosing regimens (HF concentrations, exposure periods), and application techniques showed that the most consistent and reproducible dermal lesions were produced with 38% HF applied to the skin of anesthetized pigs for exposures of 9, 12, or 15 minutes using Hill Top Chamber patches. Using this model, the efficacy of six clinically applicable treatments was assessed by subjectively scoring and statistically analyzing photographic and histopathological data obtained from treated and untreated control lesions. Photographic data analysis ranked treatments with respect to effectiveness as follows: iced Zephiran and 10% calcium acetate soaks--highly effective; 2.5% calcium gluconate gel, 5.0% calcium gluconate injection and iced Hyamine soaks--effective; 10% calcium gluconate injection--ineffective. Histopathological data analysis showed the topical treatments (2.5% calcium gluconate gel, iced Hyamine, or iced Zephiran soaks) to be most effective in reducing superficial epidermal damage, and the 5% calcium gluconate injection or 10% calcium acetate soaks to be beneficial to deeper tissues of the dermis and subdermis. Injection of 10% calcium gluconate was ineffective. This study suggests that the anesthetized pig model has good applicability for assessing efficacy of HF dermal burn therapies. In addition, it indicates that further experimentation with 10% calcium acetate soaks is warranted.

Acetates↗

PubMed1999

In vitro modulation of keratinocyte wound healing integrins by zinc, copper and manganese.

Although the trace elements zinc, copper and manganese are used in vivo for their healing properties, their mechanism of action is still only partially known. Some integrins expressed by basal layer keratinocytes play an essential part in healing, notably alpha2beta1, alpha3beta1, alpha6beta4 and alphaVbeta5, whose expression and distribution in epidermis are modified during the re-epithelialization phase. This study demonstrates how the expression of these integrins are modulated in vitro by trace elements. Integrin expression was studied in proliferating keratinocytes in monolayer cultures and in reconstituted skin that included a differentiation state. After 48 h incubation with zinc gluconate (0.9, 1.8 and 3.6 microg/mL), copper gluconate (1, 2 and 4 microg/mL), manganese gluconate (0.5, 1 and 2 microg/mL) and control medium, integrin expression was evaluated by FACScan and immunohistochemistry. Induction of alpha2, alpha3, alphaV and alpha6 was produced by zinc gluconate 1.8 microg/mL in monolayers, of alpha2, alpha6 and beta1 by copper gluconate 2 and 4 microg/mL and of all the integrins studied except alpha3 by manganese gluconate 1 microg/mL. Thus, alpha6 expression was induced by all three trace elements. The inductive effect of zinc was particularly notable on integrins affecting cellular mobility in the proliferation phase of wound healing (alpha3, alpha6, alphaV) and that of copper on integrins expressed by suprabasally differentiated keratinocytes during the final healing phase (alpha2, beta1 and alpha6), while manganese had a mixed effect.

Cells, Cultured↗

PubMed2004

Transcriptional organization and regulation of the L-idonic acid pathway (GntII system) in Escherichia coli.

The genetic organization of the idn genes that encode the pathway for L-idonate catabolism was characterized. The monocistronic idnK gene is transcribed divergently from the idnDOTR genes, which were shown to form an operon. The 215-bp regulatory region between the idnK and idnD genes contains promoters in opposite orientation with transcription start sites that mapped to positions -26 and -29 with respect to the start codons. The regulatory region also contains a single putative IdnR/GntR binding site centered between the two promoters, a CRP binding site upstream of idnD, and an UP element upstream of idnK. The genes of the L-idonate pathway were shown to be under catabolite repression control. Analysis of idnD- and idnK-lacZ fusions in a nonpolar idnD mutant that is unable to interconvert L-idonate and 5-ketogluconate indicated that either compound could induce the pathway. The L-idonate pathway was first characterized as a subsidiary pathway for D-gluconate catabolism (GntII), which is induced by D-gluconate in a GntI (primary gluconate system) mutant. Here we showed that the idnK and idnD operons are induced by D-gluconate in a GntI system mutant, presumably by endogenous formation of 5-ketogluconate from D-gluconate. Thus, the regulation of the GntII system is appropriate for this pathway, which is primarily involved in L-idonate catabolism; the GntII system can be induced by D-gluconate under conditions that block the GntI system.

Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional↗

PubMed1998

Purification and characterization of the 2-ketoaldonate reductase from Brevibacterium ketosoreductum ATCC21914.

