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At least 1,135 records · Page 63Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Plasma free fatty acid profile in male and female domestic fowl at rest and after exercise.

The concentration and profile of the plasma free fatty acid (FFA) pool was determined in three male and three female domestic fowl before and after a 70 min treadmill run. The fatty acid profile of total food lipids was also determined. At rest, palmitic, stearic oleic, and linoleic acids were the main individual fatty acids in the plasma FFA pool and together constituted 50 to 60% of the total. Shorter chain fatty acids (C10 to C15) made up 24 to 38% of the total. In food lipids C16 and C18 fatty acids constituted more than 95% of total fatty acids, therefore food was not a significant direct source of short chain (less than C16) fatty acids. After exercise, there was an 8 to 10 fold increase in plasma FFA concentration. The proportion of lower chain (less than C16) FFA decreased and the proportion of C16 and C18 FFA, in particular oleic acid, increased. At the end of exercise the profile of the plasma FFA pool was similar to that of the adipose tissue triglyceride. Release of fatty acids from adipose tissue may be a major influence on exercise-induced changes in the plasma FFA profile.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Correlation of estimated and actual northern fowl mite populations with the evolution of specific antibody to a low molecular weight polypeptide in the sera of infested hens.

In order to demonstrate the population dynamics of the northern fowl mite (NFM), Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago), and to characterize the chicken's immune response to the mites, White Leghorn hens were infested with mites. Visual estimates revealed populations peaked on Wk 5, 4, and 3 after being infested with 10, 50, or about 2,000 mites, respectively. Individual feathers pulled from the vent area of hens 4 wk (28 days) after the hens were infested with either 10 or 50 mites had means of 7,513 and 7,009 mites, respectively. Estimated mean total populations of NFM on these same hens were 182,000 and 258,000, respectively. In two replications, actual counts of viable NFM following infestation with 50 mites increased ca. 10-fold by the 2nd wk after infestations were established in the feathers and then another two-fold during the 3rd wk. Populations in the 4th wk were about one-third of levels observed during the 3rd wk and continued to decline rapidly. Western blot analyses demonstrated the appearance of a mite-specific antibody in sera of White Leghorn hens that was approximately proportional in time of appearance and intensity to estimated NFM populations. Detection of mite-specific antibodies in the hens' sera continued through 12 wk of the study even though mite populations declined after 3 to 6 wk. The rapid increase and then decline of NFM following infestation in previously uninfested chickens and the fact that the immune response persisted strongly suggests that the population decline was due to an immune response. Therefore control of the mite population by a vaccine may be possible.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Development of precipitating antibody in chickens experimentally infested with northern fowl mite, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Acari: Macronyssidae).

In order to examine the immune response of chickens to different population levels of mites, a microscopic slide modification of the Ouchterlony double-gel diffusion technique was adopted for examination of circulating antibody against the extract of northern fowl mite, Ornithonyssus sylviarum. Precipitating antibodies were detected in all the chickens infested with the mite. One to three clearly defined precipitation lines appeared in almost all the serum samples of infested birds. Titers of antibody correlated with population levels of the mite on chickens, and no differences in antibody development of hens and roosters were distinguished. These results suggest that the titration of precipitating antibodies appears to be useful for the assessment of mite population levels on chickens.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Mechanoreceptors in the crop of the domestic fowl.

Electrophysiological "single fiber" experiments were conducted on the vagal nerves of the domestic fowl to confirm the presence of mechanoreceptors in the crop and to study their properties. The afferent activity of the left vagus nerve was recorded in nine anaesthetized laying hens with and without the crop being artificially distended. Twenty-two units were found to respond to the crop inflation, 18 of them being slowly adapting mechanoreceptors. The discharge rate of these slowly adapting units increased as the pressure inside the crop was raised. Twelve units were localized and the responses of three units to different doses of acetylcholine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine were obtained. Mechanoreceptor discharges were enhanced when the crop was distended and during drug-induced contractions of its smooth muscle, suggesting an "in series" location within the muscle layers. Such receptors may provide the afferent limb of a reflex regulating crop motility and may be involved in the regulation of feed intake.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1995

Fertility rate of daily collected and cryopreserved fowl semen.

Semen was collected for 4 consecutive d individually from experimental broiler breeder males that had not been massaged for 7 d. The semen was mixed and diluted with the Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) as cryoprotectant and cryopreserved. After thawing of the semen, hens were inseminated and fertility over 1 wk after a single insemination with the cryopreserved semen was determined. The overall fertility rate in this experiment (83 to 93%) was high, compared with the generally reported fertility rate of frozen-thawed fowl semen. The fertility rate of the semen collected on Days 3 and 4 was significantly higher than that of semen collected on Day 1 or 2, indicating that frequent collection over the 4-d period enhances the fertility rate of the semen.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Inheritance of carcass variables when giant jungle fowl and broilers achieve a common physiological body weight.

