Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “FUNGUS DISEASE”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,135 records · Page 63Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Functional and comparative bioinformatic analysis of expressed genes from wheat spikes infected with Fusarium graminearum.

Fusarium head blight, caused by the fungus Fusarium graminearum, is a major disease on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were used to identify genes expressed during the wheat-F. graminearum interaction. We generated 4,838 ESTs from a cDNA library prepared from spikes of the partially resistant cultivar Sumai 3 infected with F. graminearum. These ESTs were composed of 2,831 singlet (single-copy transcripts) and 715 contigs (multiple-copy transcripts) for a total of 3,546 non-redundant sequences. Four sets of nonredundant sequences were identified. One set contains numerous, common biotic and abiotic stress-related genes. Many of these stress-related genes were represented by multiple ESTs, indicating that they are abundantly expressed. A second set comprised 16 nonredundant sequences from F. graminearum that may be required for pathogenicity. A subset of these fungal genes encodes proteins associated with plant cell wall degradation. A third set of 326 nonredundant sequences had no DNA or amino acid sequence similarity to almost 1 million plant and over 7 million animal sequences in dbEST (as of 22 June 2001). Thus, these 326 nonredundant sequences have only been found in our F. graminearum-infected 'Sumai 3' cDNA library. A fourth set of 29 nonredundant sequences was found in our F. graminearum-infected wheat and another plant-pathogen interaction cDNA library. Some of these sequences encode proteins that may act in establishing various plant-fungal interactions.

Cell Wall↗
PubMed2003

Allergic fungal sinusitis: diagnosis and treatment.

Since allergic fungal sinusitis was initially described by Millar in 1981, many have tried to define and explain the disorder. It has been labeled as the sinonasal equivalent of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis; however, allergic fungal sinusitis cannot be categorized so easily. According to the literature at this time, there are five major criteria and six associated characteristics or minor criteria of patients with allergic fungal sinusitis. In reality, patients may not develop all five major criteria or have any of the associated criteria for years. Allergic fungal sinusitis is not only difficult to diagnose, but it is one of the most complicated conditions rhinologists must manage. Endoscopic sinus surgery must be used in conjunction with long-term medical therapy, oral and nasal corticosteroids, immunotherapy, antifungal therapy, and antimicrobial agents to effectively control the problem. Allergic fungal sinusitis is most likely the endpoint in a spectrum of sinonasal disease, driven by the presence of fungus and eosinophils with their inflammatory mediators. The affected nasal mucosa no longer functions properly, and a cycle of chronic edema, stasis, and bacterial superinfection results. Therapy entails disrupting the inflammatory process to allow normal mucosal function to resume.

Humans↗
PubMed1994

Acquired Resistance in Barley (The Resistance Mechanism Induced by 2,6-Dichloroisonicotinic Acid Is a Phenocopy of a Genetically Based Mechanism Governing Race-Specific Powdery Mildew Resistance).

Treatment of susceptible barley (Hordeum vulgare) seedlings with 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (DCINA) induces disease resistance against the powdery mildew fungus (Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei). A cytological analysis of the interaction reveals the hypersensitive cell collapse in attacked, short epidermal cells, along with the accumulation of fluorescent material in papillae, that appear at the time of fungal arrest. The cell-type-specific hypersensitive reaction occurs prior to formation of haustoria, reminiscent of the mechanism identified in genetically resistant barley plants containing the functionally active Mlg gene (R. Gorg, K. Hollricher, P. Schulze-Lefert [1993] Plant J 3: 857-866). This observation indicates that the mechanism of DCINA-induced resistance is a phenocopy of the mechanism governed by the Mlg locus. The onset of acquired resistance correlates with high-level transcript accumulation of barley defense-related genes encoding pathogenesis-related protein-1, peroxidase, and chitinase but not [beta]-1,3-glucanase. Subcellular localization of peroxidase activity shows an increase in enzyme activity in the epidermal cell layer and in the intercellular fluids of barley leaves. Four out of more than 10 identified extracellular isozymes are induced by DCINA. The epidermal cell layer contains a major constitutively formed isozyme, together with two isozymes specifically induced by DCINA. The data support the hypothesis that host cell death and high-level accumulation of defense-related gene transcripts are not only commonly controlled in certain types of race-specific resistance (A. Freialdenhoven, B. Scherag, K. Hollricher, D.B. Collinge, H. Thordal-Christensen, P. Schulze-Lefert [1994] Plant Cell 6: 983-994) but also in acquired resistance, which confers protection to a broad spectrum of different pathogens.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

An alpha-(1,4)-amylase is essential for alpha-(1,3)-glucan production and virulence in Histoplasma capsulatum.

