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At least 1,135 records · Page 63Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Gender electrified: ERP evidence on the syntactic nature of gender processing.

The central issue of this study concerns the claim that the processing of gender agreement in on-line sentence comprehension is a syntactic rather than a conceptual/semantic process. This claim was tested for the grammatical gender agreement in Dutch between the definite article and the noun. Subjects read sentences in which the definite article and the noun had the same gender and sentences in which the gender agreement was violated. While subjects read these sentences, their electrophysiological activity was recorded via electrodes placed on the scalp. Earlier research has shown that semantic and syntactic processing events manifest themselves in different event-related brain potential (ERP) effects. Semantic integration modulates the amplitude of the so-called N400. The P600/SPS is an ERP effect that is more sensitive to syntactic processes. The violation of grammatical gender agreement was found to result in a P600/SPS. For violations in sentence-final position, an additional increase of the N400 amplitude was observed. This N400 effect is interpreted as resulting from the consequence of a syntactic violation for the sentence-final wrap-up. The overall pattern of results supports the claim that the on-line processing of gender agreement information is not a content driven but a syntactic-form driven process.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Article for "diversity stories in community research and action" facing resistance in waking up to privilege.

This article identifies a challenge brought to us while facilitating a diversity workshop with adults in a school work setting. Our program involved using the video The Color of Fear as a centerpiece of a training to school district staff where the goals were to raise awareness and understanding of race, gender and class issues, increase understanding of power and privilege, and build alliances between people from diverse backgrounds. The challenge came from a white, male participant and involved issues of privilege, the intersections of race, class, and gender, and resistance to addressing diversity matters. Reflections of what worked and didn't work are offered as well as recommendations to other facilitators who will face similar challenges.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The (in)visible gender of third age in nursing knowledge].

This is a bibliographic study in which a research of scientific production regarding to Woman in the Third Age was proceeded, analizing the catalogue of Dissertations and Thesis of the Center of Studies and Researches in Nursing (CEPEn) of the Brazilian Association of Nursing (ABEn) available in CD-ROM, comprising the period from 1979 to 1999. The objective was to know the removals and approaches in nursing knowledge concerning the study object from the doctorate thesis "The ageing women's knowledge and health practices in gender perspective". It was concluded that the issue of woman in the third age was investigated in few studies. In addition, those researches' objects was strongly removed from gender issues, demonstrating that sexual approach of ageing was out of consideration, as well as denial of woman's social roles.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2000

Gender in development: a long haul -- but we're getting there!

While women's movements in Latin America and elsewhere have succeeded in putting many issues that are relevant to women and to gender relations onto the political agenda, and although most international aid agencies have made efforts to incorporate gender analysis into their work, this progress has been neither comprehensive nor unproblematic. This article focuses on ways in which the development cooperation agenda, and the priorities and working methods of development agencies and nongovernmental organizations, have served to distort the vision and practice of the women's organizations whose work they seek to support.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed2000

[Gender as a variable in patient satisfaction].

BACKGROUND: Whether gender affects patient satisfaction is still debated. This article focuses on methodological issues in analysing gender differences with emphasis on factors like age and educational level. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 1,469 male and 1,226 female patients returned a questionnaire six weeks after discharge from hospital. Gender differences in satisfaction were examined by multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: The weak gender difference that occurred in overall satisfaction was due to a significant gender difference between young patients' assessment of the quality of nursing care. For patients over 35, there was no gender difference in satisfaction. INTERPRETATION: Gender differences in patient satisfaction are not straightforward, but vary according to underlying cultural and social factors.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Gender variations in the social impact of oral health.

BACKGROUND: There is a growing interest in gender related health issues, however, there is little data concerning the relationships between oral health and gender other than on tooth loss. In particular, there is little information on differences in the social impact of oral health between men and women. AIM: The aim of this study was to identify gender variations in the social and psychological impacts of oral health. DESIGN: A random probability sample of 1,865 adults (1,049 women and 816 men) took part in the study to determine how oral health "reduces" and "adds to" quality of life in a nation-wide survey. RESULTS: Women perceived oral health as having a greater impact than men on their quality of life in general, having a greater negative impact (p < 0.01) and a greater positive impact (p < 0.05). Specifically women perceived oral health as causing them more pain (p < 0.05), embarrassment (p < 0.05) and being detrimental to their finances (p < 0.05) compared to men. Women also more frequently perceived oral health as enhancing their life quality (p < 0.05), their moods (p < 0.05), their appearance (p < 0.01) and their general well being (p < 0.01) than men. CONCLUSION: There are gender variations in the social and psychological impacts of oral health. These findings may help in understanding gender differences in oral health needs and behaviour and have implications in assessing oral health needs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

The importance of gender in defining and improving quality of care: some conceptual issues.

