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PubMed1996

Experimental component analysis of a behavioral HIV-AIDS prevention intervention for inner-city women.

A component analysis of a behavioral HIV risk reduction intervention was conducted among 87 women recruited from an inner-city community. Women were randomly assigned to an intervention consisting of (a) sexual communication skills training, (b) self-management skills training, (c) a combination of sexual communication and self-management skills, or (d) HIV education and risk sensitization. Results showed that all 4 intervention conditions increased AIDS knowledge and intentions to reduce risk behaviors. Communication skills training resulted in higher rates of risk reduction conversations and risk refusals. However, the combined skills training condition showed the lowest rates of unprotected sexual intercourse at the 3-month follow-up. This study is the first to experimentally control HIV risk reduction elements in an analysis of a skills-based HIV prevention intervention.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1999

Is care and support associated with preventive behaviour among people with HIV?

Care and support should play a critical role in assisting people who are HIV-positive to understand the need for prevention and to enable them to protect others. Differences in sexual risk reduction among 154 newly diagnosed HIV-positive individuals from semi-urban Tanzania were examined using a randomized control design, which assigned a control group to regular health services and an experimental group to enhanced care and support. Data were collected at baseline, three months and six months on self-reported sexual risk behaviours, disclosure of serostatus, reproductive health and psychosocial support. Over the six-month period, significant risk reduction occurred among both groups, with most of the behaviour change occurring during the first three months, e.g. 86 respondents (56%) reported condom use at last intercourse at 3 months compared with 24(16%) at baseline (p = 0.05). Extra care and support did not lead to increased risk reduction among the experimental group. The study population as a whole significantly changed their behaviour, suggesting that in the short term, learning one is HIV-positive has an impact on risk reduction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Selective follicular reduction following ovulation induction by exogenous gonadotrophins in polycystic ovarian disease. A new approach to treatment.

Seven patients with polycystic ovarian disease (PCO) and having polyfollicular development following ovulation induction by human menopausal gonadotrophin underwent selective follicular reduction by transvaginal ultrasound-guided aspiration of all follicles greater than or equal to 10 mm in diameter leaving two or three preovulatory mature follicles. Twenty-four and 48 h after injection of human chorionic gonadotrophin, the couples had intercourse. Five patients achieved pregnancy in 15 treatment cycles, four in their first cycle after 14 previous unsuccessful stimulation cycles. Four have delivered healthy children: three singletons and one set of twins. One patient spontaneously aborted twins in week 22 of pregnancy. No major complications were encountered. Selective follicular reduction seems to be a possible approach to the treatment of PCO patients having polyfollicular development following ovulation induction.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Is there any change in the prolactin levels of nurses in the morning after night shift?

Our purpose was to determine if blood samplings in the mornings after night shifts should be avoided for measuring the basal serum prolactin levels in women working at night and with regular menses; 20 nurses with regular menses, all working only at night shifts, were enrolled in this study. Serum prolactin levels of the subjects were determined twice, first in the morning after a typical night's sleep, with no intercourse within the previous 24 hours, second, in the morning after a typical night shift. All measurements of serum prolactin levels were performed in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Prolactin levels in the mornings after typical night's sleeps and in the mornings after typical night shifts were not significantly different. Prolactin level in the morning after a night shift of a woman with regular menses may represent basal prolactin level of that woman.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Differences in sexual risk-taking behavior with state of inebriation in an aboriginal population in Ontario, Canada.

OBJECTIVE: This article describes the self-reported use of substances, participation in unprotected intercourse and differences in sexual risk-taking behavior with state of inebriation among a group of aboriginal (First Nations) people in Ontario. And, in so doing, attempts to answer some of the questions about the association between the use of alcohol and sexual risk taking in this population. METHOD: The project was developed in a partnership between an aboriginal steering committee and university researchers. Data were collected via interview from 658 randomly selected status First Nations people living within 11 reserve communities in the province. RESULTS: Of the 426 individuals included in the within subject analysis 9.6% reported variation in their participation in sex, 13.8% variation in their participation in intercourse and 10.3% variation in their participation in unprotected intercourse with inebriation. An examination of individual behavior across "sober" and "drunk or high" states showed that there were almost equal proportions of respondents who only participated in unsafe sex when sober and respondents who only participated in unsafe sex when drunk or high. Where significant differences occurred, individuals were more likely to report a shift towards no sex or no intercourse with inebriation, not towards unprotected intercourse. CONCLUSIONS: Since a large proportion of individuals in this study engage in unprotected intercourse, the small proportion of individuals reporting different sexual behavior were more likely to report participation in a safe activity rather than an unsafe activity while "drunk or high." Stereotypes and assumptions may lead educators and researchers to feel the need to focus their messages on the relationship between drug and alcohol consumption and unsafe sex; however, the amount of unsafe sexual intercourse that occurs only while individuals are inebriated suggests that this focus is not of principal concern.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Gonad function and sexual activity in male renal transplant patients].