Histoplasma capsulatum is a dimorphic fungus that causes respiratory and systemic disease and is capable of surviving and replicating within macrophages. The virulence of Histoplasma has been linked to cell wall alpha-(1,3)-glucan; however, the role of this polysaccharide during infection, its organization within the cell wall, and its synthesis and regulation remain poorly understood. To identify genes involved in the biosynthesis of alpha-(1,3)-glucan, we employed a forward genetics strategy to isolate physically marked mutants with reduced alpha-(1,3)-glucan. Insertional mutants were generated in a virulent strain of H. capsulatum by optimization of Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Approximately 90% of these mutants possessed single insertions with no chromosomal rearrangements or deletions in the host genome. To confirm the role and specificity of identified candidate genes, we phenocopied the disrupted locus by either RNA interference or targeted gene deletion. Our findings indicate alpha-(1,3)-glucan production requires the function of the AMY1 gene product, a novel protein with homology to the alpha-amylase family of glycosyl hydrolases, and UGP1, a UTP-glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase which synthesizes UDP-glucose monomers. Loss of AMY1 function attenuated the ability of Histoplasma to kill macrophages and to colonize murine lungs.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens↗
PubMed2001

Expression of exo-polygalacturonases in Botrytis cinerea.

The pathogenic fungus, Botrytis cinerea, causing gray mold disease in a variety of plant species, secretes at least four polygalacturonases (PGs), cell wall degrading enzymes. Among them, we prepared polyclonal antibody against purified 66-kDa exo-PG in rabbit. Immunoblot analysis revealed that the antibody recognized two exo-PGs, 66 kDa and 70 kDa in molecular mass, secreted from B. cinerea cultured in the medium containing citrus pectin as a carbon source. By immunohistochemical analysis, the expression of exo-PGs was identified in cucumber leaves inoculated with spores of B. cinerea. The exo-PGs were observed 9 h after inoculation, and the amount of exo-PGs increased with time in the leaves. The exo-PGs were induced by polygalacturonic acid as well as its monomer, galacturonic acid, in vitro. The expression of 66-kDa exo-PG (exo-PG I) increased with time of culture, while 70-kDa exo-PG (exo-PG II) was transiently expressed soon after the start of culture. Therefore, exo-PGs might play an important role in pathogenesis at an early stage of infection as well as in tissue maceration of host plant.

Botrytis↗
PubMed2007

Characterization of the BLR1 gene encoding a putative blue-light regulator in the phytopathogenic fungus Bipolaris oryzae.

Bipolaris oryzae is a filamentous ascomycetous fungus that causes brown leaf spot disease in rice. We isolated and characterized BLR1, a gene that encodes a putative blue-light regulator similar to Neurospora crassa white-collar 1 (WC-1). The deduced amino acid sequence of BLR1 showed high degrees of similarity to other fungal blue-light regulator protein. Disruption of the BLR1 gene demonstrated that this gene is essential for conidial development after conidiophore formation and for near-UV radiation-enhanced photolyase gene expression.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1991

Genetic analysis of the antifungal activity of a soilborne Pseudomonas aureofaciens strain.

Pseudomonas aureofaciens Q2-87 produces the antibiotic 2,4-diacetophloroglucinol (Phl), which inhibits Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici and other fungi in vitro. Strain Q2-87 also provides biological control of take-all, a root disease of wheat caused by this fungus. To assess the role of Phl in the antifungal activity of strain Q2-87, a genetic analysis of antibiotic production was conducted. Two mutants of Q2-87 with altered antifungal activity were isolated by site-directed mutagenesis with Tn5. One mutant, Q2-87::Tn5-1, did not inhibit G. graminis var. tritici in vitro and did not produce Phl. Two cosmids were isolated from a genomic library of the wild-type strain by probing with the mutant genomic fragment. Antifungal activity and Phl production were coordinately restored in Q2-87::Tn5-1 by complementation with either cosmid. Mobilization of one of these cosmids into two heterologous Pseudomonas strains conferred the ability to synthesize Phl and increased their activity against G. graminis var. tritici, Pythium ultimum, and Rhizoctonia solani in vitro. Subcloning and deletion analysis of these cosmids identified a 4.8-kb region which was necessary for Phl synthesis and antifungal activity.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed2006

Chitinase production during interaction of Trichoderma aggressivum and Agaricus bisporus.

The competitor fungus Trichoderma aggressivum causes green mould disease, a potentially devastating problem of the commercial mushroom Agaricus bisporus. Due to the recent appearance of this problem, very little is known about the mechanisms by which T. aggressivum interacts with and inhibits A. bisporus. A mechanism generally used by Trichoderma species in the antagonism of other fungi is the secretion of cell wall degrading enzymes. In this study, we determined the activities of chitinases produced in dual cultures of these fungi over a 2 week period. Both intracellular and extracellular enzymes were studied. Agaricus bisporus produced N-acetylglucosaminidases with apparent molecular masses of 111, 105, and 96 kDa. Two resistant brown strains produced greater activities of the 96 kDa N-acetylglucosaminidase than susceptible off-white and white strains. This result suggested that this enzyme might have a role in the resistance of commercial brown strains to green mould disease. Trichoderma aggressivum produced three N-acetylglucosaminidases with apparent molecular masses of 131, 125, and 122 kDa, a 40 kDa chitobiosidase, and a 36 kDa endochitinase. The 122 kDa N-acetylglucosaminidase showed the greatest activity and may be an important predictor of antifungal activity.

