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PubMed1993

Relative importance of psychologic traits and severity of ischemia in causing angina during treadmill exercise. Canadian Amlodipine/Atenolol in Silent Ischemia Study (CASIS) Investigators.

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to compare the influence of psychologic traits versus ischemia severity on the occurrence of angina during treadmill exercise. BACKGROUND: Some studies suggest that angina is associated with certain psychologic traits, whereas others show an association with more severe ischemia. The relative influence of these two factors and the extent to which they interact are not known. METHODS: Off-drug treadmill exercise testing and a battery of psychologic tests were performed on 122 patients with known coronary artery disease. Psychologic tests measured sensitivity to physical symptoms, denial and deception, type A behavior, anger, hostility, depression, marital adjustment and amount of external stress. Stepwise logistic regression was used to determine the independent association of psychologic traits, ischemic threshold and exercise tolerance with the occurrence of angina. RESULTS: Angina during treadmill exercise was reported by 66 of 122 patients. On univariate testing, angina was positively associated with sensitivity to physical symptoms (p < 0.001), type A behavior (p = 0.021) and depression (p = 0.032) and was negatively associated with exercise tolerance (p < 0.001) and work load threshold for ischemia (p < 0.01). Multivariate analysis revealed independent and additive associations of angina with sensitivity to physical symptoms (p = 0.003), exercise capacity (p = 0.003) and work load threshold for ischemia (p = 0.018). Once these were included in a logistic model, depression and type A behavior were no longer significant. Other psychologic traits showed no association with angina. CONCLUSIONS: Sensitivity to physical symptoms, ischemic threshold and exercise tolerance are independently associated with angina, with sensitivity to physical symptoms having the stronger influence. The physiologic and psychologic mechanisms underlying symptom perception have an influence on angina that is independent of and additive to the severity of underlying ischemia.

Amlodipine↗
PubMed1988

Echocardiographic diagnosis of acute pericardial effusion in penetrating chest trauma.

Pericardial tamponade persists as a diagnostic challenge to the clinician. The immediate diagnosis is particularly difficult when the patient is well compensated hemodynamically. In contrast to the deceptively stable appearance, the patient is at increased risk due to delayed onset, recognition, and therapy. A case of penetrating thoracic trauma is presented in which the concern about pericardial tamponade was considerable. However, the elements of clinical assessment were inconclusive. Two-dimensional echocardiography was employed in the emergency department to detect a pericardial effusion and thus avoid delayed management. Pericardial tamponade and associated vascular injuries were confirmed at surgery.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1994

Molecules of the cycling hair follicle--a tabulated review.

In this review we tabulated molecules which have been experimentally identified to be associated with, or play a role in, hair follicle growth. While compiling these data we were impressed by the fact that this field is only now beginning to be developed in terms of molecular analysis. Ironically, hair was used in some of the earliest molecular approaches to biologic structure (e.g. Astbury and Street, 1931), but the field did not develop from there. From our review we have come to the following conclusions. (1) As indicated by the growing number of reports dealing with follicle-associated molecules in the past 3 years, the field of hair biology has entered a new molecular era. (2) In many reported hair biology studies not enough emphasis has been placed on the fact that the follicle is a dynamic structure. All too often a study is limited to follicles of one particular phase of the cycle or one phase of development. Students in the field have to be more sensitive to the remarkable changes that this deceptively simple structure can undergo during its cycle. (3) Although we have not been able to find any molecules unique to the follicle, some of the structural molecules come close to an ideal tool. It is our impression that even more specific molecule tags will be found. Whether this requires a subtraction library approach or gene mapping of specific mutants is not yet clear. It would appear that the large, diverse family of intermediate filament-associated proteins will prove to be an excellent source of unique follicle-labeling molecules. (4) There is an acute need for molecules which distinguish the phases of the cycle, e.g. telogen from early anagen. Telogen is by far the most difficult phase to identify morphologically since the earliest phase of anagen and the latest phase of catagen may appear structurally like telogen. That these phases are functionally distinguishable must imply a molecular difference. As the number of recognized hair follicle-associated molecules and their interactions increase, it will be essential to assemble libraries of highly specific RNA and antibody probes for localization and mapping studies. We recognize that this review, as written, is imperfect. It is particularly deficient in making any effort towards identifying unifying principles of structure and function. We look forward to returning to this subject within 3 years.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF): a growth factor with pleiotropic effects on bone biology.

