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Results for “Distance Perception”

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PubMed1976

Conservation of length and the development of a size concept.

The influence of the ability to conserve length in the development of a size concept was investigated in a series of two experiments. The inability to conserve length influences the perceptual bias of young children using the linear vertical dimension of objects as a salient cue in a paired comparison task when stimulus objects do not share a common baseline. When both stimulus position and attributed functional direction are involved, the latter is more influential in serving an orienting function. Sex differences suggest that females are more field dependent than males in the use of the vertical linear dimension as a cue in the judgment of "bigger" in a paired comparison task.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2003

Distractor interference in selective reaching: dissociating distance and grouping effects.

In the present experiment, the authors sought to differentiate between a distance and a grouping explanation for the symmetric versus asymmetric patterns of distractor interference in selective reaching. Participants (N = 16) pointed to a green target that appeared either with or without a red distractor. Target-distractor separation was manipulated within an array of 5 closely grouped stimulus boxes, and distractor interference (difference in performance between trials with and trials without a distractor) was measured in reaction time, movement time, percentage errors, and movement endpoints. Small distances (5 mm) between target and distractor yielded a symmetric pattern of interference, whereas large distances (20 mm) yielded an asymmetric pattern, with more interference from near than from far distractors. Those findings support the distance account of distractor interference and refute the grouping account.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Dual prism adaptation: calibration or alignment?

Dual adaptation to different amounts or directions of prismatic displacement, or both, can be acquired and maintained with little mutual interference. Associative recalibration of the regional task- or workspace, contingent on differentiation of distinguishing sensory information, can explain such adaptation. In contrast, nonassociative realignment restores dimensional mapping among spatial representations. Methods for measuring the separate contributions of those 2 kinds of prism adaptation are identified in the present article. On the basis of a critique of dual-adaptation studies, the authors suggest that recalibration can explain the data but that the method used in those experiments confounded realignment and might have obscured the effectiveness of dual-calibration training.

Accommodation, Ocular↗
PubMed1977

Sensory substitution and the design of an artificial ear.

This paper is concerned with attempts at sensory substitution and in particular with devices that have been designed to substitute for hearing by using the skin as an alternative channel of communication. A review of the literature suggests that the failure or limitations of tactile substitution systems are due, not to the inadequacy of the skin's perceptual processing capacity, but to inappropriate displays, ineffective training methods, or insensitive testing techniques. Specifically, displays have been artificial in that they have typically failed to preserve the information relevant to the modality for which they are supposed to substitute. Furthermore, certain false assumptions and misconceptions have been manifest in testing techniques which have not taken into account the way in which perceptual processes normally develop and operate. The result has been that some important evidence has been ignored or has gone unnoticed and that some promising devices have been prematurely abandoned. In the final section of the review, some suggestions are made concerning the design, application, and evaluation of an artificial ear.

Deafness↗
PubMed1977

Distance and location cues in retention of movements by a congenitally blind subject.

Retention of linear arm-positioning movements in a congenitally blind university student was tested with either distance or location cues and under retention conditions of rest, location, and distance interpolated tasks. Results revealed a consistent superiority for retention with location cues. The conclusion is drawn that these data would support a dual proprioceptive storage mode hypothesis.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

The effect of distance and location cues on linear arm positioning by children.

Forty-five boys in each of three age groups learned a 40 cm linear arm movement, without the aid of vision. Fifteen in each age group attempted to reproduce the movement using either distance, location, or distance plus location cues. Analysis of absolute error scores showed a significant effect of movement cue with inferiority in recall using distance cues compared with the other cue conditions. The interaction effect was also significant. The results are discussed in terms of the development of coding systems for movements in short-term memory.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Scales for measuring subjective distance in children and adults in a large open field.

Five age levels (6, 8, 10, 12 years, and adults, N = 127) estimated distance in a large open field by the fractionation method. Scales for subjective distance were derived for each group. It was found that (a) the adults differed from all the other groups, (b) the 12-year-olds differed from the six-year-olds, (c) all the exponents were smaller than 1, (d) perceived distance in a large open field was characterized by underconstancy, and (e) underconstancy was greater for the younger subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1972

Cataract and aphakia.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

Effects of focus of attention depend on golfers' skill.

