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PubMed1988

Surface modeling of craniofacial form in human embryos with a limited graphics terminal.

Three-dimensional morphology of the human embryo typically is visualized through computerized modeling techniques utilizing planar contours as the data base. Through this approach, tissue outlines are digitized, and contour lines are superimposed, providing a depth perspective. However, these techniques represent embryonic tissues as discontinuous surfaces and therefore ignore morphological information between sections. The purpose of this study was to develop a computerized routine for the three-dimensional surface modeling of craniofacial morphology in human embryos. Tissue outlines are digitized, thus converting contour information into x,y,z coordinate data. The three-dimensional reconstruction program BCSURF opens the data file and plots each tissue polygon. A center is determined for each contour, and this value is used to divide each polygon into four segments. Surface patches are generated by mapping each segment onto the corresponding segment of subsequent sections. A face table is constructed representing the surface patches and plane normals are generated for each patch. The normal and depth values are appended to the face table, and these measures determine the color intensity for each patch. Finally, patches are plotted providing a polygon mesh model, and each patch is filled with a dither pattern according to shading values. Three-dimensional reconstructions of the craniofacial region in Carnegie embryos (stages 15-17) are generated, and major morphological features are observed. Although bilevel shading capabilities cause discontinuous shading textures, this simple and inexpensive system can be easily upgraded for high-resolution graphics.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed1988

A note on sampling variance estimates for Social Security program participants from the Survey of Income and Program Participation.

The Census Bureau's Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) provides data that can be used to study the characteristics of Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program participants. It is important that estimates of sampling errors accompany such studies because the estimates may have large sampling errors due to the small number of sample cases available for specific analyses. The generalized sampling variances provided by the Census Bureau did not identify separately either program's participants and, therefore, do not pertain directly to analyses of these groups. This article describes an approach to the direct computation of sampling variances for OASDI and SSI program participants. The approach uses the pseudo stratum and half-sample codes available in SIPP public use data files. A table of generalized standard errors is constructed for participants of both programs aged 18 or older. Generalized standard errors could not be computed for child beneficiaries under age 18 because of a wide variation of design effects across subpopulation estimates.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

[Computerized data storage of antibiograms obtained by various methods (automatic reading by 2 different systems or manual processing by the disk method) and retrieval of antibiograms and cytobacteriological data using microcomputers].

This software is composed of different programmes. It works on Apple IIe computers. It enables to capture all the data information concerning bacteriological tests to store them and to edit either personnel reports or global lists made out according to different criteria and to study them under both the statistical or the epidemiological aspects. The results of the antibiotic sensitivity test are notified either by an automatic reader (ABAC or API system) when carried out in a liquid environment or by an original computerized device (compass or enlarger) when manually carried out by the disc method. The informations are directly transmitted to the computer. It's possible to make up a common data file that can be exploited as a whole.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1977

[Automatic data processing in the studies of the electric activity of the heart].

A generalized analysis of the work going on at the Kaunas Medical Institute in automation of instrumental investigations is reported. The aim, destination and the field of application for the systems of automated analysis of electrocardiograms and rhythmograms, whose construction is based on the use of LIBM-22 and BECM-6 computers, are described. Fundamental prinicples laid at the root of the systems (data file, algorhythms employed, structure of response), mathematical and technical provisions, analysis of basic errors and possibilities of their elimination are presented.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1985

Statistical prediction of cardiac risk in patients who undergo vascular surgery.

Since August 1982, an extensive computerized data base has been developed on all patients admitted to the Division of Vascular Surgery at the Ottawa Civic Hospital. For each patient, 180 variables are recorded, including information about preoperative risk factors and postoperative complications. Since cardiac complications are a major cause of mortality and morbidity, the data file has been used to study postoperative cardiac complications in patients who undergo arterial reconstructive operations. Between August 1982 and December 1983, 353 artery repairs were performed, excluding ruptured aneurysms. Cardiac complications developed following surgery in 56 patients. Risk factors were initially studied using contingency table analysis. Four of these factors were found to be significant: electrocardiographic evidence of previous myocardial infarction (p = 0.0003), nonspecific ST-segment changes (p = 0.0007), New York Heart Association classification of symptoms (p = 0.0003) and age (p = 0.01). A further statistical study was based upon multiple logistic regression. The authors believe that the identification of a high-risk group, using these criteria, is helpful in selecting patients for intensive preoperative investigation, including coronary arteriography.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1983

Civil Service Retirement System annuitants and Social Security.