Ten chicks each from Giant Jungle Fowl (JF), broiler breeders (BB), and the respective F1 cross between them, were reared under typical broiler management practices until they reached a market weight of approximately 1,818 g. When individual birds reached market weight they were killed by CO2 asphyxiation and variables (length and weight) associated with organ, muscle, and skeletal growth were measured. Age to market weight demonstrated parental and heterotic effects. The JF had more deboned leg muscle and less Pectoralis major muscle than BB. Abdominal fat was higher in BB and showed positive heterosis. Organ weights were consistently lower for JF than BB. Positive heterosis was observed for spleen and pancreas, and negative heterosis was indicated for heart, liver, and lung. The digestive tract generally weighed less and was shorter in length for JF than for BB. Positive heterosis was observed for proventriculus and gizzard weight, and negative heterosis was noted for duodenum and jejunum lengths. Parental line differences were observed for most bone variables, including weight and length. Parental lines differed for femur breaking strength, but not for tibiotarsus breaking strength. A large negative heterotic effect was observed for tibiotarsus bone breaking strength.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1996

Processing temperature and moisture content effects on the texture and microscopic appearance of cooked fowl meat gels.

New aseptic processes are being used and refined to produce convenient, shelf stable liquid products containing meat particles. These processes utilize high temperature, short time thermal treatments to minimize food quality change; however, little research has been conducted on the effects of this process on the texture of meat from mature hens traditionally used for canning. The objective of this study was to examine textural and structural changes in meat structure due to different high temperature (HT) heat treatments and meat moisture contents were examined by use of electron microscopy and torsion analyses. Cooked gels of different moisture contents (71.2 to 74.8%) were formulated from spent fowl breast meat and exposed to processing temperatures of 120 or 124 C. The HT processing resulted in stronger (tougher) meat gels that were more deformable (more chewy) than gels that were not processed by HT. Water added prior to cooking was not retained in samples that were cooked and then processed at 124 C, but was retained in the samples processed at 120 C. Electron micrographs showed a more organized and open gel structure in the samples with higher moisture content and lower temperature (120 C) processing compared to the lower moisture and higher (124 C) temperature treatments.

Animals↗
PubMed1970

An outbreak of fowl cholera in waterfowl on the Chesapeake Bay.

An outbreak of fowl cholera (Pasteurella multocida infection) occurred in waterfowl wintering on the Chesapeake Bay during February to March 1970. Losses were primarily confined to sea ducks: oldsquaws (Clangula hyemalis), white-winged scoters (Melanitta deglandi), goldeneyes (Bucephala clangula), and buffleheads (Bucephala albeola).

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Actinobacilli in domestic fowl.

Reports on haemolytic rods from salpingitis in hens and from organs of died chicks may be found since the year 1950 (Kjos-Hanssen). Correct systematic classification on these microorganisms is still lacked because not all relations to the nearest pasteurellae were known as well as the clear differences in the Pasteurella-Actinobacillus group. The authors have isolated 34 suspected strains from 14 localities; 25 strains were from salpingitis or internal organs of died fowl inclusively chicks, and 9 strains from choanas of pullets clinically healthy. Bacteriological, serological, chemical and biological tests gave the results as follows: 1) All strains exhibit fundamental properties of Pasteurella-Actinobacillus group, and moreover, they show ability to grow on MacConkey agar with crystal violet (BioQuest) being a significant feature of the genus Actinobaccillus (Mráz, 1975). 2) From the nearest species Actinobacillus haemolyticus (Newsom and Cross, 1932) Mráz, 1969, they differ with expressive haemolysis on agar with sheep blood, single haemolytic zone on agar with lamb blood according to Smith (1962), structure of somatic antigen, with natural hosts (gallinaceous birds) and pathogenicity for 5-day-old chicks. The GC content in DNA was determined in the range 39,6-42,9% (mean value 41,5%). 3) The first who presumed an independent state of these microorganisms, was Kohlert (1968), from the work of which the epithet for correct name, i.e. Actinobacillus salpingitidis (Kohlert, 1968) comb. nov., was accepted.

Actinobacillus↗
PubMed1976

[Effect of noise on the physiological functions in fowl. 1. Effect of primary strong noise on the 11-OHKS level in broilers and leghorns].

