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PubMed2001

Selective isolation and study on the global distribution of the genus Planobispora in soils.

Planobispora strains, including the type strain, produced abundant sporangia on humic acid-vitamin gellan gum medium when more than 50 colonies grew on a plate. However, these strains did not produce sporangia on the aerial mycelium, a diagnostic characteristic of this genus, when fewer than 20 colonies grew on a plate. Trace salts, such as FeSO4 x 7H2O, MnCl2 x 4H2O, ZnSO4 x 7H2O, and NiSO4 x 6H2O, stimulated sporangium formation of Planobispora strains. Better sporangium formation of Planobispora strains was observed on the humic acid-trace salts gellan gum medium at pH 9.0 than at neutral pH. Moreover, an alkaline medium repressed the growth of three out of six Streptomyces strains so that this condition was effective for selective isolation of Planobispora strains. An alkaline flooding solution of skim milk, five antimicrobial agents, and dry heat treatment at 90 degrees C for 60 min were effective for selective isolation. Using these techniques, we examined the distribution of Planobispora strains by using 1467 soil samples collected from Japan and other parts of the world. One hundred and nineteen Planobispora strains were isolated from 51 soil samples (3.5% of the samples tested) that were collected in Ecuador, Egypt, French Guiana, India, and Madagascar. Planobispora strains were recovered only in tropical and subtropical soils. To our knowledge, this is the first record that Planobispora strains have been isolated from locations other than Venezuela, Namibia, or South Africa.

Actinomycetales↗
PubMed2001

A taxonomic reevaluation of Phrynops (Testudines: Chelidae) with the description of two new genera and a new species of Batrachemys.

Relationships among turtle species loosely categorized within the South American genus Phrynops are explored. Three once recognized genera (Batrachemys, Mesoclemmys and Phrynops) that were demoted to subgenera, and then synonymized with Phrynops, are demonstrated to warrant full recognition based on morphometric analysis, skull osteology, and mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequencing. Mesoclemmys is resurrected from the synonymy of Phrynops as a monotypic genus including M. gibba. The genus Rhinemys, previously a synonym of Phrynops, is resurrected for the species R. rufipes. Ranacephala gen. nov. is described to include the species R. hogei. The genus Batrachemys is resurrected from the synonymy of Phrynops and includes B. dahli, B. nasuta, B. raniceps, B. tuberculata, and B. zuliae. The taxon vanderhaegei is placed in Bufocephala gen. nov. The genus Phrynops is redefined to include the taxa P. geoffroanus, P. hilarii, P. tuberosus, and P. williamsi. Cladistic analysis of morphological data supports this taxonomy. A new species of Batrachemys is described from the western Amazon region, and is distinguished by having facial markings in juveniles, a relatively wide head, and a flattened shell. The new species, B. heliostemma sp. nov., is sympatric with and most similar to the recently resurrected form Batrachemys raniceps in the upper Amazonian region of Peru and adjacent Brazil, Ecuador, Venezuela, and Colombia. Lastly, morphometric data from living and museum specimens of all species of Batrachemys are presented.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Molecular variation of Taenia solium in the world.

Complete nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b (Cytb) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (CO I) genes from various isolates of Taenia solium were examined. Eleven isolates were analyzed; two isolates from China, two isolates from Indonesia, one isolate each from India, Thailand, Mexico, Ecuador, Peru, Mozambique and Tanzania. In both genes, two isolates from Indonesia shared the same sequences. Similarly, the isolate from Mexico shared same sequences with that from Peru, and the isolate from Mozambique shared same sequences with that from Tanzania. Phylogenetic trees inferred from different mitochondrial genes yielded almost the same topology. Both the UPGMA and NJ-trees were also very similar. These trees indicate that T. solium may be diverged to 2 genetic groups; isolates from Asia form one group and isolates from Africa and Latin America belong to the other. It seems that T. solium prevalent in Africa and in Latin America shares the related origin and has recently been introduced to each area, perhaps with domestic pigs or human.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

A review on fascioliasis in Egypt.