This article examines the extent to which annuitants of the Federal employee Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS) are entitled to Social Security benefits. It is based on linked administrative data files from the two systems. Ninety-one percent of all those receiving CSRS annuities in 1979 had worked at some point in their careers in jobs that were covered by Social Security. Almost 80 percent of the annuitants aged 65 or older were entitled to Medicare benefits. Of those aged 62 or older, 73 percent were entitled to Social Security cash benefits, including 10 percent who were entitled only as spouses or survivors of workers covered under Social Security. About 39 percent of the female annuitants aged 62 or older were entitled to benefits as wives or widows of workers, including some who were also insured for benefits based on their own earnings. The average combined benefit for those with Social Security was +845 among annuitants aged 62 or older. For those receiving only CSRS annuities, the average was +959. Those not entitled to a Social Security benefit tended to have more years of Federal service and higher annuities than did those entitled to both a Social Security benefit and a CSRS annuity.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1984

Future applications of the microcomputer in dietetics.

The microcomputer has potential in both clinical and educational aspects of dietetics. Computer-assisted learning (CAL) applications may be of value to students, to newly qualified staff and to patients needing to understand the background of their disorders. The most widely developed use of the computer at present is in dietary analysis, but other areas of CAL may be fruitful, particularly tutorial and simulation programs. An appreciable amount of work has been carried out exploring the patient-computer interface, and dietitians may wish to make greater use of patient interview and counselling systems in the future. The microcomputer could have value in setting up data files for recording patient and nutritional information. In addition, there are opportunities for increasing the use of computers in the general administration of a dietetics department. The microcomputer is therefore capable of having a marked effect on the future work of the dietitian, with a variety of avenues showing potential for further investigation.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMed1984

Somatic cell counts: associated factors and relationship to production.

Factors affecting somatic cell counts and the association between somatic cell counts and milk production were evaluated. Data were collected from 748 Ontario Dairy Herd Improvement Corporation supervised herds that were on production and somatic cell count programs between April 1981 and March 1983. Two data files were created; one, the lactation summary file, contained one record per cow on each of 9406 Holsteins and the other, the test day file, included results of all tests during the complete lactation on each of the above cows. The latter file contained 85,236 records. Multiple curvilinear least squares regression was used to create five separate models. The dependent variables used in the models were natural logarithms (Loge) of the geometric mean of the somatic cell count for the lactation, 305 day milk production and breed class average for milk from the lactation summary file, and loge of the 24 hour somatic cell count and 24 hour milk production from the test day file. The somatic cell count at both the lactation and test day level increased with age up to approximately ten years and thereafter slowly decreased. The variable "days in milk" was not significantly associated with the lactation average somatic cell count. A curvilinear relationship was found between days in lactation at the time of test and the somatic cell count of 24 hour milk production. The somatic cell count increased until approximately 250 days in lactation and thereafter slowly decreased. It was found that the highest cell counts occurred in summer and the lowest in winter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aging↗
PubMed1984

Nickel and cancer associations from a multicancer occupation exposure case-referent study: preliminary findings.

Since 1979 our group has been engaged in a case-referent study of 12 tumour types (oesophagus, stomach, colon, rectum, liver, pancreas, lung, melanoma of skin, prostate, bladder, kidney, lymphoid tissue) and occupational exposure. The study covers the entire Montreal population of males aged 35-70; cases are ascertained in all major hospitals. The interview concerns various sociodemographic variables and a detailed job history. Each job history is evaluated by a team of chemists who infer for each job what the possible physical and chemical exposures were. The list of exposures thus inferred is added to the subject's data file. Each site and each exposure noted in any patient's history are statistically evaluated for possible association. Until June 1982, 1 343 cancer cases and 144 general population subjects had been thus interviewed. For the present purpose, all 1 487 files were reviewed to assign exposure to nickel, and nickel exposure was attributed to 79 subjects. Mantel-Haenszel analyses were carried out comparing each site with a referent group consisting of all other interviewees (other sites and healthy controls). Only the nickel-lung association turned out to be remarkable, with an odds ratio of 3.1, 95% confidence limits 1.9-5.0, and some indication of dose-response effect. The risk was particularly high among stainless-steel welders, though other nickel-exposed workers were also at risk. These findings probably reflect a real risk; however, we cannot be certain that nickel is responsible. Exposure to chromium compounds was so highly correlated with nickel that the observed nickel association may simply have reflected a confounding effect of chromium. Confounding with other occupational exposures is also possible.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

The beneficial effect of nicardipine on the healing of myocardial infarcts in dogs.