The effects of first noises on broilers and white leghorns were tested by plasma levels on 11-hydroxycorticosteroid (11-OHKS). The noises were 100 dB, 60 to 8,00 Hz, and applied 30 minutss to one group of broilers, aged 14, 28, and 56 days, and to another group of broilers and white leghorns in adult age. The reactions were compared. Acoustic stimulation was followed by temporary activation of the hypothalamic pituitary-suprarenal system. The rise of the plasma glucocorticosteroid level in leghorns was three times as high as that in adult broilers, which was interpreted as a reflection of stronger organic stress. Reactions differed in intensity, depending on age as well. Plasma-11-OHKS levels went up by 32 per cent maximum in broilers aged 56 days or by 73 per cent in animals aged 14 days or 120 per cent in those aged 28 days. The above results seemed to support the conclusion that noises of the above quantity and quality represented stress on fowl.

11-Hydroxycorticosteroids↗
PubMed1976

The functional anatomy of the bronchial circulation of the domestic fowl.

The bronchial circulation was studied in 25 adult domestic fowls. The right and left bronchial arteries originated caudal to the syrinx from a bronchoesophageal artery which is a branch of the right common carotid artery. Each bronchial artery ramified on the wall of the extrapulmonary part of the corresponding primary bronchus and finally anastomosed directly with a branch of the pulmonary artery at the hilus of the lung. Thr bronchial artery did not accompany the intrapulmonary part of the primary bronchus. The branches of each bronchial artery formed an anastomosing network on the wall of the extrapulmonary part of the primary bronchus. The calibre of the bronchial artery at its anastomosis with the branch of the pulmonary artery was greater than at its origin from the bronchoesophageal artery. Intravenous injections of Lycopodium spores indicated that the blood flows from the pulmonary artery into the bronchial artery. Small bronchial veins drained the extrapulmonary part of the primary bronchus into the pulmonary vein and the oesophageal veins. The intrapulmonary part of the primary bronchus was supplied by branches of the pulmonary artery and drained by tributaries of the pulmonary vein. The blood supply to the primary bronchus could constitute a shunt capable of passing blood from the pulmonary artery into the pulmonary vein without going through the exchange tissue. The parabronchial (atrial) muscles received a blood supply directly from the exchange tissue via septal venules which formed a network underneath the muscle bundles, without actually penetrating between the muscle cells. These venules drained into atrial veins which were tributaries of the pulmonary vein. The atrial muscles probably also received oxygen by direct diffusion from the parabronchial lumen. The pleura was supplied by the oesophageal branches of the bronchoesophageal artery, and by small twigs from the internal thoracic and intercostal arteries.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Detection of fowl mites inside two hospital rooms.

Many mites were found on bookshelves near the windows in 2 rooms of the Department of Pediatrics on the 4th floor in the Tokai University Hospital. Fortunately, nobody reported being bitten by, or experiencing itching due to, the mites. The arthropods were tentatively identified as adults of the northern fowl mite, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini et Frazago, 1877), commonly called "Torisashi-dani" in Japanese. It appears the mites came from an empty wagtail nest which was outside the windows. Since migrating birds like the wagtail may carry O. sylviarum and other pests and pathogens, and their possible transfer to domestic birds, more attention should be paid to the danger posed by bird mites.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Protection of turkeys from hemorrhagic enteritis with a recombinant fowl poxvirus expressing the native hexon of hemorrhagic enteritis virus.

Hemorrhagic enteritis (HE) is an economically important disease of turkeys caused by a type II aviadenovirus, hemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV). The vaccines currently available to the commercial poultry producer are highly effective in preventing disease outbreaks; however, they are immunosuppressive. A recombinant fowl poxvirus (rFPV) expressing the native hexon of HEV has been shown to induce an anti-HEV humoral immune response in turkeys. In this study, the rFPV expressing the native hexon of HEV was compared with a commercial HEV vaccine (vxHEV) for its ability to protect turkeys from virulent HEV challenge. Complete protection from the enteritis of HE was achieved in experimental groups vaccinated with either the rFPV or the vxHEV. Lymphocyte stimulation was measured in turkeys inoculated with rFPV, vxHEV, or a sublethal dose of HEV or not inoculated. No statistically significant immunodepression was observed in turkeys receiving the rFPV.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Characterization of fowl adenoviruses from outbreaks of inclusion body hepatitis/hydropericardium syndrome in Chile.