Gonad function and sexual activity were evaluated in 44 young male adults who received a kidney shortly before or during adolescence. All patients were growth-retarded (-2.2 SD). Volume of the testes was decreased less than 12 ml, i.e, less than 10th centile) in 47% of patients, whereas hormone levels (testosterone, FSH, LH, and prolactin) were within the normal range. Oligospermia or azoospermia was found in 10 of 11 tested patients. Testicular function and sperm count were negatively correlated with renal function. Age at first ejaculation was increased and 57% of patients had never had sexual intercourse, although all patients reported normal sexual drive and normal erections.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Kinsey revisited, Part I: Comparisons of the sexual socialization and sexual behavior of white women over 33 years.

This research compared data from two studies of women's sexual behavior--one conducted in the 1940s, the other in the 1980s. The first sample included 3952 white women, ages 18 to 36, drawn from the larger sample of women who participated in the original Kinsey study. The second comprised 122 white women, in the same age range, who had taken part in a recent study of sexual socialization and experiences among women in Los Angeles County, CA. Log-linear analyses were used to control for differences between the samples on age, education, and marital status. Comparisons were conducted in the areas of childhood family characteristics; sexual socialization and education; sexual behavior in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood; contraceptive practices; and child sexual abuse. Results tended to reflect changes that have taken place in society and in patterns of sexual behavior. Differences in sexual socialization pointed to the increased role of the media and the schools and to more relaxed attitudes about nudity in the home. Shifts in sexual behavior were particularly dramatic. As compared to women in the Kinsey sample, the newer subjects began intercourse earlier, were less likely to have a fiance or husband as their first partner, reported a higher number of sexual partners, and participated in a broader range of sexual behaviors. Contraceptive practices differed considerably, especially among never-married women. Women in the new study were also more likely to report instances of child sexual abuse. Methodological and social factors contributing to the findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Distribution of time of first birth in presence of social customs regulating physical separation and coital frequency.

The interval between marriage and the first birth in India, particularly in rural areas, is much longer than what is observed in western countries. In eastern Uttar Pradesh, the mean interval is observed to be even longer, possibly due to traditional customs such as the female partner's visits to her parents in the early years of marriage and the smaller chance of coition because of the observance of rigid intercourse taboos. Thus the models to explain the length of the interval of marriage to first birth proposed by Western demographers, which assume that the period of cohabitation between marriage and first birth is uninterrupted, often do not describe the data satisfactorily when applied to rural India. In this paper a model to describe data on first birth interval is proposed that takes account of the distributions of timing and periods of physical separation and variation in fecundity with effective marriage duration.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Declining prevalence of chlamydial infection among adolescent girls.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Chlamydial control programs that identify and treat infected persons have been used as a means of reducing prevalence and morbidity. The overall objective of the current study was to examine the prevalence of chlamydial infection during the course of such a program. GOALS: To determine whether a reduction in isolation rates was evident among adolescent girls during the 8.75 years that the control program has been in place. STUDY DESIGN: The study population consisted of all 4,329 sexually active girls between the ages of 13 and 19 attending the four adolescent health clinics in Indianapolis, Indiana, during the period beginning October 1, 1985, and ending June 30, 1994. All girls were cultured for Chlamydia trachomatis, and behavioral data were collected for those attending the clinics before 1989. The trend in quarterly isolation rates was examined using linear regression analysis. RESULTS: Results showed that there was a significant decrease (P = 0.0001), from 25.9% to 9.7%, in the first-visit chlamydial isolation rate over the study period. Behavioral data showed decreases in the frequency of sexual intercourse and in lifetime years of sexual activity, as well as an increase in condom use. CONCLUSIONS: The quarterly isolation rates showed that there has been a 63% decline in chlamydial infection among adolescent girls attending the clinics for the first time.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Renal colic during sexual intercourse: a unique presentation.

