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PubMed2004

Effects of MDMA (ecstasy), and multiple drugs use on (simulated) driving performance and traffic safety.

RATIONALE: The effects of MDMA on driving behaviour are not clear, since the direct effects of MDMA on cognitive performance are reported as not generally negative. OBJECTIVES: To assess in an advanced driving simulator acute effects on simulated driving behaviour and heart rate of MDMA, and effects of polydrug use. METHODS: A group of young participants who had indicated that they regularly used MDMA were asked to complete test rides in an advanced driving simulator, shortly after the use of MDMA, just before going to a party. They were tested again after having visited the "rave", while they were under the influence of MDMA and a number of different other active drugs. Participants were also tested sober, at a comparable time at night. Separately, a control group of participants was included in the experiment. RESULTS: Driving performance in the sense of lateral and longitudinal vehicle control was not greatly affected after MDMA, but deteriorated after multiple drug use. The most striking result was the apparent decreased sense for risk taking, both after MDMA and after multiple drug use. This was clear from gap acceptance data, while the ultimate indicator of unsafe driving, accident involvement or even causation, was increased by 100% and 150%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Driving under the influence of MDMA alone is certainly not safe; however, driving back (home) after a dance party ("rave") where MDMA users regularly combine MDMA with a host of other drugs can be described as extremely dangerous.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The role of 5-HT in the impairment of thermoregulation observed in rats administered MDMA ('ecstasy') when housed at high ambient temperature.

RATIONALE: Administration to rats of a neurotoxic dose of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) produces an impairment in thermoregulation which is reflected in a prolonged hyperthermic response to a subsequent dose of MDMA given to rats housed at high ambient temperature. OBJECTIVE: We wished to examine whether the impaired thermoregulation was associated with decreased cerebral 5-HT content produced by the prior neurotoxic dose of MDMA. METHODS: Rats were injected with drugs decreasing 5-HT function [the tryptophan hydroxlase inhibitor p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA), and 5-HT receptor antagonists] and rectal temperature was measured after administering MDMA to rats housed at 30 degrees C. RESULTS: PCPA pretreatment decreased 5-HT and 5-HIAA concentrations in cortex, hippocampus and striatum by >80% and prolonged the hyperthermia induced in rats housed at 30 degrees C by administering MDMA (5 mg/kg i.p.). A similar prolongation of the hyperthermic response to MDMA was seen when rats were pretreated with methysergide (10 mg/kg i.p.) or the 5-HT(1A) antagonist WAY100635 (0.5 mg/kg s.c.). CONCLUSIONS: Decreasing 5-HT function in diverse ways enhanced the hyperthermic response to MDMA given to rats housed at high ambient temperature. This suggests that loss of 5-HT acting on 5-HT(1A) receptors leads to impaired thermoregulation in rats and suggests that the impairment seen in MDMA pretreated rats housed at high ambient temperature is due to a loss in 5-HT function. These data could have implications for recreational users of MDMA, who may have damaged serotoninergic neurons because of prior heavy or frequent use of the drug, when taking further doses of MDMA in hot environments such as dance clubs.

8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin↗
PubMed2007

Acute effects of nocturnal doses of MDMA on measures of impulsivity and psychomotor performance throughout the night.

INTRODUCTION: Previous studies on the acute effects of MDMA on psychomotor performance and impulsivity showed that MDMA acts as a stimulant. These studies assessed performance during daytime, whereas in real life, dance-attendees leaving a party use the drug during the night. OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to assess the effects of nocturnal doses of MDMA on psychomotor performance and impulsivity during the night and after a night of sleep deprivation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fourteen healthy subjects participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-way within-subject study. The treatment was MDMA (75 and 50 mg) divided over the evening or double placebo. Psychomotor and impulsivity tasks were conducted four times throughout the evening and night. A vigilance test was conducted once, at 5 A.M.,: and a sleepiness scale was presented to the subjects ten times throughout the evening and night. RESULTS: MDMA impaired tracking performance in a simple tracking task. Divided attention task performance was also impaired as indicated by a decrease in secondary task performance under the influence of MDMA compared with placebo. MDMA did not affect impulsivity measures. Vigilance performance decreased as a function of time on task, but this decrement was less during MDMA treatment compared to placebo. After the administration of MDMA, the sleepiness scale scores were lower during the night when compared with placebo. This difference between MDMA and placebo disappeared in the morning. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that nocturnal doses of MDMA may produce impairments of tracking performance and divided attention throughout the night that are additive to performance impairment produced by sleep loss.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

A neurotoxic dose of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) to rats results in a long-term defect in thermoregulation.