Agaricus↗
PubMed2025

Kinome analysis of Madurella mycetomatis identified kinases in the cell wall integrity pathway as novel potential therapeutic drug targets in eumycetoma caused by Madurella mycetomatis.

Eumycetoma is a neglected tropical subcutaneous disease most commonly caused by the fungus Madurella mycetomatis. Currently, eumycetoma is treated by a combination of antifungal therapy and surgery, with limited success rates. To identify novel drug targets we used an in silico approach to determine the kinases present in M. mycetomatis genome and rank them as potential drug targets. In total 132 predicted kinases were identified in M. mycetomatis, of which 21 were predicted to be essential for fungal viability and 4 of these had no human orthologues. Two were linked to the Cell Wall Integrity (CWI) signalling pathway and were expressed in a Galleria mellonella infection model. Several kinase inhibitors were identified after in silico modelling, however only 8 were able to inhibit growth. Five had predicted binding affinity with components of the CWI. Altogether, the CWI shows potential as a drug target for further evaluation.

Madurella↗
PubMed2006

Dectin-1 and TLRs permit macrophages to distinguish between different Aspergillus fumigatus cellular states.

Aspergillus fumigatus is a common cause of invasive and allergic pulmonary disease. Resting conidia of the filamentous fungus are constantly inhaled, but cause infection only after initiating hyphal growth. In this study, we have explored whether macrophages can distinguish between resting spores and the maturing, potentially invasive form of the fungus. Although macrophages bind and ingest A. fumigatus resting conidia efficiently, there is little inflammatory response; NF-kappabeta is not activated, inflammatory cytokines are not induced, and reactive oxygen species are not produced. However, maturing A. fumigatus conidia and germ tubes stimulate NF-kappabeta, secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and production of reactive oxygen by human monocyte-derived macrophages and murine macrophages from multiple anatomical sites. These responses are in part mediated by dectin-1, which binds cell wall beta-glucan that is not present on the surface of dormant conidia, but is present after cellular swelling and loss of the hydrophobic proteinaceous cell wall. Dectin-1 binding to germ tubes augments, but is not required for, TLR2-mediated inflammatory cytokine secretion. Dectin-1 recognition of germ tubes also stimulates TNF-alpha production in the absence of both TLR2 and MyD88 signaling. These data demonstrate one mechanism by which the pulmonary inflammatory response is tailored toward metabolically active cells, thereby avoiding unnecessary tissue damage with frequent inhalation of ubiquitous spores.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Diagnosis, treatment, and temporary remission of disseminated paecilomycosis in a vizsla.

A case of disseminated paecilomycosis in a three-year-old vizsla is described. Clinical signs of lethargy, weight loss, lymphadenopathy, diarrhea, and vestibulocochlear deficits were exhibited. Dense colonization of bone marrow by the fungus was found early in the disease course. Serial culture of bone-marrow aspirates and in vitro sensitivity testing helped monitor disease progression and guide antifungal therapy. Clinical and laboratory parameters demonstrated marked improvement for a period of 12 weeks. Multisystemic disease with central nervous system involvement was found at necropsy.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

The use of neutron radiography in agriculture to improve the food quality.

The report presented in the 7th ONU's Conference (USA, 2001) about climatic changes that took place at the end of 2001 informs that, in less than 50 years, more than 45% of the world population will be suffering from lack of water. This fact occurs by the absence of management on water resources, mainly, in agriculture. As the excess as the lack of humidity in soil can change the harvest quality, causing physiologic anomalies in food and promoting soil diseases incidence caused by bacteria and fungus. In order to establish a larger control in the food quality, a study has been performed, through the neutron radiographic technique, that proposes the optimization of agricultural harvests in relation to the minimum quantity of water necessary for the plant to develop and, also, of the soil compactness. Thus, neutron radiographic images of the system root-soil can be produced so that each root will be evaluated for its ability to penetrate in the soil layers, having the advantage of not interfering in this system what it is not possible through the usual techniques yet. The initial tests using bean roots showed that the soil thickness, which involved the roots, resulted in low contrast images, what impeded their visualization with enough clearness so that their grow could not be observed. For this reason, it was opted to the gadolinium as a contrast agent so that we have been studying its transport through the roots.

Agriculture↗