The average lifetime risk of renal stones has been reported to be in the range of 5-21%, and the majority of patients have recurrent stones (Tiselius et al. in Eur Urol 40:362-371, 2001). The peak incidence is between the fourth and fifth decades, and therefore generally active and working adults are most affected. Stones are usually formed in a calyx, and become symptomatic if they move to obstruct the upper urinary tract. In the majority of cases, there is no specific action which causes stone movement from a non-obstructing to an obstructing position. We present the first ever case report in the literature of an episode of renal colic during sexual intercourse. The role of percussion therapy and postural drainage are well established following shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) to enhance passage of lower pole stone fragments (Brownlee et al. in J Urol 143:1096, 1990), and it may well be the result of similar principles of motion and body positioning which caused the patient to present in this manner.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Relationships among sexual behavior, hot flashes, and hormone levels in perimenopausal women.

Forty-three perimenopausal women kept daily records of menstrual cycles and sexual activity. Data on hot flashes and plasma estradiol and testosterone levels were obtained at two points during the menopausal transition. The prospective data yielded a significant negative association between hot flash ratings and regularity of sexual intercourse at both time points. A significant negative correlation was found between estradiol (in the early part of the cycle) and hot flashes ratings at the first data point only, and positive correlations were found between hot flashes and ratio of testosterone to estradiol (T/E) at both. Frequency of sexual intercourse and level of plasma estradiol were higher, and T/E and hot flash ratings were lower in "early" perimenopausal women who were still having cycles at least once every 30 days, as compared with "late" perimenopausal women who were cycling less often. It was concluded that a close association exists between increasing irregularity of menstrual cycles, hot flashes, declining estradiol levels, and declining frequency of intercourse during the perimenopause. Causal relationships remain to be established.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Emergency contraception (post-coital Contraception).

Emergency Contraception is a post-coital contraceptive for women who have had unprotected intercourse or have reason to believe that their contraceptive method has failed. The article focuses mainly on Emergency Contraceptive Pills (ECPs) because they are the most frequently used form of post-coital contraception. In 1997 the FDA approved the "off-label" use of high dose of oral contraceptives for use as post-coital contraception. Since then, they have been approved for repackaging and marketed solely for use as post-coital emergency contraception. The first dose of ECPs must be administered within 72 hours of the act of unprotected intercourse. The second dose is taken 12 hours later. ECPs are believed to work in one of three ways depending on where the woman is in her menstrual cycle when she seeks treatment. It can delay or prevent ovulation, impair formation of the corpus luteum, or cause histological or biochemical changes within the endometrium, thus preventing implantation. Their effectiveness is approximately 75%, being most effective when administered as quickly as possible after the act of unprotected intercourse. The pills can cause nausea and vomiting, so the pre-administration of an anti-emetic may help alleviate these symptoms. A major issue concerning the ECPs is the lack of knowledge and availability. Very few health-care providers discuss ECPs with their patients. Most people cited the media as the primary source of information. The 72-hour window in which the ECPs must be administered makes it important for women to have easy access to these post-coital contraceptives. However, women who seek treatment will often find that their health-care provider will require a physical exam and/or a pregnancy test before writing a prescription. Yet, studies show that ECPs do not affect an implanted fetus, and there are no emergency contraceptive protocols that require pregnancy tests or physical exams prior to treatment. The AMA is encouraging physicians to better educate their patients about emergency contraceptives. Several health-care organizations are encouraging providers to supply women with an advance prescription for ECPs so that they will have immediate access to them, especially since most acts of unprotected intercourse occur at night or on weekends, when most clinics are closed. There is a possibility that ECPs might be available over-the-counter for women to have better access to the emergency contraceptive pills.

Consumer Product Safety↗
PubMed2006

Early sildenafil dose optimization and personalized instruction improves the frequency, flexibility, and success of sexual intercourse in men with erectile dysfunction.