The effect of 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid 3-[2-(N-benzyl-N-methyl amino)] ethyl ester 5-methyl ester hydrochloride (nicardipine, RS-69216, YC-93), on the healing of myocardial infarcts has been examined in dogs surviving for 3 months after ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). Three groups of 12-14 dogs were subjected to the following treatments: a) Group X received one-month oral pretreatment (1-2 mg/kg/d) with post-ligation i.v. treatment delayed for 1 h (10 micrograms/kg followed by 2 micrograms/kg/15 min for 5 h) and oral treatment (1-2 mg/kg/d) for 3 months (n = 9 survivors). b) Group Y received oral placebo for one month, i.v. saline vehicle every 15 min for 5 h commencing 1 h postligation, and oral placebo for 3 months (n = 8 survivors). c) Group Z received oral placebo for one month as in group Y, i.v. and oral drug treatment post-ligation as for group X (n = 10 survivors). Recordings were made of general haemodynamics and at post mortem, each heart was X-rayed and sliced transversely to give 14 sections from which detailed observations were made on left ventricular (LV) geometry. Comparative morphological measurements were available from filed data for 11 normal dog hearts (designated group C) of similar type. Nicardipine treatment significantly modified the general haemodynamic responses to LAD ligation particularly in maintaining a low LV systolic pressure and inhibiting elevation of LV end diastolic pressure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A microcomputer based interactive system for the recording and automatic analysis of esophageal pH-studies.

A microcomputer based system for the recording and automatic analysis of esophageal pH-studies has been developed. It consists of a microcomputer interfaced with a pH-meter, one video display, two disk-drives for five inch diskettes, one printer and a fully interactive program written in BASIC. Every second, the microcomputer records the values of pH measured by the pH-meter. The options available in the program are: 1) Creation of medical records; 2) pH probe calibration; 3) pH-basal value acquisition; 4) Standard Acid Reflux Test (SART); 5) Acid Clearing Test (ACT); 6) 24-hour pH-monitoring test; 7) Summary of patient's current results; 8) Printing and data file management. Each one of these options provides access to other related functions. This system and its software has the following advantages: 1) it achieves a high standard in the execution of esophageal pH-study tests; 2) it provides an objective real-time analysis of the results; 3) it reduces the total cost of the investigation.

Computers↗
PubMed1984

Independent living outcomes in spinal cord injury: multivariate analyses.

This paper presents results of a study designed to isolate those medical, personal, and environmental factors that best predict a spinal cord injured (SCI) person's ability to live independently following discharge from medical rehabilitation. A formal research model is used to identify the most promising dependent and independent variables. The principal data source is an extensive data file of 111 persons with SCI who were discharged from 10 medical rehabilitation centers across the nation. The two main independent living (IL) outcome variables are (1) a person's ability to live in a less restrictive environment, and (2) a person's ability to live productively--not only in terms of gainful employment but also in terms of other contributions to community and family life. Using multiple regression analysis, the paper reports that approximately 63% of the variance in IL outcome can be explained. The most important predictors of IL outcome are marital status, education, transportation barriers, economic disincentives, and the severity of a person's disability as measured by the Barthel index. All predictors are statistically significant. The paper concludes with implications for medical rehabilitation practice and disability policy.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1984

Comparative analysis of social, demographic, and flight-related attributes between accident and nonaccident general aviation pilots.

This investigation represents an exploratory examination of several differentiating social and demographic characteristics for a sample of calendar year 1978 Colorado-resident nonfatal accident-involved pilots and a random sample of nonaccident general aviation (i.e., nonairline) pilots. During 1979-1980 80 currently active pilots were interviewed by the author, and information concerning the standard demographic variables, in addition to several social, psychological, and flying-related items, was obtained. The sample was generated from commercially available data files derived from U.S. Government records and consisted of 46 accident and 34 nonaccident pilots who resided within a 100-mi radius of Denver, east of the Rocky Mountains. Descriptively, the respondents represented a broad spectrum of general aviation, including: corporate pilots, "crop dusters," builders of amateur experimental aircraft, and recreational fliers. Application of stepwise discriminant analysis revealed that the pilots' education, political orientation, birth order, percent of flying for business purposes, participation in nonflying aviation activities, number of years of flying experience, and an index of aviation procedural noncompliance yielded statistically significant results. Furthermore, utilization of the classification capability of discriminant analysis produced a mathematical function which correctly allocated 78.5% of the cases into the appropriate groups, thus contributing to a 56.5% proportionate reduction in error over a random effects model. No relationship was found between accident involvement and several indicators of social attachments, socioeconomic status, and a number of measures of flying exposure.

Accidents, Aviation↗
PubMed1980

Multivariate discriminant analysis of the clinical and angiographic predictors of operative mortality from the Collaborative Study in Coronary Artery Surgery (CASS).