Historically, growth factors are denominated based on a specific biological activity. In many cases, these factors display a much broader spectrum of activities, especially when their effect is tested on various cell or tissue types. Consequently, names of certain factors are quite deceptive. A textbook example is leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). LIF was initially described based on its ability to induce differentiation in the murine myeloid leukemia cell line M1. Later, LIF turned out to be a synonym for at least nine different factors defined on the basis of their effects on a variety of cell types including lymphomas, liver cells, embryonic stem cells and carcinoma cells, neurons, melanomas and osteoclasts. Apart from its differential effect on unrelated cell types and tissues. LIF induces biphasic effects on cells of the same "lineage" as well. Needless to say, LIF activity in these circumstances largely depends on the developmental stage of the target cells. An example is LIF activity on bone cells. Osteoclast as well as osteoblast activity is stimulated or suppressed by LIF depending on the developmental stage of the respective cells. This concept is of utmost importance in the evaluation of the seemingly opposing or contradictory effects of LIF in vitro as well as in vivo.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Academic misconduct: considerations for educational administrators.

Academic misconduct entails fraudulent behavior involving some form of deception whereby one's work or the work of others is misrepresented. Recently much attention has been paid to the problem of academic misconduct, and concern has been expressed that academic institutions have been slow to act and ineffective in policing themselves. Academic administrators have a responsibility to involve themselves in developing and implementing policies and procedures for handling allegations of misconduct. General principles and an outline of the stages of the investigational process are described, as are sources of information about developing institutional guidelines. Additionally, administrators are encouraged to examine their institutional practices for factors that may contribute to misconduct in an effort to develop norms and practices to help prevent misconduct, which undermines the basic integrity of academic institutions.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Scientific fraud: definitions, policies, and implications for nursing research.

Scientific research typically has been founded on high ethical standards established by researchers in academia and health care research institutions. Scientific fraud, an act of deception or misrepresentation of one's own work, violates these ethical standards. It can take the form of plagiarism, falsification of data, and irresponsible authorship. Scientific fraud has been attributed to misdirected attempts to attain high levels of personal and professional success. Researchers so prone commit scientific fraud in a search for promotion, status, tenure, and the obtaining of research grants. To divert scientific fraud, three recommendations are suggested: (1) socialize prospective nurse researchers into an atmosphere where intellectual and professional integrity prevail; (2) have established nurse researchers serve as role models and mentors who can educate the neophyte researcher about the ethics of research, including scientific fraud; and (3) emphasize and reward quality in research and publications, rather than quantity.

Ethics, Professional↗
PubMed2006

Applying lessons from tobacco litigation to obesity lawsuits.

This discussion examines the use of litigation as a strategy to protect the public health. The history of tobacco litigation provides a model to evaluate potential litigation strategies against other industries that pose a threat to public health, particularly the food industry. This paper demonstrates that although legislation would be a preferable solution, lessons from the tobacco wars suggest that effective national legislation is unlikely at the present time. Based on the differences and similarities between the tobacco and food industries, it predicts the effectiveness of particular kinds of obesity litigation and the food industry's likely response. The tobacco industry has vigorously fought individual injury lawsuits and has had remarkable success in resisting such cases. The food industry is likely to successfully employ a similar "scorched earth" litigation strategy in individual injury cases. However, the tobacco industry did agree to the Master Settlement Agreement in the lawsuits brought by the state attorneys general because they were a unique kind of litigation with a finite number of plaintiffs. Likewise, state lawsuits under consumer protection acts may be a distinct type of litigation that permits cases to focus on deceptive advertisements while avoiding complicated causation issues. Such lawsuits have the potential to be a useful tool to fight obesity and enlist the efforts of the food industry in resisting the epidemic. Understanding the lessons of tobacco can save public health advocates much time and many resources and thus allow tobacco litigation to benefit public health in new ways.

Consumer Advocacy↗
PubMed2003

[Aesthetic surgery, the liability].