Fascioliasis, caused by Fasciola species, is a disease of herbivorous animals. It has a worldwide distribution in a large variety of grass-grazing animals as sheep, goats, cattle, buffaloes, horses and rabbits. In Egypt, donkeys and camels as well, are hosts for F. gigantica. Fascioliasis may occasionally affect man. Human infection causes serious hepatic pathological sequences that add to the already known threats to the liver of the Egyptian population. Two clinical stages are recognized in human fascioliasis. An acute stage coincides with the larval migration and worm maturation in the hepatic tissue, and a chronic stage coincides with the persistence of Fasciola worms in the bile ducts. Human infection with fascioliasis was very sporadic until the last three decades where clinical cases and outbreaks were reported. The estimated the number of people currently having fascioliasis to be 360,000 in Bolivia, 20,000 in Ecuador, 830,000 in Egypt, 10,000 in Islamic Republic of Iran, 742,000 in Peru, and 37,000 in Yemen. The total estimated number of people infected is 2.4 million in 61 countries and that the number at risk is more than 180 million throughout the world. Human fascioliasis has to be differentially diagnosed from some diseases as acute hepatitis, infection with other liver flukes as schistosomiasis, visceral toxocariasis, biliary tract diseases and hepatic amoebiasis. The parasitological diagnosis is based on identification of eggs in stool, duodenal contents or bile, also by the recovery of adult worm during surgical exploration, after treatment or at autopsy. However, the eggs may be present in very small number at irregular intervals, hence difficult to be found. Besides, the eggs may be transiently present in stool after ingestion of raw or undercooked liver from infected animals. The direct methods of diagnosing the egg are usually unsatisfactory. The symptoms may be present for several weeks before eggs are recovered in stool. Thus, the serologic tests are the alternative method of confirming early and extrabiliary human fascioliasis. However, cross-reactions with other helminthic antigen may confuse the interpretation of the results.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Population and development conference commences.

The International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) opened in Cairo, Egypt, on September 5, [1994] with meetings during the first two days devoted primarily to discussions of the abortion issue. As the RFN [Reproductive Freedom News] goes to press, it appears as if the majority of the world has reached agreement on some abortion-related language for the conference's report. One reference emphasizes that abortion should not be promoted as a method of family planning. A second phrase concerning the worldwide epidemic of unsafe abortion states: "[a]ll governments, intergovernmental organizations, and non-governmental organizations are urged to deal openly and forthrightly with unsafe abortion as a major public health concern." Although the statements were approved by a near-global consensus, a handful of governmental delegations--led by the Holy See--have rejected both phrases; those nations include the Catholic countries of Argentina, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Malta. Many governmental delegates have expressed frustration over the amount of time spent negotiating about this one issue. These representatives are fearful that the abortion issue will continue to dominate the talks at the expense of other matters. Look for a more in-depth report on the ICPD, scheduled to conclude on September 13, in the next issue of the RFN. [Center for Reproductive Law and Policy]'s International Program has prepared a briefing paper on the legitimacy of the Holy See's status at the UN.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1994

A decade of change in contraceptive behaviour in Latin America: a multivariate decomposition analysis.

This study relies heavily on World Fertility Survey and Demographic and Health Surveys data to examine recent trends and determinants of contraceptive use in five Latin American countries: Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mexico, and Peru. These countries experienced a substantial increase in contraceptive prevalence in the inter-survey period. Within countries, however, the increase was not equally shared by all social and demographic groups. The study found that relatively disadvantaged groups experienced greater gains in contraceptive use. Despite the prevailing tendency towards convergence, wide differentials in contraceptive behavior among social sectors still persist. A decomposition analysis based on logistic regression revealed that certain shifts in the population composition--i.e., increased proportion of urban and better educated women and a growing proportion of mothers who want to discontinue child-bearing--contributed substantially to the aggregate increase in contraceptive prevalence in most countries. Structural changes, understood as changes in the relations between the explanatory variables and the likelihood of using contraception, were also found to play a significant role in contraceptive use trends, particularly in Colombia.

Birth Rate↗
PubMed2002

Global situation of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD)--a short review.