The Collaborative Study in Coronary Artery Surgery (CASS) is a large multi-institutional study of the medical and surgical treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD). Fifteen cooperating institutes have carried out isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) on 6,176 patients from August, 1975, through December, 1978. The operative mortality (OM) was 2.3%. In an effort to better understand the clinical and angiographic characteristics predictive of OM, we have done a multivariate discriminant analysis of variables associated with OM. Numerous clinical and angiographic variables were selected from the CASS data file and evaluated in a univariate manner for their relationship to OM. Twenty of these variables were then selected for multivariate discriminant analysis. Clinical variables of most predictive value were age, female sex, increased heart size, and congestive heart failure (CHF). Angiographic variables of importance included left ventricular wall motion abnormalities, and left main coronary disease (LMCD). The priority of operation (elective, urgent, or emergent) was also associated with OM. Six variables that contained the most predictive information were selected by discriminant analysis for a group of 6,176 patients who had isolated bypass operations. In descending order of importance they were age, left main coronary artery stenosis greater than or equal to 90%, female sex, left ventricular wall motion score, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), and râles. Five other groups or subgroups of patients were also analyzed in a similar manner. There is a strong association of OM with advanced age, female sex, and variables associated with left ventricular dysfunction. The risk of OM for an individual patient may be estimated with the use of these clinical and angiographic characteristics.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Automated information collecting and processing system fed from multichannel radiodiagnostic devices].

A system for collecting and processing information has been developed in the basis of the model "Elektronika" D3-28 computer. An interface between the computer and diagnostic instruments has been designed and manufactured. The software for the system has also been devised. The programs allow, besides making calculations in accordance with some concrete working methods, to smooth out curves, to eliminate overshoots, to print out the file data on patients, etc. The main advantages of this system are its low cost and the elimination of manual work in numbering curves and data processing, which increases the working capacity of radiological equipment.

Computers↗
PubMed1982

Manpower for obstetrics-gynecology. III. Contributions to total female medical care.

This final report from the cooperative manpower study of the University of Southern California and The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists describes the development of a female data file that outlines the care of women patients by all specialties. Obstetrician-gynecologists are compared to other specialists; they see 300,000 women per day in the United States and provide a wide range of care. Preventive care plays a larger role than in other major specialties, patient counseling and education are emphasized, and obstetric care is a major commitment. Nonetheless, acute and serious surgical and medical diagnoses are an important component of the practices of obstetrician-gynecologists.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Staphylococcus aureus in bulk milk samples].

In the years 1993-1994 the occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus was investigated in bulk milk samples in the area where a Baby Food Factory at Zábreh in Moravia is located, and in Bruntál, Zlín and Policka districts. Evaluation of the results was based on ECC Directive 92/46, while the dynamics of S. aureus presence was followed for the whole period of observation as well as in the particular seasons. A total of 4,485 samples was processed. Out of these, 50.7% contained less than 100 CFU/ml of S. aureus, 41.4% contained 100-500 CFU/ml, 6.73% 500-2,000 CFU/ml and 1.14% contained more than 2,000 CFU/ml (Fig. 1). The samples were divided into three categories: private new-established farms, cooperative and State-owned enterprises in the area of the Zábĕh Factory and others (Zlín, Bruntál and Policka districts). There were highly significant differences in the content of staphylococci (P = 0.01%) between the three categories of samples. Ninety-eight percent of samples from private farms, 96% samples from the Zábreh Factory area and 85% of the other samples comply with the regulation EEC 92/64 (Tab. I) for raw cow's milk for the manufacture of products "made with raw milk" whose manufacturing process does not involve any heat treatment (Fig. 2). The occurrence of S. aureus in the Zábreh Factory area shows an expressive seasonal dynamics (P = 0.005%) with maximum values in winter months (December-March) and minimum values in summer months (July-October)-Fig. 3. The same relationship can be seen on more extensive data files for the particular producers (Fig. 4).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Are PRO discharge screens associated with postdischarge adverse outcomes?

OBJECTIVE: We evaluate whether patient outcomes may be affected by possible errors in care at discharge as assessed by Peer Review Organizations (PROs). DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING: The three data sources for the study were (1) the generic screen results of a 3 percent random sample of Medicare beneficiaries age 65 years or older who were admitted to California hospitals between 1 July 1987 and 30 June 1988 (n = 20,136 patients); (2) the 1987 and 1988 California Medicare Provided Analysis and Review (MEDPAR) data files; and (3) the American Hospital Association (AHA) 1988 Annual Survey of Hospitals. STUDY DESIGN: Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between the results of generic discharge administered by the PROs and two patient outcomes: mortality and readmission within 30 days. The analysis was adjusted for other patient characteristics recorded on the uniform discharge abstract. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Four discharge screens indicated an increased risk of an adverse outcome-absence of documentation of discharge planning, elevated temperature, abnormal pulse, and unaddressed abnormal test results at discharge. The other three discharge screens examined-abnormal blood pressure, IV fluids or drugs, and wound drainage before discharge-were unrelated to postdischarge adverse outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Generic discharge screens based on inadequate discharge planning, abnormal pulse, increased temperature, or unaddressed abnormal tests may be important indicators of substandard care. Other discharge screens apparently do not detect errors in care associated with major consequences for patients.

Aged↗