Three fowl adenovirus (FAV) isolates (341, 344, and 215) obtained during 1996-97 from field outbreaks of inclusion body hepatitis/hydropericardium syndrome (IBH/HPS) affecting broilers and broiler breeders in Chile were characterized by virus neutralization tests (VNTs) and restriction enzyme analysis of a DNA fragment. Furthermore, the pathologic characteristics of one of these FAV isolates (FAV 341) was studied in experimentally infected chickens. The VNTs conducted with isolates 341 and 344 against reference strains and antisera belonging to each of 12 FAV serotypes demonstrated a close antigenic relationship with strain KR5 of the FAV serotype 4. Polymerase chain reaction using the primers H3/H4 and subsequent HpaII digestion was used for serotype identification of isolates 341 and 215. The length of the PCR products and the restriction profiles of isolates 341, 215, and the reference strain KR5 (FAV4) were identical. The present results confirmed the classification of all three isolates as FAV4. The pathogenicity test with 1000 mean tissue infectious dose of isolate 341 inoculated intramuscularly in 20-day-old specific-pathogen-free chickens resulted in the death of 9% (two birds) six days postinoculation (PI). Both birds showed characteristic IBH/HPS gross and microscopic lesions; the remaining birds, sacrificed at day 10 PI, showed less severe lesions. On the basis of epidemiologic and experimental data of the virulence of Chilean FAV isolates, and the pathogenicity results with isolate 341, we speculate that Chilean FAV strains may require an association with other agents (immunosuppressive agents) to induce IBH/HPS outbreaks in the field.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A comparison of the onset of protection induced by Newcastle disease virus strain B1 and a fowl poxvirus recombinant Newcastle disease vaccine to a viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease virus challenge.

Four-week-old specific-pathogen-free white rock chickens were immunized with either a commercial recombinant fowl poxvirus-vectored Newcastle disease vaccine (FPN) expressing the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase and fusion protein genes of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strain B1 or live NDV B1. Vaccinates and controls were challenged by eyedrop and intranasal (E/I) route with a viscerotropic velogenic NDV at 14 days postvaccination to determine the time of clearance of challenge virus. In a subsequent experiment, chickens were challenged at 3, 6, or 10 days postvaccination to determine the onset of immunity. Chickens that received a recommended field dose (1x) or a 0.01x dose of FP-N subcutaneously (s.c.) and were seropositive by hemagglutination-inhibition test at 14 days postvaccination cleared the challenge virus by 14 days postchallenge. Clinical Newcastle disease and high challenge virus titers in tissues were seen only in seronegative FP-N 0.01x dose vaccinates and controls. In a comparison of vaccination with FP-N (1x, 10(4,9) median tissue culture infective dose) s.c., B1 (10(6) median egg infective dose [EID50]) s.c., or B1 (10(6) EID50) E/I, chickens vaccinated at 6 or 10 days before challenge with all vaccines were protected against clinical disease, but only those vaccinated with B1 E/I 10 days before challenge were protected against infection with the challenge virus. Vaccination at 3 days before challenge with B1 E/I provided early protection, but severe nervous signs developed later and reduced overall protection to 60%, whereas disease in chickens vaccinated with B1 s.c. and FP-N s.c. 3 days before challenge was similar to the challenge controls.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Chicken anemia virus and fowl adenoviruses: association to induce the inclusion body hepatitis/ hydropericardium syndrome.

The effects of a simultaneous and/or a subsequent coinfection with chicken anemia virus (CAV) isolate 10343 and fowl adenovirus (FAV) isolate 341 in specific-pathogen-free light chickens were evaluated. The simultaneous coinfection was conducted by the intramuscular route, whereas the subsequent coinfection trial considered FAVs administered orally. In trial 1, 20-day-old chickens simultaneously coinfected with CAV (10343) and FAV (341) intramuscularly (i.m.) showed 55% mortality and characteristic signs and lesions of inclusion body hepatitis/hydropericardium (IBH/HPS). In contrast, birds singly infected with FAV i.m. showed 10% mortality due to IBH/HPS. Trial 2 showed that birds receiving FAV 341 orally at day 7 post-CAV intramuscular infection (group A) developed a mild form of IBH/HPS with presence of inclusion bodies (INIBs) in 60% of the group and virus-neutralizing antibodies against FAV 341. Group B (FAV orally 14 days after CAV) showed significant decreased weight gain, nonspecific microscopic lesions in the liver, spleen, bursa, and thymus, and an antibody response against FAV 341. However, no INIBs could be detected in the hepatocytes of these chickens. Group C (FAV orally 35 days after CAV) showed nonspecific histopathologic changes in the liver and no antibody response to FAV. The oral single infection with FAV isolate 341 induced neither mortality nor macroscopic lesions of IBH/HPS in the birds. The present results corroborate previous reports on pathogenicity of Chilean FAV isolates, which suggest that synergism with other viruses or prior immunosuppression is necessary to produce IBH/HPS in chickens. These results also suggest that the susceptibility of chickens to FAV oral infection resulting in IBH/HPS varies throughout the course of CAV infection.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed2000

The lack of binding ability of staphylococcal protein A and streptococcal protein G to egg yolk immunoglobulins of different fowl species (short communication).

The binding ability of staphylococcal protein A (SpA) and streptococcal protein G (SpG) to egg yolk antibodies of four fowl species (turkey, duck, moskovy duck and goose) was studied and compared with the binding ability to three serum antibodies from chicken, horse and cattle. SpA and SpG were not able to bind to any of the avian immunoglobulins.

Animals↗