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At least 1,135 records · Page 63Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Improvements in respiratory and psychosocial functioning following total laryngectomy by the use of a heat and moisture exchanger.

A prospective clinical study in 61 patients was undertaken to investigate the subjective and objective influence of a heat and moisture exchanger (HME) on the respiratory and psychosocial problems following total laryngectomy. Although statistical comparisons failed to detect significant differences between the experimental and the control groups, there was a clear trend toward improvements in respiratory and psychosocial functioning in the experimental group. Analyses of differences over time within the HME user group showed significant reductions in the incidence of coughing, the mean daily frequency of sputum production, forced expectoration, and stoma cleaning. Significant improvements were also found in shortness of breath, fatigue and malaise, sleep problems, levels of anxiety and depression, and perceived voice quality. Pulmonary function tests showed significant improvements in inspiratory flow and volume values following use of the HME. This objective improvement in inspiratory pulmonary function reflects the decrease in sputum production reported by the patients.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Survey of parenting books for advice on the common cold, diarrhea, and otitis media in infants and toddlers.

Parenting books often provide advice for common medical ailments of infants and toddlers. However, the accuracy of such advice has never been evaluated. The purpose of this study is to survey the informational content of a sample of parenting books. Fifty general parenting books were identified and reviewed for the informational content on the following topics: common colds, diarrhea, and otitis media. When covered by the book, accurate and consistent information was generally provided in the following topic areas: non-medicated nose drops for nasal congestion, upright positioning for children with colds, breastfeeding infants with diarrhea, electrolyte solutions for diarrhea, and feeding practices as they relate to otitis media. The following topic areas displayed significant inconsistency: the use of decongestants, antihistamines, expectorants, cough suppressants, and decongestant nose drops for colds; antidiarrheal medications; soft drinks and juice for diarrhea; home recipes for oral hydration solutions; and the usefulness of pressure equalization tubes for refractory otitis media. Practitioners should be aware that parents may be misinformed by some parenting books and take measures to educate parents.

Books↗
PubMed1982

Peroxidase antimicrobial system of human saliva: hypothiocyanite levels in resting and stimulated saliva.

The antimicrobial oxidizing agent hypothiocyanite ion (OSCN-) was measured in resting (drooling) and stimulated (expectorated) whole saliva. Stimulation of the saliva flow rate resulted in a rapid decrease in OSCN- concentration, whereas the thiocyanate ion (SCN-) concentration and peroxidase activity were increased. The decrease in OSCN- levels was greater than could be accounted for by dilution of the whole saliva volume. Assuming that the antimicrobial activity of the salivary peroxidase system is proportional to OSCN- concentration, this system may be more effective in resting saliva than in stimulated saliva.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Oral fluoride retention following various topical application techniques in children.

Eight child volunteers received routine APF gel topical fluoride applications using four different application techniques. Each child received a total of four topical fluoride applications, and all applications were separated by at least one wk. The amounts of fluoride applied, recovered from the mouth, and retained in the mouth were calculated for each treatment. Tray systems with some form of absorptive liner resulted in significantly less oral-retained fluoride after the four-minute application procedure (p less than .01). The value of patient expectoration following topical fluoride treatment was also evaluated, and was a significant adjunct in reducing the net oral-retained fluoride dose in each instance (p less than .01).

Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride↗
PubMed1983

The salivary lactoperoxidase system in caries-resistant and -susceptible adults.

In a comparative study of caries-resistant and -susceptible adults, no significant differences were found in the concentrations of lactoperoxidase, thiocyanate, and pre-formed hypothiocyanite in parotid and submandibular saliva, or in hypothiocyanite formed in expectorated saliva over a 60-minute period. The concentrations per se of these components are not critical determinants of caries resistance or susceptibility. Thiocyanate concentration was higher in both unstimulated parotid and submandibular saliva than in the respective stimulated secretions. At comparable flow rates, parotid values were higher than submandibular.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

The volume of saliva in the mouth before and after swallowing.

In 20 male and 20 female adult subjects, the volume of saliva in the mouth before (VMAX) and after (RESID) swallowing was determined. RESID could be computed by measuring the potassium and chloride concentrations in unstimulated saliva and in the expectorate after a five-second rinse with 5 ml of water immediately following a swallow. The mean value of RESID after a normal swallow was significantly higher in males (0.87 ml) than in females (0.66 ml). After a forced swallow, RESID was only slightly but significantly reduced, being 0.82 ml and 0.60 ml in males and females, respectively. The volume of saliva normally swallowed was calculated from the unstimulated salivary flow rate and the normal swallowing frequency. The mean value of VMAX (RESID plus volume normally swallowed) in males was 1.19 ml, which was slightly but not significantly higher than that in females (0.96 ml). When water was infused into the mouth at increasing flow rates, there was an increase in VMAX and in both the volume of fluid swallowed and the swallowing frequency.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Prevalence of dental fluorosis after fluoride-gel treatments in a low-fluoride area.