Which are the specific risks for the plastic surgeons in aesthetic surgery? There are several: first of all, patients consult by desire and not because of health problems; it is often during difficult moments in their life (job loss.). Moreover, the surgeon must give the most complete information to the patient: he must describe the surgery, the risks (even the most exceptional ones). The surgeons have to "use the best practices": what does it mean? This sentence deals with the idea that the surgeons must have all the necessary skills to perform an aesthetic surgery and to ensure the cares after the operation (experience, diploma, staff, equipment.). They do not have to guarantee a result. As they do not operate in a hurry, they must renounce to a surgery if there is a doubt concerning the risk or the result the patient is waiting for. For years we have been observing that the requests for getting compensations have been left to drift for a lot of reasons (deception with the result, youth not found again.). The capacity to discover the real reasons of an aesthetic surgery, the listening, the courage to refuse to operate if the patient expects too much. depends on the surgeon (and insurer) future quiet. Despite all these precautions, we can notice that each surgeon is involved one time in a 4-years period: he will waste his time (forensic examinations.). As a conclusion, we can say that the respect of the rules of ethics is the key to battle against the increase of files in proceedings.

Ethics, Medical↗
PubMed2006

Conformation and dynamics changes of bacteriorhodopsin and its D85N mutant in the absence of 2D crystalline lattice as revealed by site-directed 13C NMR.

13C NMR spectra of [3-(13)C]Ala- and [1-(13)C]Val-labeled D85N mutant of bacteriorhodopsin (bR) reconstituted in egg PC or DMPC bilayers were recorded to gain insight into their secondary structures and dynamics. They were substantially suppressed as compared with those of 2D crystals, especially at the loops and several transmembrane alphaII-helices. Surprisingly, the 13C NMR spectra of [3-(13)C]Ala-D85N turned out to be very similar to those of [3-(13)C]Ala-bR in lipid bilayers, in spite of the presence of globular conformational and dynamics changes in the former as found from 2D crystalline preparations. No further spectral change was also noted between the ground (pH 7) and M-like state (pH 10) as far as D85N in lipid bilayers was examined, in spite of their distinct changes in the 2D crystalline state. This is mainly caused by that the resulting 13C NMR peaks which are sensitive to conformation and dynamics changes in the loops and several transmembrane alphaII-helices of the M-like state are suppressed already by fluctuation motions in the order of 10(4)-10(5) Hz interfered with frequencies of magic angle spinning or proton decoupling. However, 13C NMR signal from the cytoplasmic alpha-helix protruding from the membrane surface is not strongly influenced by 2D crystal or monomer. Deceptively simplified carbonyl 13C NMR signals of the loop and transmembrane alpha-helices followed by Pro residues in [1-(13)C]Val-labeled bR and D85N in 2D crystal are split into two peaks for reconstituted preparations in the absence of 2D crystalline lattice. Fortunately, 13C NMR spectral feature of reconstituted [1-(13)C]Val and [3-(13)C]Ala-labeled bR and D85N was recovered to yield characteristic feature of 2D crystalline form in gel-forming lipids achieved at lowered temperatures.

Amino Acid Substitution↗
PubMed2004

Ethological validation and the assessment of anxiety-like behaviours: methodological comparison of classical analyses and structural approaches.

The research on emotional reactivity usually implies the use of standardised behavioural tests that provide a quick idea of the effect of a treatment on the reactivity of subjects to potentially dangerous situations. Many validity criteria have been considered to evaluate these tests. This validity concept supports the idea that animals' behaviour in these tests model human anxiety. Generally, those criteria repeatedly labelled as "ethological validation" refer to the analogy between animals and human in the meaning of the test situation. Although the content of the ethological validation concept is heterogeneous, it is steadily related to a fixed interpretation of the behavioural items produced in a given experimental setting. The basic assumption of such reasoning is that the behavioural items would always be expressed in the same behavioural context whatever the subject, its gender, strain or species, thoroughly asserting a predefined subjective state. Using multivariate and textual analysis, we found evidence that the "ethological validation" recourse to an a priori interpretation for a given behavioural variable may be deceptive. We defend the idea that the meaning of a behavioural variable should be restricted to the general context where it arose. Theoretical propositions and methodological options are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Antisociality, underarousal and the validity of the Concealed Information Polygraph Test.