2-Ketoaldonate reductase, which is involved in ketogluconate catabolism, was purified to homogeneity from Brevibacterium ketosoreductum ATCC21914. The enzyme was found to catalyze the reduction of 2,5-diketo-D-gluconate to 5-keto-D-gluconate, and to a lesser extent, 2-keto-D-gluconate to D-gluconate, and 2-keto-L-gluconate to L-idonate. The molecular mass of the reductase was 35 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and 72 kDa by gel filtration, indicating that the native enzyme may exist as a dimer. The reductase was optimally active at pH 6.0 with NADPH as a preferred electron donor. The pI of 4.7 was measured for the enzyme. The apparent Km for 2,5-diketo-D-gluconate and NADPH were 5 microM and 10 microM, respectively. The amino-terminal amino acid sequence was NH2-Ala-Ser-Ile-Ser-Val-Ser-Val-Pro-Ser-Ala- Arg-Leu-Ala-Glu-Asp-Leu-Ser-Asp-Ile-Glu.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2002

Chlorhexidine compared with povidone-iodine solution for vascular catheter-site care: a meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: Bloodstream infections related to use of catheters, particularly central-line catheters, are an important cause of patient morbidity, mortality, and increased health care costs. This study evaluated the efficacy of skin disinfection with chlorhexidine gluconate compared with povidone-iodine solution in preventing catheter-related bloodstream infection. DATA SOURCES: Multiple computerized databases (1966 to 2001), reference lists of identified articles, and queries of principal investigators and antiseptic manufacturers. STUDY SELECTION: Randomized, controlled trials comparing chlorhexidine gluconate with povidone-iodine solutions for catheter-site care. DATA EXTRACTION: Using a standardized form, two reviewers abstracted data on study design, patient population, intervention, and incidence of catheter-related bloodstream infection from all included studies. DATA SYNTHESIS: Eight studies involving a total of 4143 catheters met the inclusion criteria. All studies were conducted in a hospital setting, and various catheter types were used. The summary risk ratio for catheter-related bloodstream infection was 0.49 (95% CI, 0.28 to 0.88) in patients whose catheter sites were disinfected with chlorhexidine gluconate instead of povidone-iodine. Among patients with a central vascular catheter, chlorhexidine gluconate reduced the risk for catheter-related bloodstream infection by 49% (risk ratio, 0.51 [CI, 0.27 to 0.97]). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that incidence of bloodstream infections is significantly reduced in patients with central vascular lines who receive chlorhexidine gluconate versus povidone-iodine for insertion-site skin disinfection. Use of chlorhexidine gluconate is a simple and effective means of reducing vascular catheter-related infections.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Comparison of antibacterial effects of different antiseptics after hand washing].

The aim of this study was to compare 4% chlorhexidine gluconate, 7.5% povidone iodine and liquid soap, which are used as hand washing solutions for the immediate, cumulative and residual effects in bacterial growth. For this purpose, 18 volunteers washed their hands with 7.5% povidone iodine, 4% chlorhexidine gluconate and liquid soap by applying standard hygienic hand washing technique. In order to find out the bacterial amount in the hands of study group, glove liquid test was used. For the evaluation of immediate effects, samples were collected just after the washing procedure, for the residual effects samples were collected from gloved hands after 3 hours, and for the cumulative effects, samples were collected after 5 days with daily hand washings. It is found that the immediate effects of 4% chlorhexidine gluconate was superior than others, and 7.5% povidone iodine was superior to liquid soap. There was no difference between 4% chlorhexidine gluconate and 7.5% povidone iodine for residual effects. The cumulative effects were observed for 4% chlorhexidine gluconate and 7.5% povidone iodine, while there was no cumulative effect for liquid soap. According to these results, it can be suggested that 4% chlorhexidine gluconate can be used as a reliable antiseptic agent in the hospitals, especially for laboratories, intensive care units and operating rooms, owing to its favourable immediate, residual and cumulative effects.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Quantitative aspects of glucose metabolism by Escherichia coli B/r, grown in the presence of pyrroloquinoline quinone.