In this study, we examined the influence of internal and external attention instructions on the performance of a pitch shot by golfers who were either highly skilled (mean handicap = 4) or low skilled (mean handicap = 26). Ten golfers in each skill group used a 9-iron to pitch a ball as close as possible to an orange pylon, which was located at distances of 10, 15, 20 or 25 m from the golfer. Focus of attention was manipulated within participants (counterbalanced across golfers). Under internal focus of attention instructions, the participants were told to concentrate on the form of the golf swing and to adjust the force of their swing depending on the distance of the shot. For the external focus of attention conditions, the participants were told to concentrate on hitting the ball as close to the target pylon as possible. The most intriguing finding was an interaction of skill with focus of attention instructions for variability in performance. Similar to the findings of Wulf and colleagues, the highly skilled golfers performed better with external attention instructions than with internal focus instructions. In contrast, the low-skill golfers performed better with the internal than with the external focus of attention instructions. These findings are discussed relative to theoretical issues in motor learning and practical issues for golf instruction.

Attention↗
PubMed1991

Distance and location assimilation effects in rapid bimanual movement.

When subjects make simultaneous aiming movements of the upper limbs over different distances, assimilation effects are shown; the shorter distance limb overshoots when paired with a longer distance limb. However, it is not known whether assimilation effects are due to variations in distance per se or to variations in target location. To separate the possible influences of distance and location, 60 subjects made rapid bimanual aiming movements in one of four conditions. The two different-distance groups made a 20 degrees movement in the left hand and a 60 degrees movement in the right hand to either the same or different target locations. The comparison groups moved 20 degrees in each limb. Somewhat surprisingly, spatial assimilations were greater when moving different distances to the same, rather than different, target locations, which suggests interlimb differences in distance mediate assimilation effects rather than target location. Temporal assimilations were greater when distance and location were varied, but the assimilations were not related to interlimb differences in velocity, as predicted by Marteniuk and MacKenzie (1980).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Divided attention in bimanual aiming movements: effects on movement accuracy.

The role of focusing attention on one limb or both limbs in a bimanual aiming task was investigated in two experiments. Participants were prompted to focus attention on either limb (Experiment 1) or were free to choose their attentional strategy (Experiment 2). Fifty-two college-aged participants made quick, bimanual lever reversals in the sagittal plane over 20 degrees and 60 degrees in 210 ms to the reversal point. In both experiments, spatial accuracy was better when participants focused their attention on a single limb compared to the nonattended limb and when they paid attention to both limbs. However, no differences were shown on a no-knowledge of results (KR) retention test when participants paid attention to both limbs. In the second experiment, differences were maintained on a no-KR retention test when participants continued to select their own attentional strategy, although the statistical effect was smaller than in the first experiment. The findings suggested that the movement parameter selection process benefited from attentional focus.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Stimulus-driven attentional capture: An empirical comparison of display-size and distance methods.

Four experiments examined attentional capture by colour as assessed by two different investigative methods. Subjects performed a visual search task for a vertical-target line embedded among tilted-distractor lines, presented inside 4, 8, or 12 coloured discs. Interestingly, when the colour singleton was task irrelevant, and data were analysed by means of the display-size method combined with the zero-slope criterion, no evidence for attentional capture by colour was found. However, when data were analysed by means of the distance method, which consists of monitoring the spatial relationship between the target and the singleton, results showed that the target was found faster and/or more accurately when it was inside the singleton than when it was in a nonsingleton location. This provided evidence for a stimulus-driven attentional capture. In addition, the application of signal detection methodology showed that attentional capture, as revealed by the distance method, resulted from a perceptual modulation at the singleton location, rather than from a criterion shift. We conclude that, at least with the kind of stimuli used here, the display-size method combined with the zero-slope criterion is less than ideal for investigating how static discontinuities can affect the automatic deployment of visual attention.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

What makes a route appear longer? An experimental perspective on features, route segmentation, and distance knowledge.

Five experiments performed in a desktop virtual-reality setting investigated the influence of environmental features--that is, noticeable landmarks along the route--on distance estimation. Landmarks were of two types: Either they simply "filled" the route or they "filled" and also segmented it, thereby inducing a hierarchical structuring of the route. Previous research had left the question open of whether a filling or a segmenting feature leads to an overestimation of a distance along the route. Our experiments showed different results dependent on the kind of space: If an environment was learned from a route perspective, filling and segmenting environmental features led to overestimations of distances, while the segmenting of a route induced by a grouping of similar features did not. If the environment was learned from a map that afforded a survey perspective, route structuring induced through a segmenting feature or by phenomenal grouping led to an overestimation of distances, whereas features that merely filled the route did not.

Adult↗