The Concealed Information Polygraph Test has been advocated as the preferred method for the physiological detection of deception. In this study, we further examined the validity of the Concealed Information Test in antisocial individuals. Physiological responding to concealed information was assessed in 48 male prisoners, and compared with responding in 31 male community volunteers. Based upon the association between antisociality and autonomic hyporesponsivity, lower detection rates were expected in the prisoners. Participants were questioned on five personally significant items (e.g., day of birth), instructed to deny recognition of this information, and promised a financial reward when able to hide recognition. Prisoners showed reduced autonomic reactivity in comparison to the community volunteers. This hyporesponsivity had little impact on the sensitivity of the Concealed Information Test. Detection efficiency in the prisoners was significantly above chance (d=2.67; a=0.82; 79%), and did not differ significantly from that obtained in the community volunteers (d=3.04; a=0.85; 87%). The present data support the validity of the Concealed Information Test in criminal populations.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Munchausen by proxy: a case, chart series, and literature review of older victims.

UNLABELLED: The history of an older child victim of Munchausen by proxy (MBP) is described. He was referred for evaluation after repeated sinus surgeries for recurrent sinus infections believed to be related to a falsified history of an immunodeficiency. The perpetrator was the mother of this 14-year-old victim, consistent with the majority of such cases. This case prompted a review of cases of MBP in older children reported in our hospital as well as a literature search for other cases in older children. METHODS: This study was a chart review of children over 6 years of age who had been evaluated by social services at the Children's Hospital at the Cleveland Clinic and reported as cases of Munchausen by proxy to Child Protective Services between January 2001 and June 2003. Also, an OVID, Psychline, and Pubmed literature review of published cases of Munchausen by proxy were identified, and cases occurring in the older child were selected for review. RESULTS: Older children who are the victims of Munchausen by proxy may have an induced illness, but falsified reports of symptoms and medical history to coerce the child to undergo medical procedures may be more common. Collusion of the victim with the perpetrator may also become a factor as the child ages and adopts the deception. Given the complex relationship that exists between the parent and child, it is difficult to predict whether the victim either will assist the caregiver in maintaining the factitious illness or be able to recognize the falsification. CONCLUSIONS: Older children who are the victims of Munchausen by proxy may fear consequences of revealing the factitious illness. Physicians must consider the possibility of this diagnosis whenever there are discrepancies in a child's illness that makes a factitious illness a consideration.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Mental state inference using visual control parameters.

Although we can often infer the mental states of others by observing their actions, there are currently no computational models of this remarkable ability. Here we develop a computational model of mental state inference that builds upon a generic visuomanual feedback controller, and implements mental simulation and mental state inference functions using circuitry that subserves sensorimotor control. Our goal is (1) to show that control mechanisms developed for manual manipulation are readily endowed with visual and predictive processing capabilities and thus allows a natural extension to the understanding of movements performed by others; and (2) to give an explanation on how cortical regions, in particular the parietal and premotor cortices, may be involved in such dual mechanism. To analyze the model, we simulate tasks in which an observer watches an actor performing either a reaching or a grasping movement. The observer's goal is to estimate the 'mental state' of the actor: the goal of the reaching movement or the intention of the agent performing the grasping movement. We show that the motor modules of the observer can be used in a 'simulation mode' to infer the mental state of the actor. The simulations with different grasping and non-straight line reaching strategies show that the mental state inference model is applicable to complex movements. Moreover, we simulate deceptive reaching, where an actor imposes false beliefs about his own mental state on an observer. The simulations show that computational elements developed for sensorimotor control are effective in inferring the mental states of others. The parallels between the model and cortical organization of movement suggest that primates might have developed a similar resource utilization strategy for action understanding, and thus lead to testable predictions about the brain mechanisms of mental state inference.

Cerebral Cortex↗
PubMed2006

Tangled webs: tracing the connections between genes and cognition.

The rise of molecular genetics is having a pervasive influence in a wide variety of fields, including research into neurodevelopmental disorders like dyslexia, speech and language impairments, and autism. There are many studies underway which are attempting to determine the roles of genetic factors in the aetiology of these disorders. Beyond the obvious implications for diagnosis, treatment and understanding, success in these efforts promises to shed light on the links between genes and aspects of cognition and behaviour. However, the deceptive simplicity of finding correlations between genetic and phenotypic variation has led to a common misconception that there exist straightforward linear relationships between specific genes and particular behavioural and/or cognitive outputs. The problem is exacerbated by the adoption of an abstract view of the nature of the gene, without consideration of molecular, developmental or ontogenetic frameworks. To illustrate the limitations of this perspective, I select two cases from recent research into the genetic underpinnings of neurodevelopmental disorders. First, I discuss the proposal that dyslexia can be dissected into distinct components specified by different genes. Second, I review the story of the FOXP2 gene and its role in human speech and language. In both cases, adoption of an abstract concept of the gene can lead to erroneous conclusions, which are incompatible with current knowledge of molecular and developmental systems. Genes do not specify behaviours or cognitive processes; they make regulatory factors, signalling molecules, receptors, enzymes, and so on, that interact in highly complex networks, modulated by environmental influences, in order to build and maintain the brain. I propose that it is necessary for us to fully embrace the complexity of biological systems, if we are ever to untangle the webs that link genes to cognition.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed2005