Escherichia coli B/r was grown in chemostat cultures under various limitations with glucose as carbon source. Since E. coli only synthesized the glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) apo-enzyme and not the appropriate cofactor, pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), no gluconate production could be observed. However, when cell-saturating amounts of PQQ (nmol to mumol range) were pulsed into steady state glucose-excess cultures of E. coli, the organisms responded with an instantaneous formation of gluconate and an increased oxygen consumption rate. This showed that reconstitution of GDH in situ was possible. Hence, in order to examine the influence on glucose metabolism of an active GDH, E. coli was grown aerobically in chemostat cultures under various limitations in the presence of PQQ. It was found that the presence of PQQ indeed had a sizable effect: at pH 5.5 under phosphate- or sulphate-limited conditions more than 60% of the glucose consumed was converted to gluconate, which resulted in steady state gluconate concentrations up to 80 mmol/l. The specific rate of gluconate production (0.3-7.6 mmol.h-1.(g dry wt cells)-1) was dependent on the growth rate and the nature of the limitation. The production rate of other overflow metabolites such as acetate, pyruvate, and 2-oxoglutarate, was only slightly altered in the presence of PQQ. The fact that the cells were now able to use an active GDH apparently did not affect apo-enzyme synthesis.

Carbon↗

PubMed1990

The sensitivity to Zn2+ discriminates between typical and atypical mast cells.

The effects of zinc gluconate have been studied on rat peritoneal mast cells and rat basophilic leukemia cells (RBL 2H3) stimulated by various secretagogues. The IC50's of zinc gluconate on peritoneal cells were (microM): 1.6, 1.9, 5.4 and 18 for ionophore A23187, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, substance P and immunoglobulin E-antigen, respectively. Higher concentrations of zinc gluconate were required to inhibit histamine secretion from RBL 2H3 cells, i.e. 12 microM (ionophore A23187) and 140 microM (immunoglobulin E-antigen). Zinc gluconate (10(-4) to 10(-3) M) also inhibited the IgE-dependent contraction of guinea pig trachea but was unable to affect that induced by exogenous histamine. These results suggest that zinc gluconate acts intracellularly and is selective of "typical" or "connective tissue" mast cells.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Selection of glucose-assimilating variants of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus LMD 79.41 in chemostat culture.

Glucose metabolism has been studied in two strains of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. Strain LMD 82.3, was able to grow on glucose and possessed glucose dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.99.17). Glucose oxidation by whole cells was stimulated by PQQ, the prosthetic group of glucose dehydrogenase. PQQ not only increased the rate of glucose oxidation and gluconic acid production but also shortened the lag phase for growth on glucose. Strain LMD 79.41 also possessed glucose dehydrogenase but was unable to grow on glucose. Batch cultures and carbon-limited chemostat cultures growing on acetate in the presence of glucose oxidized the sugar to gluconic acid, which was not further metabolized. However, after prolonged cultivation on mixtures of acetate and glucose, carbon-limited chemostat cultures suddenly acquired the capacity to utilize gluconate. This phenomenon was accompanied by the appearance of gluconate kinase and a repression of isocitrate lyase synthesis. In contrast to the starter culture, cells from chemostats which had been fully adapted to gluconate utilization, were able to utilize glucose as a sole carbon and energy source in liquid and solid media.

Acetates↗

PubMed1990

Evidence for posttranscriptional regulation of synthesis of the Bacillus subtilis Gnt repressor.

Transcription of the Bacillus subtilis gnt operon results in a polycistronic mRNA that encodes from the 5' end the Gnt repressor, gluconate kinase and permease. The RNA is drastically induced through inactivation of the Gnt repressor by gluconate. The results of deletion analysis of the gnt promoter region upstream of the repressor gene indicated that no other promoter except the gnt promoter was present for expression of the gluconate kinase gene. In contrast to the synthesis of gluconate kinase and permease, which was markedly induced by gluconate, the results of a radioimmunoassay for the Gnt repressor indicated that synthesis of the Gnt repressor from the induced mRNA was posttranscriptionally repressed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2006