This paper discusses some conceptual underpinnings of research on gender and quality of health services and demonstrates the importance of training health professionals about how gender influences the health-illness-care process in men and women. It addresses the need to provide opportunities for health providers to understand how gender influences their own lives and work. It also describes the gendered nature of the health system itself, an aspect that is little understood and hence neglected in the training of health workers and the planning and provision of services. The paper demonstrates the need for interventions such as Health Workers for Change to sensitize health workers to the needs of female clients in particular, but also to their own constraints and challenges as health workers. It is also meant to stimulate further research into these issues, particularly among resource poor populations.

Female↗
PubMed1991

Women and migration: the social consequences of gender.

"This paper reviews the literature on the neglected role of women in migration. It argues that focusing on gender and the family can provide the necessary linkage of micro and macro levels of analyses. Striving to contribute to a gendered understanding of the social process of migration, the review organizes the literature along these major issues: How is gender related to the decision to migrate--i.e. what are the causes and consequences of female or male-dominated flows of migration? What are the patterns of labor market incorporation of women immigrants--i.e. what accounts for their participation in the labor force and their occupational concentration? What is the relationship of the public and the private--i.e. what is the impact of work roles on family roles and of the experience of migration on the immigrants themselves? Throughout, the necessity to understand how ethnicity, class, and gender interact in the process of migration and settlement is stressed."

Behavior↗
PubMed2000

The work lives of women physicians results from the physician work life study. The SGIM Career Satisfaction Study Group.

OBJECTIVE: To describe gender differences in job satisfaction, work life issues, and burnout of U.S. physicians. DESIGN/PARTICIPANTS: The Physician Work life Study, a nationally representative random stratified sample of 5,704 physicians in primary and specialty nonsurgical care (N = 2,326 respondents; 32% female, adjusted response rate = 52%). Survey contained 150 items assessing career satisfaction and multiple aspects of work life. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Odds of being satisfied with facets of work life and odds of reporting burnout were modeled with survey-weighted logistic regression controlling for demographic variables and practice characteristics. Multiple linear regression was performed to model dependent variables of global, career, and specialty satisfaction with independent variables of income, time pressure, and items measuring control over medical and workplace issues. Compared with male physicians, female physicians were more likely to report satisfaction with their specialty and with patient and colleague relationships (P <.05), but less likely to be satisfied with autonomy, relationships with community, pay, and resources (P <.05). Female physicians reported more female patients and more patients with complex psychosocial problems, but the same numbers of complex medical patients, compared with their male colleagues. Time pressure in ambulatory settings was greater for women, who on average reported needing 36% more time than allotted to provide quality care for new patients or consultations, compared with 21% more time needed by men (P <.01). Female physicians reported significantly less work control than male physicians regarding day-to-day aspects of practice including volume of patient load, selecting physicians for referrals, and details of office scheduling (P <.01). When controlling for multiple factors, mean income for women was approximately $22,000 less than that of men. Women had 1.6 times the odds of reporting burnout compared with men (P <.05), with the odds of burnout by women increasing by 12% to 15% for each additional 5 hours worked per week over 40 hours (P <.05). Lack of workplace control predicted burnout in women but not in men. For those women with young children, odds of burnout were 40% less when support of colleagues, spouse, or significant other for balancing work and home issues was present. CONCLUSIONS: Gender differences exist in both the experience of and satisfaction with medical practice. Addressing these gender differences will optimize the participation of female physicians within the medical workforce.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Asian-American men's acculturation and gender-role conflict.

There is limited research on Asian-Americans' acculturation and conflicts with contemporary gender roles. This research assessed three samples of Asian-American men's acculturation and gender-role conflict. Differences between Chinese-American, Japanese-American, and Korean-American men's acculturation and the four patterns of gender-role conflict were analyzed. The relationship of demographic and acculturation variables to gender-role conflict was also calculated. Subjects (N = 125) were administered a demographic questionnaire, the Suinn-Lew Asian Self-identity Acculturation Scale, and the Gender-role Conflict Scale. Multivariate analysis of variance showed no differences between the Asian-American groups on acculturation and the four patterns of gender-role conflict. A canonical correlation analysis indicated one significant variate connecting acculturation with two patterns of issues of gender-role conflict: success, power, and competition and restrictive emotionality. Methodological limitations and research are mentioned.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2000

Perception of Jordanian male nursing students about caring for children in the pediatric units after graduation.

Jordan is one of the countries that witnessed a severe shortage in nursing and a rapid increase in the number of male nurses in the nursing workforce. Therefore, working in certain clinical settings resulted in failure to compensate for the severe shortage of nurses in other areas such as maternity and pediatrics. The scarcity of research in the area of male nurses, in general, and their perception in working in pediatric units, specifically, are the impetus of this qualitative study. The purpose of this study is to explore the opinions of male nursing students, regarding male nurses caring for children after graduation. The findings of this study were classified in to the following themes: communication issues, qualification and specialized care, social constraints, and characteristics of children's health care providers. The findings showed that gender and sociocultural issues might be the most important factors underlying all issues related to barriers to caring for children, as perceived by male nursing students. Strategies to promote and enhance the caring of children among male nursing students were emphasized and addressed at the administrative and educational levels.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The new antiepileptic drugs and women: efficacy, reproductive health, pregnancy, and fetal outcome.