The goal of the present investigation was to study whether periodic use of fluoride-gel treatments resulted in an increased prevalence of dental fluorosis. 269 children, from 14 to 16 years of age, who had received semi-annual or quarterly fluoride-gel treatments were examined for possible fluoride-induced enamel changes. Further, in order to determine the amount of fluoride retained during the gel treatment, the expectorate was analyzed in 18 younger children presently participating in the prophylaxis program. It was found that the retention of fluoride averaged 7.3 mg per treatment (up to 0.5 mg fluoride per kg body weight). An increased prevalence of dental fluorosis was not observed, even after up to five yearly treatments were given during tooth formation periods. The background prevalence of dental fluorosis in a low-fluoride area in Denmark is described.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Topical fluorides: effects on physiologic and biochemical processes.

The ingestion of fluoride from dentifrices or mouthrinses can contribute substantially to the total daily intake of the ion, even in communities that provide optimally fluoridated drinking water. It is concluded that the frequent and unsupervised use of these products by children six years of age or younger, especially those living in areas with water fluoridation, places them at risk of dental fluorosis. Recommendations to reduce the risk are presented. The use of 1.23% (12,300 ppm) APF gels, particularly in the absence of suctioning during the application and expectoration after the application, is associated with the swallowing of relatively large quantities of fluoride. The resulting increases in plasma fluoride levels may be sufficient to cause dental fluorosis, as judged by studies with laboratory animals, and a reduction in the kidney's ability to concentrate the urine, as judged by studies with both laboratory animals and humans. The epigastric distress experienced by some patients during or after APF gel applications appears to be due, at least in part, to a direct toxic effect of fluoride on the gastric mucosa. Data from studies with humans and laboratory animals indicate that there may also be associated changes in plasma and tissue cAMP levels, glucose metabolism, and salivary amylase secretion. There is an immediate need for the dissemination to the dental profession of standardized methods for gel application that will minimize the quantities of fluoride available for ingestion and systemic absorption.

Adenylyl Cyclases↗
PubMed1987

Topical fluoride therapy: discussion of some aspects of toxicology, safety, and efficacy.

Although ingestion of an acute toxic dose of fluoride is extremely rare in dental treatments, practitioners should be familiar with the signs and symptoms and with emergency measures of treating accidental overdosage. The amount of fluoride ingested chronically from the use of self-applied topical fluoride can be reduced to safe limits by instructing parents to dispense small amounts of toothpaste for their young children and to ensure that fluoride dentifrices and mouthrinses are fully expectorated. Similarly, when custom-fitted trays are used, only minimal amounts of fluoride gels are necessary. The minimal amount of such gels that can be dispensed appears to be influenced by their viscosity. Clinical efficacy does not support a reduction in the concentration of fluoride in commercial dentifrices.

Diet↗
PubMed1988

Utilization of a continuous streptococcal surface to measure interbacterial adherence in vitro and in vivo.

Cell-to-cell interactions are essential for the formation of dental plaque. A continuous layer of Streptococcus sanguis SA-1 cells fixed to a solid surface has been used to evaluate interactions among this bacterium, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, and Streptococcus sobrinus. S. sanguis cells were attached to a Falcon 3001 tissue culture plates or bovine enamel chips, coated with a biological adhesive. Scanning electron microscopy of the chips showed the streptococci as a contiguous surface. Radiolabeled bacteria were used to measure a second-species interbacterial adherence to the streptococcal-coated culture plates. Strains of H. parainfluenzae known to coaggregate (strain HP-28) and not to coaggregate (strains HP-42 and HP-80), in suspension with S. sanguis strain SA-1, were studied for adherence. Ten-fold-higher numbers of coaggregating strain HP-28 adhered in vitro to the streptococcal layer than did the non-coaggregating strains. S. sobrinus strain 6715 did not show appreciable adherence to the S. sanguis surface. Saliva did not affect the adherence of coaggregating or non-coaggregating H. parainfluenzae strains to S. sanguis strain SA-1. Bovine enamel chips, coated with streptococci, mounted on modified orthodontic appliances and placed in the mouths of three volunteers, facilitated the measurement of interbacterial adherence in vivo of streptomycin-resistant strains of H. parainfluenzae (HP-28R or HP-42R). Suspensions of bacteria were placed into the mouth, distributed throughout, and expectorated. After 15 or 120 minutes, the appliance with the chips was removed, the chips sonified, and colony-forming units (CFU) of streptomycin-resistant haemophili determined per chip.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1989

A new method for isolation of salivary neutrophils and determination of their functional activity.