Dose-dependent characteristics of intravenous calcium therapy for hypocalcemic critically ill trauma patients receiving specialized nutritional support.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the dose-dependent characteristics of intravenous calcium gluconate therapy for hypocalcemic critically ill patients. METHODS: The dose-dependent characteristics of 2 g versus 4 g of intravenous calcium gluconate therapy were evaluated in 25 critically ill, adult multiple trauma patients with hypocalcemia. The calcium gluconate was infused at a rate of 1 g/h for both groups. Patients weighed within 90% to 120% of ideal body weight, had normal renal function, did not receive diuretic therapy, and did not have anasarca. RESULTS: Fifteen patients with mild hypocalcemia (serum ionized calcium concentration [iCa] 1-1.12 mmol/L) were given 2 g of calcium gluconate. Ten patients with moderate to severe hypocalcemia (iCa <1 mmol/L) were given 4 g. Each dosage group had a significant (P < or = 0.001) increase in iCa (from 1.07 +/- 0.05 to 1.17 +/- 0.05 mmol/L and from 0.92 +/- 0.08 to 1.16 +/- 0.11 mmol/L, respectively). Each dosage group retained about half of the dose in the exchangeable calcium space (P = NS between groups), but the higher dosage group retained significantly more elemental calcium overall (81 +/- 38 versus 201 +/- 50 mg, respectively, P < or = 001). Serum ionized calcium concentrations achieved a plateau without a further decline in iCa by 10 h after completion of the infusion for each dosage. CONCLUSION: About half of the administered elemental calcium dose was retained for each dosage group, with the higher dose (4 g) resulting in significantly more elemental calcium retention in the exchangeable calcium space. An iCa determination performed about > or =10 h after the completion of the calcium gluconate infusion should be sufficient time to ensure equilibration of iCa to assess the efficacy of the therapy. This mode of calcium therapy serves as an effective means for providing calcium to the acutely hypocalcemic, critically ill, multiple trauma patient.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Enhancement of enrofloxacin serum antibacterial activity by calcium primed broilers.

The aim of this trial was to assess the effect that calcium gluconate priming of 468 broilers has on the antibacterial activity of a standard dose of enrofloxacin. Hence, a series of oral pharmacokinetic studies were carried out in four groups of broilers medicated individually through an oral cannula as follows: group A, medicated only with enrofloxacin 10mg/kg; group B, receiving immediately one after the other, calcium gluconate (200mg/kg) and enrofloxacin 10mg/kg; group C, dosed first with calcium gluconate (200mg/kg) and 1h later enrofloxacin (10mg/kg); and group D, dosed first with calcium gluconate (200mg/kg) and 2h later enrofloxacin (10mg/kg). Broilers were bled at different times after the dose of enrofloxacin and antibacterial activity, measured as concentration of enrofloxacin, was measured by an agar diffusion assay. Results revealed that group D the greatest values of maximum serum concentration (Cs(max)), area under the concentration vs. time curve (AUC) and area under the moment curve (AUMC). These values were statistically higher than the corresponding ones derived from groups A, B and C (P<0.05). Taking Cs(max) and AUC values of group A as reference baseline, an increase of 24% and 50%, respectively, was obtained in group D. Group B had the lowest Cs(max), AUC, AUMC and elimination half life (T(1/2)beta) and these values were statistically different from groups A, C and D (P<0.05). The T(1/2)beta was statistically longer in groups C and D as compared with A and B, and the former groups were also different between each other (P<0.05). These results show that if calcium gluconate is first dosed to broilers and 2h later enrofloxacin is administered (as in group D), a more pronounced antibacterial activity of enrofloxacin can be obtained. A challenge of this sequential dosing scheme in a field trial may reveal its clinical value.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Adaptation of Lactobacillus alimentarius to environmental stresses.

Lactobacillus alimentarius BJ33 has been tested for its biopreservative capacities to improve quality and safety in many meat products. The combination of different preservatives such as NaCl, glucono-delta-lactone and citric acid with this protective culture during the manufacture of sausages represent an interesting alternative to control microbial spoilage and to extend product shelf life. The use of these preservatives may also limit the growth of L. alimentarius. In this study, the sublethal doses of these preservatives were determined and tested in combination to verify if the organism was able to adapt to these stresses. The sublethal doses of gluconic acid, citric acid, and NaCl were 100-110 mM, 50-55 mM and 8%, respectively. When the culture was first grown in MRS broth containing citric acid (50 or 55 mM) or gluconic acid (100 or 110 mM) and then transferred in MRS broth containing NaCl (8%), only limited growth was observed (O.D.(600 nm) = 0.2-0.3) after 6 days at 30 degrees C. However, when the culture was first grown in NaCl and then transferred in MRS broth containing gluconic or citric acid, growth was observed after 1 day (O.D.(600 nm) = 0.4-0.5) and after 5 days an O.D.(600 nm) of 0.8 was reached. Cell filamentation was also observed under electron microscopy when cells were grown for 2 days in presence of gluconic and citric acid at their sublethal doses and with a combination of 18 mM gluconic acid and 37 mM citric acid, but cellular elongation was not observed with cultures exposed to 8% NaCl. These results suggest that two different adaptation mechanisms are induced in L. alimenatrius when treated with organic acids and NaCl.

Adaptation, Physiological↗