RATIONALE: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; "ecstasy") administration to rats produces damage to cerebral 5-HT nerve endings; however, the long-term functional consequences of this damage are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: To confirm that MDMA administration produces a long-term effect on thermoregulation and investigate the mechanisms involved. METHODS: Male Dark Agouti rats were injected with a neurotoxic dose of MDMA (12.5 mg/kg i.p.). Five to 6 weeks later, they were exposed to high ambient temp (30 degrees C) for 60 min followed by a return to normal temp (20 degrees C), with rectal temperature being measured under both conditions. Further groups of MDMA-pretreated rats were challenged with 8-OH-DPAT and their temperature response measured. RESULTS: MDMA administration produced acute hyperthermia. Rectal temperature had normalised 24 h later and was similar to saline-injected controls over the following 15 days. MDMA administration produced a 37% loss in hypothalamic 5-HT content 18 days later. When MDMA-pretreated rats were subjected to high ambient temperature 33 days posttreatment, they displayed both a faster rise in rectal temperature and sustained hyperthermia when returned to normal conditions. There was no difference in their hypothermic response to the 5-HT1A agonist 8-OH-DPAT. CONCLUSIONS: A neurotoxic dose of MDMA resulted in impaired thermoregulation when rats were exposed to high ambient temperature. 5-HT1A receptor mechanisms were unaltered. Impaired serotonergic function following MDMA presumably alters the neurotransmitter balance, thereby compromising thermoregulation. Heavy recreational users of MDMA may also have impaired thermoregulation and thus be at greater risk of an acute adverse response to MDMA in a hot crowded dance environment.

Amphetamines↗
PubMed1999

Relaxation effects in humans of underwater exercise of moderate intensity.

In this study we investigated the effects of underwater exercise in warm water (34 degrees C) on physiological and psychological relaxation. Eight healthy young men (aged 20-26 years) volunteered for the experiment. The experiment consisted of the following three successive segments: a pre-exercise period of 20 min, during which the subjects rested in a semi-supine posture with their eyes closed for the final 10 min; an underwater exercise period of approximately 60 min, during which the subjects performed gymnastic exercises or aerobic dancing with occasional movements or jumping; a post-exercise recovery of 20 min, which was similar to the pre-exercise rest period. We compared the relative power values (power %) of the electroencephalogram alpha bands (8-13 Hz) and profile of moods states (POMS) before and after the underwater exercise. We also estimated the percentage of maximal heart rate (%HRmax) throughout the experiment to ascertain the intensity of the underwater exercise. The results of %HRmax indicated that the intensity of underwater exercises practised in the experiments ranged from low to moderate. The power % of EEG alpha bands had increased significantly after the underwater exercise compared with the pre-exercise rest (P<0.05). From the POMS results, we observed that positive mood (vigour) increased and negative mood (tension and anxiety, depression and dejection) decreased significantly after the underwater exercise (P<0.05). This study found that the subjects showed increased physiological and psychological indices of relaxation after underwater exercise.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Self-organisation and communication in groups of simulated and physical robots.

In social insects, both self-organisation and communication play a crucial role for the accomplishment of many tasks at a collective level. Communication is performed with different modalities, which can be roughly classified into three classes: indirect (stigmergic) communication, direct interactions and direct communication. The use of stigmergic communication is predominant in social insects (e.g. the pheromone trails in ants), where, however, direct interactions (e.g. antennation in ants) and direct communication (e.g. the waggle dance in honey bees) can also be observed. Taking inspiration from insect societies, we present an experimental study of self-organising behaviours for a group of robots, which exploit communication to coordinate their activities. In particular, the robots are placed in an arena presenting holes and open borders, which they should avoid while moving coordinately. Artificial evolution is responsible for the synthesis in a simulated environment of the robot's neural controllers, which are subsequently tested on physical robots. We study different communication strategies among the robots: no direct communication, handcrafted signalling and a completely evolved approach. We show that the latter is the most efficient, suggesting that artificial evolution can produce behaviours that are more adaptive than those obtained with conventional design methodologies. Moreover, we show that the evolved controllers produce a self-organising system that is robust enough to be tested on physical robots, notwithstanding the huge gap between simulation and reality.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2006

Development of lexical and sentence level context effects for dominant and subordinate word meanings of homonyms.