Appearance questions can be misleading: a discourse-based account of the appearance-reality problem.

Preschoolers' success on the appearance-reality task is a milestone in theory-of-mind development. On the standard task children see a deceptive object, such as a sponge that looks like a rock, and are asked, "What is this really?" and "What does this look like?" Children below 412 years of age fail saying that the object not only is a sponge but also looks like a sponge. We propose that young children's difficulty stems from ambiguity in the meaning of "looks like." This locution can refer to outward appearance ("Peter looks like Paul") but in fact often refers to likely reality ("That looks like Jim"). We propose that "looks like" is taken to refer to likely reality unless the reality is already part of the common ground of the conversation. Because this joint knowledge is unclear to young children on the appearance-reality task, they mistakenly think the appearance question is about likely reality. Study 1 analyzed everyday conversations from the CHILDES database and documented that 2 and 3-year-olds are familiar with these two different uses of the locution. To disambiguate the meaning of "looks like," Study 2 clarified that reality was shared knowledge as part of the appearance question, e.g., "What does the sponge look like?" Study 3 used a non-linguistic measure to emphasize the shared knowledge of the reality in the appearance question. Study 4 asked children on their own to articulate the contrast between appearance and reality. At 91%, 85%, and 81% correct responses, children were at near ceiling levels in each of our manipulations while they failed the standard versions of the tasks. Moreover, we show how this discourse-based explanation accounts for findings in the literature. Thus children master the appearance-reality distinction by the age of 3 but the standard task masks this understanding because of the discourse structure involved in talking about appearances.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2006

Health effects of recreational exposure to Moreton Bay, Australia waters during a Lyngbya majuscula bloom.

A survey of residents in an area subject to annual toxic cyanobacterial blooms was undertaken to examine potential health effects of cyanobacteria toxins. The survey assessed the health of marine recreational water users in Deception Bay/Bribie Island area in northern Moreton Bay, Queensland, which is exposed to blooms of the nuisance and potentially harmful cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula. A postal survey was mailed to 5000 residents with a response rate of 27%. High numbers of people (78%) responding to the survey reported recreational water activity in Moreton Bay. Of those having marine recreational water activity, 34% reported at least one symptom after exposure to marine waters, with skin itching the most reported (23%). Younger participants had greater water exposure and symptoms than older participants. Participants with greater exposures were more likely to have skin and eye symptoms than less exposed groups, suggesting agents in the marine environment may have contributed to these symptoms. Of those entering Moreton Bay waters 29 (2.7%) reported severe skin symptoms, 12 of whom attended a health professional. Six (0.6%) reported the classic symptoms of recreational water exposure to L. majuscula, severe skin symptoms in the inguinal region. Participants with knowledge of L. majuscula were less likely to report less skin, gastrointestinal and fever and headache symptoms. In conclusion, high numbers of participants reported symptoms after exposure to waters subject to L. majuscula blooms but only a small number appeared to be serious in nature suggesting limited exposure to toxins.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Hierarchy of regulatory events in sensory placode development.

Cranial placodes are a uniquely vertebrate characteristic; they form the paired sense organs of the eyes, ears and nose, in addition to the distal parts of some of the cranial sensory ganglia. These focal ectodermal thickenings have been studied from an embryological perspective in a diversity of organisms, revealing tissue interactions that are crucial for the morphological formation of the different placodes. In recent times, there has been a renewed interest in understanding the induction and differentiation of these deceptively simple ectodermal regions. This has led to a wealth of information on the molecular cues governing these processes. In particular, the integration of signals at the level of 'placode-specific' enhancers is beginning to provide a glimpse into the complexity of genetic networks that function within this embryonic cell population to generate key components of the peripheral nervous system.

Animals↗