As new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) become available, physicians will define their appropriate use in particular patient populations. For women, the issues include gender-specific efficacy and tolerability, including the impact of the AED on reproductive health. Women with epilepsy who are treated with established AEDs appear to be at risk for compromised bone health, for disturbances in fertility, menstrual cyclicity, ovulatory function, and sexuality and, with some AEDs, for failure of hormonal contraception. Finally, pregnancy outcome may be adversely affected by the established AEDs, all of which are human teratogens. Felbamate (FBM), gabapentin (GBP), lamotrigine (LTG), oxcarbazepine (OCBZ), tiagabine (TGB), topiramate (TPM), and vigabatrin (VGB) were reviewed. The preclinical development process had not addressed all the issues of concern to women. Although gender-specific efficacy is routinely evaluated, impact on reproductive health is not. FBM, GBP, LTG, TGB, TPM, and VGB have similar efficacy in women and men. It is not known whether the new AEDs will affect bone health, fertility, the menstrual cycle, and sexuality. FBM, GBP, LTG, TGB, and probably VGB do not interfere with hormonal contraception. Whether these new AEDs are good choices for the pregnant woman with epilepsy awaits further experience in human pregnancy. However, animal reproductive toxicology studies appear promising. The limited number of human pregnancy exposures do not, thus far, signal a significant number or particular type of adverse outcomes. However, only with improved postmarketing surveillance can essential information about teratogenic effects by acquired in an acceptably short time.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed2003

The integration of gender in medical research and education-obstacles and possibilities from a Nordic perspective.

Research on women's issues in medicine was developed in the Nordic countries from the beginning of the 1980s. The theoretical developments led to a change of concepts from women's health to gender research, within which the structurally organised relations between men and women are analysed. Over the last decades, gender research has slowly been established in medical faculties, as a result of a strong political commitment for increased research and integration of gender issues in the university curriculum in Sweden. The government has made substantial investments in order to stimulate gender research and education in different disciplines, with special focus on medicine. Academic medicine has responded to this development with different strategies, including resistance and redefining concepts. Gender research has slowly become integrated into both research and teaching within Nordic academic medicine, although the pathway has not been easy. Gender research has had political support but there is a risk of backlash. Medical students' reactions to gender education can be compared with academic medicine's reactions towards gender research. Obstacles and possibilities are described in relation to teaching gender in schools of medicine. Most important is to recognise the risks for increased gender stereotypes and increased essentialism among the students, unless gender is taught from a theoretical perspective.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Moral competence as a positive youth development construct: conceptual bases and implications for curriculum development.

Moral competence refers to the orientation to perform altruistic behavior and the ability to judge moral issues logically, consistently and at an advanced level of development. A brief review of the concepts of altruism and justice is presented. The gender and cultural issues are also discussed. The contents of moral competence program units include four major topics: (1) Fairness, (2) Proper conduct (mainly altruistic and prosocial orientation), (3) Responsibility and altruistic orientation, and (4) Integrity and fairness. The general goal is to help students to develop an altruistic orientation and a judgment structure of a high level of justice. This paper is part of the development of the positive youth development program in Hong Kong.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Environment, health, and gender in Latin America: trends and research issues.

Over the past several decades, Latin America underwent rapid urbanization, a demographic shift led by women. Women now make up almost half of the economically active population and the feminization of urban poverty is being reported as well. The majority of men and women now work in unregulated, unorganized "informal" and nontraditional industries and services lacking occupational and environmental regulations. There is a marked paucity of health studies examining possible hazardous exposures, especially where gender-based social etiologies are concerned. This is true even in concentrated industries such as manufacturing assembly plants and in potentially hazardous occupations in mining and nontraditional agricultural exports, for which data from other disciplines are available and raise serious concerns. The need to ensure enough jobs at sufficient levels of income to alleviate poverty will remain a major challenge at the turn of the century and the environmental health implications of doing so could be far-reaching. What data are available and, more strikingly, the paucity of published epidemiologic studies warrant deep concern and support calls for urgent, multidisciplinary research into the health effects of the combined, multiple assaults of hazardous industrial waste, inadequate water and sewage treatment, and occupational exposures. Given the complex and varied work roles of women, the information reviewed also points to the need to conduct such research in the region within a social-etiologic framework of gender analysis.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1994

Gender inequalities in health in the Third World: uncharted ground.

Gender differences in health in developing countries have, until recently, received little attention from researchers, health programmes and international development efforts. This paper highlights several issues related to gender and health in the Third World on which information, especially of an empirical nature, is inadequate. These include certain health conditions and diseases for which gender differences remain largely uncharted, gender inequalities in the development of health and contraceptive technology, the lack of gender-sensitivity in the provision of health services, and gender inequalities in health policies, focusing mainly on structural adjustment. Questions urgently requiring research are identified and suggestions are made for improving the gender sensitivity of health policies and interventions.

Contraception↗