Nine-ten-and twelve-year-old children (N = 75) read aloud dominant, subordinate or ambiguous bias sentences (N = 120) that ended in a homonym (BALL). After the sentence (1,000 ms), children read aloud targets that were related to the dominant (BAT) or subordinate (DANCE) meaning of the homonym or control targets. Participants were also divided into three reading skill groups based on an independent measure of single word oral reading accuracy. There were three main developmental and reading skill findings. First, 9-year-olds and low skill readers showed lexical level facilitation in accuracy. Second, 9- and 10-year-olds or low and moderate skill readers showed lexical level facilitation in reaction time. Third, 12-year-olds or high skill readers showed sentence level facilitation in reaction time with high skill readers additionally showing sentence level inhibition in reaction time. These results show that lexical level context effects decreased and that sentence level context effects increased with development and skill. These results are discussed in terms of connectionist models of visual word recognition that incorporate distributed attractor principles.

Child↗
PubMed2026

Culture, Psychiatry and Epigenetics.

Regarding the methodology of ethnopsychiatric research, for example, on the Vietnamese Mo M&#x1b0;&#x1edd;ng's burial rituals or the health-promoting and healing effects of the Chinese Tujia dances, three different approaches can be distinguished: phenomenological-descriptive methods, hermeneutic-interpretive techniques and studies on underlying mechanisms such as hypnotherapeutic or neuroendocrine dynamics. Since epigenetics has shown that cultural and artistic experiences can influence gene expression and genetic functioning, even across generations, the article argues for greater consideration of epigenetics in medical anthropology and ethnopsychiatry. Epigenetic dynamics can significantly influence health promoting and healing effects of rituals in ethnic traditions and determine an individual's responsiveness to such practices. In this context, the interplay between genetics and epigenetics, various concepts of the collective unconscious, transcultural psychiatry, culturally sensitive arts therapies, and issues of migration and transcultural identities are discussed.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Prevalence and predictors of club drug use among club-going young adults in New York city.

"Club drugs" encompass a diverse range of substances. Although efforts have been made to determine the extent of club drug use among the general population, it is equally important to assess patterns of use among key target populations from which drug trends typically diffuse. This paper describes the results of a survey focused upon club drug use among club-going young adults in NYC. Time-space sampling generated a sample of 1,914 club-going young adults (ages 18-29) who provided data on their use of six key club drugs: ecstasy, ketamine, cocaine, methamphetamine, GHB, and LSD, as well as data on their gender, sexual orientation, race/ethnicity, and other demographic variables. Club-going young adults report drug use at high rates-70% report lifetime illicit drug use and 22% report recent club drug use. Rates of club drug use differ by gender, sexual orientation and race/ethnicity. Male gender is predictive of ketamine, GHB, and methamphetamine use, while female gender is predictive of cocaine use. Gay/bisexual orientation and White race are predictive of the use of several club drugs. Greater health promotion efforts are warranted among this population. Intervention programs and campaigns should tailor specific drug messages to differentially target various segments of dance club patrons.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

The Benesh movement notation used to study sitting behaviour.

An adaptation has been made of the Benesh Movement Notation, widely used to record dance movement and routine, to study the movement and posture of sitting subjects. In describing this development, this article shows how the notation can suit the special needs of an individual research project.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

To soothe the savage breast.

We review quite a range of procedures--some strange, some familiar--to calm, and spare fantasied harm. Drugs can help a whole bunch, but there is no 'free lunch.' Side-effects from long use, and the risk of abuse, make it wiser to find other means to 'unwind.' (Anxious folks spin a messful of thoughts that are stressful.) Against pressures that fluster, tranquil images muster a sense one is resting--rather than testing how much one achieves (while one's family grieves). Muscle programs to lower tense states, and pace slower, can bring manifold gains easing worry and pains. There are diverse connections among muscle flexions--however those function--that can serve as an unction. Movements practiced each night do more good than the 'right' exercises in theory, left undone by the weary. Thus give choice of routines as well as calm scenes: one might dodge heart attacks if one learns to relax. It will not cheer one's mood to review woes nor brood over future collusions, intrusions, confusions, perfection, rejection and other delusions. Like over-tight shoe points, loosen Puritan viewpoints because standards too stern make adrenaline burn. Teach instead: 'Mellow visions need not earn derisions. People who play more are invited to stay more.' Massages and dancing, gentle fiction entrancing or dulcet harmonics are suitable tonics. For self-damaging actions bring on wholesome distractions. There are so many names for so many games, from social adventures to buying debentures, trip-planning, food-canning and even gold-panning. Thus cease surplus panting but cultivate planting since turmoil may go when one makes flowers grow, or elsewhere embraces Nature's several faces: oceans, rivers, or canyons, mountains, redwoods or banyans, or (thanks to some vets), peaceful contacts with pets.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

Honey bee cognition.