This article reviews the actual world FMD situation. In 2000, fifty nine countries officially reported outbreaks of FMD. The disease occurred in Europe (Greece), Asia (Russia, Mongolia, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Japan, Laos, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, Iran, Iraq, Turkey, in Caucasian region--Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia as well as in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan), Africa (Egypt, Kenya, Mauritania, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Malawi, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe) and in South America (Brazil, Colombia, Uruguay, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador and Venezuela). In 2001, FMD was still spreading throughout the endemic regions and appeared in some of the west European countries--Great Britain, The Netherlands, France and Ireland. In South America, FMD occurred in Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil and Colombia. In Asia the FMD spread in Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Mongolia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Yemen, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Iran, Bhutan, Nepal, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and Taiwan. The FMD situation in Africa was unclear, but probably most countries in West, East and South Africa were affected. The most recent data of the OIE from May 2002 confirmed FMD outbreaks in population of pigs in Republic of Korea.

Africa↗
PubMed2002

Control of foot and mouth disease: the experience of the Americas.

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) was first recognised in South America in 1870, almost simultaneously in the province of Buenos Aires (Argentina), in the central region of Chile, in Uruguay, in southern Brazil and coincidentally, on the northeastern coast of the United States of America. The epidemiology of the disease was unknown and no government action was taken following the initial outbreaks. This resulted in the disease spreading to other areas of Chile, as well as to Peru, Bolivia and Paraguay, reaching Venezuela and Colombia in the 1950s, and Ecuador in 1961. The entire continent was affected in the 1960s when national FMD control programmes were initiated, with the exception of Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana and Patagonia. In the 1970s, steps were taken to implement a regional control and eradication strategy in view of the impact of production and trade on the persistence of the virus. The Plan Hemisférico de Erradicación de la Fiebre Aftosa (PHEFA: Hemispheric FMD Eradication Plan), public- and private-sector policies, new diagnostic tools, the oil-adjuvanted FMD vaccine and regional strategies played a part in improving the epidemiological situation during the 1990s. A setback was encountered in 2000 and 2001, with outbreaks due to virus types A and 0 recorded in Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[The evaluation of thermophilic fungi in raw coffee beans].

The purpose of the study was the attempt of the isolation of the thermophilic fungi from raw coffee beans. The material constituted of 24 coffee beans samples came from 12 countries. The isolation and the identification of the thermophilic fungi was conducted according to Biłaj [2], Biłaj and Zacharczenko [3]. The study proved, that raw coffee beans were the rich source of the thermophilic mycoflora. From all tested samples 270 species were isolated. The most refused sample came from Ecuador--81% coffee beans were infected. The most of species (90% from among isolated) were species belonged to the Thermomyces lanuginosus.

Coffea↗
PubMed2003

[Evaluation of Candida species' susceptibility to fluconazole with the disk diffusion method].

Infections caused by yeasts belonging to the genus Candida have increased dramatically in the last decades, especially in hospital settings. Concomittantly, antimycotic resistance has emerged, as well as the appearance of non-Candida albicans isolates. To standardize in vitro antifungal susceptibility tests, the agar diffusion test was developed using disks impregnated with the antimycotic compound. Electronic recording of the inhibition zone (BIOMIC), furnishes objective values for the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). The fluconazole susceptibility patterns were determined for Candida species isolated from 2.139 patients seen in outpatient clinics or in health-care centers in Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela. Candida albicans was the species most frequently isolated (62%), followed at a distance by Candida parapsilosis (11%), Candida tropicalis (8.5%), Candida glabata (3.5%) and Candida krusei (2.2%). MIC determinations showed that 88.1% of these isolates were susceptible to fluconazole, 5.1% were susceptible-dose-dependant and 6.8% resistant. An important proportion (92.1%) of the C. albicans isolates proved susceptible while resistance predominated in the remaining species. These results indicate that the BIOMIC method is rapid and simple, constituting a suitable tool for the epidemiologic surveillance of resistance in Candida species.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed2002

[Three cases of imported histoplasmosis in our hospital].

Since 1999 we have observed three cases of imported histoplasmosis in our hospital. One was an immunocompetent individual and two further patients were immunosuppressed (renal transplantation and HIV infection C3). Two patients were born in endemic areas (Equatorial Guinea and Ecuador) and a third patient had a history of previous travel to the Peruvian Amazonia. The different clinical presentations and diagnostic tools of histoplasmosis are discussed.