We investigated the effect of early sildenafil dose optimization and personalized instructions on sexual intercourse success in 1109 men beginning sildenafil therapy for erectile dysfunction. In phase 1 (4 weeks), patients followed the instructions contained in the sildenafil (50 mg) sample pack and had 1.4 sexual intercourse attempts per week with 82% success. Patients (17%) had a second intercourse attempt (80% successful): 58% occurred within 4 h, 20% within 5-8 h, and 22% within 9-24 h of the first attempt. In phase 2 (4 weeks), sildenafil was adjusted as needed (53% to 100 mg, and 2% to 25 mg), and investigators provided personalized instructions to facilitate patient success. Sexual intercourse attempts increased to 1.7 per week, with 91% success, and 18% were followed by a second attempt, of which 91% were successful. Most patients requested the 100-mg dose, which helped improve sexual intercourse frequency, flexibility and success.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Depressive disorders and unprotected casual anal sex among Australian homosexually active men in primary care.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between depressive disorders and unprotected anal intercourse with casual partners, among homosexually active men attending for primary care. METHODS: The first 460 homosexually active men enrolling in an Australian integrated primary care programme were screened for current depressive disorders using the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (PRIME-MD) and completed questionnaires on their sexual behaviour in the prior 6 months. One hundred and sixty-two (35%) were HIV positive, 283 (62%) were HIV negative and 15 (3%) were untested. RESULTS: The prevalence of major depressive episode (MDE), as measured by the PRIME-MD, on enrollment was 28% (129/460), while the prevalence of dysthymic disorder (DD) was 26% (121/460). These include 84 men (18%) who met the criteria for both disorders ('double depression'). Neither disorder was associated with HIV status. Men with MDE were less likely to have been sexually active than the remainder of the cohort (90/129 [70%] vs. 291/331 [88%]; OR: 0.32 [95% CI: 0.19-0.52]; P<0.0001). Men with DD alone, however, were significantly more likely than men with neither disorder to report having had unprotected anal intercourse with a casual partner (11/38 [29%] vs. 43/292 [15%]; OR: 2.36 [95%CI: 1.09-5.10]; P=0.035). CONCLUSIONS: Depressive disorders were highly prevalent in this cohort and independent of HIV status. MDE was associated with reduced sexual activity. Among men without MDE, the presence of DD was independently associated with an increased likelihood of reporting unsafe anal sex with a casual partner in the prior 6 months.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Kinsey revisited, Part II: Comparisons of the sexual socialization and sexual behavior of black women over 33 years.

Kinsey's findings regarding the sexual behavior of black women were compared with data from a more recent study of sexual socialization and experiences among women in Los Angeles County, Ca. The study examined responses from two groups of college-educated black women, ages 18 to 36, 196 women from the original Kinsey sample and 64 women from the new sample. Log-linear analyses were used to control for differences between the samples on age and marital status. Comparisons were conducted in the areas of childhood family characteristics; sexual socialization and education; sexual behavior in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood; contraceptive practices; and child sexual abuse. Results reflected changes that have taken place in society and in patterns of sexual behavior. Differences in sexual socialization pointed to the increased role of the media and the schools and to more relaxed attitudes about nudity in the home. Shifts in sexual behavior were particularly dramatic. As compared to women in the Kinsey sample, newer subjects began intercourse earlier, were less likely to have a fiance or husband as their first partner, reported a higher number of sexual partners, and participated in a broader range of sexual behaviors. Contraceptive practices differed considerably, especially among never-married women. Women in this study were slightly more likely to report instances of child sexual abuse. Methodological and social factors contributing to the findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Preimplantation hormonal differences between the conception and non-conception menstrual cycles of 32 normal women.

We compared daily urinary concentrations of oestrogen and progesterone metabolites in paired menstrual cycles (conception and non-conception) from 32 women. Volunteers with no known fertility problems were enrolled in the study at the time they began trying to become pregnant. They collected first-morning urine specimens and kept daily records of menstrual bleeding and sexual intercourse for 6 months or until they became clinically pregnant. Intercourse in non-conception cycles was close to the time of ovulation so that failure to conceive was caused by factors other than poorly timed intercourse. Compared with non-conception cycles, conception cycles had a steeper early luteal rise in progesterone and higher mid-luteal oestrogen and progesterone concentrations. These hormonal characteristics may be markers of better quality cycles, but because all these differences were in the luteal phase, we cannot rule out the possibility that the preimplantation embryo had stimulated early increases in steroid production. We propose an analysis strategy that could help support or refute the importance of preimplantation embryonic signalling, but our small sample size limits our own conclusions about this mechanism.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Recurrency in transient global amnesia: a retrospective study.

Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a well-defined clinical syndrome of unknown etiology, which often occurs once in life. Several mechanisms have been proposed but only trigger events have been clearly associated with the attack such as physical exertion, emotional stress, sexual intercourse or immersion in cold water. According to our knowledge, this is the first study, which associates trigger events and TGA recurrency. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the risk factors which contribute to TGA recurrency. TGA patients consecutively admitted, performed clinical and neurological evaluation, electroencephalogram and structural brain imaging scan. TGA-trigger events were evaluated and comorbidities were carefully recorded. The risk factor sum was calculated as the sum of the considered triggers. Eighty-five TGA patients were grouped according to the presence of single TGA (n = 73) or two episodes of TGA (n = 12). The 14.11% of patients experienced two episodes. A logistic regression analysis showed that the more increased number of TGA the more number of trigger events (P < 0.11; chi2 = 6.38; beta = -3.29). These observations claim that TGA may be considered a complex epiphenomenon, and the sum of the trigger factors can be responsible for recurring of this almost unique-in-life event.

Aged↗