The purposes of this study were to develop a new method for isolating salivary neutrophils (SPMNs), and to determine their functional activity. Studies of neutrophils in the oral cavity have been largely limited to crevicular PMNs, because of difficulties in obtaining viable SPMNs free of epithelial cells. A method to obtain SPMNs is presented. Donors performed rapid sequential rinsings by placing in their mouths 15 mL of Hanks' balanced salt solution [free of calcium or magnesium ions (HBSS-CMF)], which contained 0.1% gelatin, then swishing the solution for 30 s, and expectorating into a polypropylene receptacle containing 400 mL 4 degrees C HBSS-CMF. This sequence was repeated for 20 min. The collected solution was stirred for 10 min, the cells were washed, and the re-suspended pellet was passed sequentially through a 20-microns and a 10-microns nylon mesh. The cells consisted of 97.7 +/- 1.7% SPMNs, only 2.3% epithelial cells, and were almost free of oral debris. The SPMNs were studied for CD11b expression, H2O2 production, and F-actin polymerization. SPMNs had significantly higher resting values for CD11b, H2O2 production, and F-actin polymerization compared with blood neutrophils (BPMNs). SPMNs responded to stimulation by chemotactic peptide or phorbol ester in a dose-dependent fashion, with levels of CD11b, H2O2, and F-actin comparable with BPMNs at optimal stimulant concentrations. The elevated resting levels of CD11b, H2O2, and F-actin for SPMNs were probably caused by exposure to gingival and oral bacteria.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Actins↗
PubMed1992

Fluoride availability in human saliva after dentifrice use: correlation with anticaries effects in rats.

Studies were conducted to determine fluoride availability in saliva after dentifrice use and to relate this parameter to cariostatic efficacy in rat caries experiments. Three dentifrices--two commercial formulations (Colgate Winterfresh Gel and Crest Dentifrice with Na-Sr-polyacrylate) and an Experimental dentifrice--were compared with respect to salivary fluoride availability. All of the dentifrices tested contained 1100 ppm F as sodium fluoride. It was observed that the Experimental dentifrice and Crest dentifrice with Sr-polyacrylate exhibited low salivary fluoride availability relative to the Colgate Winterfresh Gel. Salivary fluoride availability was assessed by means of two parameters: (a) the fluoride concentration in the dentifrice saliva slurry expectorated after brushing, and (b) the area under the curve of salivary F concentration vs. time for up to two hours after dentifrice use. In two rat caries experiments, it was observed that both the Experimental dentifrice and the Sr-polyacrylate dentifrice provided less cariostatic efficacy than the clinically validated Positive Control (Colgate Winterfesh Gel). Analysis of these data provides further evidence in support of the concept that fluoride availability in saliva following dentifrice use is an important parameter related to anticaries efficacy.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1993

The distribution of saliva and sucrose around the mouth during the use of chewing gum and the implications for the site-specificity of caries and calculus deposition.

Over a 20-minute period, subjects expectorated 8 samples of whole saliva (EWS) while chewing gum. Flow rates were calculated, and sucrose was analyzed in these samples as well as in saliva collected on filter paper strips from different tooth surfaces. Salivary film velocity (SFV), based on a 0.1-mm-thick film, was estimated from the clearance half-times of KCl in agarose disks positioned in different regions of the mouth. Salivary flow rate peaked at 5.1 mL/min in the first min but fell to about 1.25 mL/min by the end of the 20 min of gum-chewing. In contrast, flow rate when subjects sucked sour lemon drops averaged about 5.3 mL/min throughout the 20-minute period. The mean salivary sucrose concentration during gum-chewing peaked in the second min at 384 mmol/L (13.1%) but had fallen to 14 mmol/L by the 15-20-minute time interval. The sucrose concentrations on the palatal surfaces of the upper incisors and the facial and lingual surfaces of the lower molars were not significantly different from that in EWS but were much lower on the facial surfaces of the upper incisors and molars, and on the lingual surfaces of the lower incisors. When flow was unstimulated, SFV was 0.8-1.0 mm/min on the facial surfaces of the upper incisors and lower molars but about 5-8 mm/min on the facial surfaces of the upper molars and on the lingual surfaces of the lower incisors and molars.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Non-capitonnage method for surgical treatment of lung hydatid cysts.