English Abstract↗
PubMed1992

[Current tuberculosis mortality world-wide].

The mortality rate still is an important index for assessment of tuberculosis. Statistical records are kept on the mortality rate on a worldwide basis--more than in the case of other tuberculosis parameters. They allow us to make valuable comparisons. They are also useful because the mortality is closely related to the morbidity. The present thesis is based on comparative figures from the 1989 volume of the WHO Health Statistics Annual. Various countries have been specially selected by the publisher--and subsequently also by us--for sake of clarity. The figures vary strongly within these countries, which was to be expected. The mortality rate varies in Europe (for each 100,000 residents) e.g. from 0.2 in the Netherlands to 8.15 in the Soviet Union. In the Americas the rates vary from 0.4 for Canada to 12.9 for Ecuador. In the Western Pacific region the mortality rates vary from 0.35 for Australia to 14.65 for China. On a worldwide basis, the share of deaths from tuberculosis among all causes of death varies from 0.02% in the Netherlands to 2.10% in the Republic of Korea. The relation of tuberculosis deaths with regard to sexes in Switzerland: 75.7% men, 24.3% women, which is more or less the European average. The lower the mortality rate for tuberculosis are, the lower the difference between the sexes appears to be. Similar facts are found with regard to the distribution of tuberculosis deaths according to age groups: the lower the tuberculosis rate, the more tuberculosis is found in older age groups. The tuberculosis deaths are percentage-wise similarly distributed to the respiratory organs and the other tuberculosis forms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1963

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CLINICAL REACTION OBSERVED AFTER APPLICATION OF SEVERAL SMALLPOX VACCINES IN PRIMARY VACCINATION OF YOUNG ADULTS.

Four smallpox vaccines from different production laboratories were compared in primary vaccination of young adults. Morbidity rate, high fever rate and prolonged fever rate, as defined in this report, were used as gauges for pathogenic potency. Special batches were prepared, in addition, from two of these vaccines after three passages on calf skin. Two vaccines, prepared from the Elstree strain-a sheep lymph and its third calf-passage-were found to be of low pathogenicity. Two calf lymphs, prepared from the Copenhagen strain and the Bern strain respectively, caused clearly higher rates of illness and of height and duration of fever. Two calf lymphs from the Ecuador strain took up an intermediate position.Vaccine potency, as assessed on the chorio-allantoic membrane of developing chick embryos, seems to be of no significance for the course of vaccinia disease caused by two pustules. Besides the pathogenicity of the vaccinia strain, ill-defined extraneous factors might be of importance for the degree of illness observed after primary smallpox vaccination.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Increasing access to Latin American social medicine resources: a preliminary report.

PURPOSE: This preliminary report describes the development and implementation of a project to improve access to literature in Latin American social medicine (LASM). METHODS: The University of New Mexico project team collaborated with participants from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Ecuador to identify approximately 400 articles and books in Latin American social medicine. Structured abstracts were prepared, translated into English, Spanish, and Portuguese, assigned Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), and loaded into a Web-based database for public searching. The project has initiated Web-based publication for two LASM journals. Evaluation included measures of use and content. RESULTS: The LASM Website (http://hsc.unm.edu/lasm) and database create access to formerly little-known literature that addresses problems relevant to current medicine and public health. This Website offers a unique resource for researchers, practitioners, and teachers who seek to understand the links between socioeconomic conditions and health. The project provides a model for collaboration between librarians and health care providers. Challenges included procurement of primary material; preparation of concise abstracts; working with trilingual translations of abstracts, metadata, and indexing; and the work processes of the multidisciplinary team. CONCLUSIONS: The literature of Latin American social medicine has become more readily available to researchers worldwide. The LASM project serves as a collaborative model for the creation of sustainable solutions for disseminating information that is difficult to access through traditional methods.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed2003

[Analysis of the neurologic demand of immigrant population in a outpatient neurological consultation].

INTRODUCTION: We analyse the demand for neurologic care reasons for consultation and diagnoses of the immigrant population in two extrahospitalary neurological outpatient clinics. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective one-year study of first visits of adult immigrant patients sent to the neurological outpatient clinic. RESULTS: A total of 342 patients were included in the study. They represented 9.4% of total patients in one clinic and 4.1% in another. The average age was 32.9 years old. There was a predominance of women (62.2%). The average stay in our country was two years. Latin America (especially from Ecuador and Colombia), Morocco and East Europe were mainly the origin of the patients. The cause of consultation was headache in a half of the cases and neuromuscular pathology, epilepsy and psychiatric disorders were the next most frequent diagnoses in descending order. The most frequent diagnoses was tension-type headache, and in descending order of frequency: migraine and transformed migraine, epilepsy, carpal tunnel syndrome, idiopathic facial palsy, low back pain and sciatica and syncope. Tension-type headache and transformed migraine were in relation to their situation of immigrants (family, working, adaptive problems). CONCLUSIONS: The neurologic care demands in immigrant population is the same as in spanish one. These are a young people that fundamentally consults by headache (in relation to adaptive problems), neuromuscular disorders, epilepsy and psychiatric disorders. The public health service have to take into account this population to health resources planning.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Barcelona 2002: law, ethics, and human rights. Juggling individual and collective concerns with respect to HIV/AIDS policies.

Efforts to prevent the spread of HIV infection sometimes give rise to tensions between individual and collective rights. This article, based on a presentation by Nelson Varas-Díaz (abstract TuOrG1171), explores these tensions in the context of the laws and policies of eight Latin American countries: Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, and Puerto Rico. The article describes five elements of the response to HIV/AIDS in which tensions between individual and collective rights have surfaced: the participation of people living with HIV/AIDS on national commissions; the ability of HIV-positive persons to access antiretroviral medications; HIV-antibody testing practices; the confidentiality of health information; and the rights and duties of people living with HIV/AIDS. The article concludes that the success of programs designed to prevent the spread of HIV infection depends on the ability of societies and governments to balance the tensions between individual and collective rights.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed2002

Barcelona 2002: law, ethics, and human rights. Toward a more meaningful involvement of people living with HIV/AIDS.

All too often, the involvement of people living with HIV/AIDS in AIDS NGOs is tokenistic rather than meaningful. This article, which is based on a presentation by Chistophe Cornu (abstract WeOrG1292), demonstrates that, under the right conditions, the involvement of people living with HIV/AIDS can be beneficial both for the individuals and for the NGOs. The article describes the beneficial impacts of involvement observed in a study conducted in Burkina Faso, Ecuador, India, and Zambia. It also discusses the harmful effects of involvement, for individuals as well as NGOs, identified by study participants. The article concludes with a series of recommendations for NGOs to maximize the benefits of involvement.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2003

[Tuberculosis infection and disease in immigrant children].

From the second half of the eighties, the cases of tuberculosis (TBC) in Italy have been constantly increasing. The increase in TBC cases in developed countries is related to different factors, including HIV epidemic and increased number of immigrants from countries with high TBC incidence and important socio-economic problems. Compared with adults few children with TBC were homeless or coinfected with HIV, nonetheless the children lived frequently in low socioeconomic status and consequently high risk of being uninsured and with adults at risk for tuberculosis (immediate relative, household members, or recently immigrated). An epidemiologic study was carried out, in order to evaluate the impact of TBC infection in immigrant children. From January 2001 to December 2002, Mantoux test (5 IU) was performed in immigrant children hospitalized or followed in two children hospitals. They included 228 children: mean age 4 years (range 1 month to 15 years). The patients came from: South America (44%) (especially from Ecuador), from Africa (20%), from Eastern Europe (19%), (especially from Middle East and North Africa), from Far East (17%). In 30 cases (13,2%) Mantoux test was positive. Among these latter, 21 presented latent infection, whereas another 9 had tuberculous disease with pulmonary localization and one of them associated with cervical adenopathy. In the study period, among all children (4426) admitted the two Units, the prevalence of tuberculous disease was 2,5% in immigrant children compared 0.2% in native children. Accurate epidemiologic monitoring, further clinical studies aimed at highlighting TBC peculiar aspects in children, and adequate therapy can lead to TBC control in the immigrant children.

Adolescent↗