Capitonnage is usually advocated for obliteration of the residual cavity after removal of a hydatid cyst. To assess a non-capitonnage method, results in 33 patients were compared with those of 80 patients who had capitonnage. The non-capitonnage patients had a shorter mean hospital stay and earlier radiologic improvement but higher morbidity than the capitonnage patients. Extended air leak caused significant morbidity in each group. Bronchoscopic intervention was needed for atelectasis in 1 patient. There was no mortality in either group. In the follow-up period, no late complication or recurrence was observed in non-capitonnage patients. Among the capitonnage patients, 2 had bronchiectasis, and suture material expectoration occurred in one. The non-capitonnage method may be a good alternative to the capitonnage procedure for lung hydatid cyst. Better management of bronchial openings should improve the results of the non-capitonnage method.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Acetylcysteine (Fabrol) in chronic bronchitis--a study in general practice.

The results of this general practice study suggest that acetylcysteine (Fabrol) administered orally for 2 months to patients with chronic bronchitis effectively changes the viscosity and character of sputum with resultant ease of expectoration and cough severity. There was a notable improvement in associated abnormal physical signs such as the presence of rhonchi, crepitations and symptoms including dyspnoea at rest. Tolerability was good, with 81% of patients experiencing no side-effects.

Acetylcysteine↗
PubMed1984

Irish general practice study of acetylcysteine (Fabrol) in chronic bronchitis.

The results of this general practice study in 248 patients suggest that acetylcysteine (Fabrol) administered orally for 2 months to patients with chronic bronchitis effectively changes the viscosity and character of sputum with resultant ease of expectoration and cough severity. There was a notable improvement in associated abnormal physical signs such as the presence of rhonchi, crepitations and symptoms including dyspnoea at rest. Tolerability was good, with 77% of patients experiencing no side-effects.

Acetylcysteine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of a short course of treatment with acebrophylline on the mucus rheological characteristics and respiratory function parameters in patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

A total of 30 patients (27 males and 3 females) with a mean age of 62.6 +/- 3.9 years, suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were recruited into this open study to evaluate the clinical efficacy and the safety of a short course of treatment with 100 mg acebrophylline, twice daily for 14 days. To assess the effectiveness of the drug, symptoms and signs, such as cough intensity and frequency, auscultatory pattern, dyspnoea, cyanosis, difficulty of expectoration, sputum quantity, appearance and density, were evaluated at baseline and after 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14 days of therapy. In addition the rheological properties of the bronchial mucus (viscosity and spinnability) were measured and respiratory function tests were performed before and after treatment. There was a progressive improvement of all evaluated symptoms and signs, resulting in improvement of the auscultatory pattern, as well as dyspnoea. This was accompanied by improvement or normalization of the respiratory function indices, which showed statistically significant differences (P < 0.01) between the baseline and the endpoint values, apart from total lung capacity. Blood-gas analysis demonstrated a significant increase of PaO2 and a significant decrease of PaCO2 values at the end of the treatment period (both P < 0.01). In general, acebrophylline was well tolerated. No clinically relevant or significant changes in any of the routine laboratory parameters were found on comparing the values obtained before and after treatment. Only three patients complained of epigastric pain, but this was not so severe or long-lasting as to require the discontinuation of the treatment.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Respiratory risks in tunnel construction workers.

Respiratory diseases are frequent in tunnel construction workers. A group of 144 subjects randomly selected from the population of 2516 workers engaged in the construction of the railway tunnel under the Appennine Mountains, from Bologna to Firenze was investigated. A group of 69 males comparable for age, living area and habits was studied as a control group. Assessment of air pollutants (NO, NO2, SO2, total dust, silica %) was carried out by means of fixed monitoring stations as well as personal monitors. All the subjects included in the study were examined with a standardised protocol which included physical examination, lung function tests (before and after shift work) and a questionnaire to college respiratory symptoms. Low concentrations of environmental pollutants were evidenced. Significantly lower values of FEV1 and PEF were determined in the worker group pared to controls. A significant decrease in respiratory parameters was shown after shift work. Variables capable of influencing the decrease in parameters include smoking habits, work activity, presence of cough and expectoration, period of the year (spirometries resulted worse in the winter time). Significantly lower values of FEV1 and PEF were evidenced in the workers compared to controls. In spite of the present low work environmental exposure conditions, some physiologic parameters appear altered in tunnel construction workers. This may depend on a variety of noxious agents present in the working environment.

Adult↗