The visual memory of honey bees is stored pictorially. Bees will accept a mirror-image reversal of a familiar pattern in the absence of the original, but prefer the original over the reversal; the matching system of bees, therefore, does not incorporate a mirror-image ambiguity. Bees will not accept a rotation of a familiar vertical pattern, but readily recognize any rotation of a horizontal pattern; the context-specific ability to make a mental transformation seems justified by natural contingencies. Bees are able to construct and use cognitive maps of their home area, though it is possible to create conditions under which they lack useful cues. Other experiments suggest that recruits, having attended a dance in the hive specifying the distance and direction of a food source, can evaluate the "plausibility" of the location without leaving the hive; this suggests a kind of imagination.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Sexual differentiation of behavior in the zebra finch: effect of early gonadectomy or androgen treatment.

Treatment of nestling zebra finches with estradiol benzoate (EB) has been shown to masculinize singing in females and demasculinize copulatory behavior in males, suggesting that sexual differentiation of these behaviors is under hormonal control such that testicular hormones induce the capacity for song and ovarian hormones suppress the capacity for mounting. Two experiments were carried out to obtain a more complete picture of sexual differentiation in this species. In Experiment 1, nestlings were injected daily for the first 2 weeks after hatching with testosterone propionate (TP), dihydrotestosterone propionate (DHTP), or a combination of DHTP and EB. As adults, birds were gonadectomized and implanted with TP prior to testing, then tested again after implantation with EB. Singing was not increased in females by any of the treatments. The only effect of either TP or DHTP given alone was defeminization of female proceptive behavior by DHTP. Thus androgens appear to have less influence than estrogens on sexual differentiation of behavior in this species. The combination of DHTP and EB demasculinized mounting in males. In Experiment 2, nestlings were gonadectomized at 7-9 days of age and implanted with TP prior to testing in adulthood. Early gonadectomy had little effect on later behavior; early castrated males sang, danced, and copulated normally and early ovariectomized females neither sang nor mounted.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

No longer giving life through death.

Pragmatic approaches to safe motherhood consider the needs of both clients and providers: the sociological and physical environments within which a woman lives and moves through to reach a level of care that fulfills her health needs; and the conditions of formal and traditional health care systems within which a health care provider works and moves through to reach a level of professional satisfaction and quality care that fulfills her/his needs and responsibilities. These movements toward higher levels of 'care' are interdependent; without one, the other falters. Clients and providers are partners in this 'dance' of health. Five approaches employed by the MotherCare Project shape maternal health programs. Presented in geometric form, they each describe movements leading client and provider to more satisfying positions in receiving and giving health care, respectively. Strategies to enhance these movements are the subject of the subsequent chapters of this supplement.

Decision Making↗
PubMed1990

Disturbance of rhythm sense following right hemisphere damage.

In a patient with right temporal lobe and additional right basal ganglia damage following a stroke, recognition and reproduction of simple rhythmical Gestalten were examined and found grossly undisturbed. In contrast to this undisturbed perception and production of rhythm, the patient could not tap or move rhythmically in beat with an auditory pacer such as a metronome or marching band music, yet he could do so to rhythmically presented light or touch stimuli. Thus, the impairment seems to be a previously undescribed, modality specific disturbance of auditorily paced predictive motor behaviour affecting, for example, walking, dancing, singing and speech.

Cerebral Cortex↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Isolated pulmonary valvular regurgitation: current perspectives.

IPVR is a rare clinical entity that was first diagnosed during life in 1955. In the past 35 years, only 69 patients have been reported. With increasing clinical awareness, as well as use of PDE, the confirmation of its clinical diagnosis has become easier and more accurate without having to take recourse to invasive cardiac studies as in the past. For this reason, it is becoming increasingly apparent that IPVR is not so rare as has been suggested in the past. IPVR is more common in men than in women, in whites than blacks, and in the young than the elderly. The mean age of IPVR patients is 27 years (range, 4 to 85). The majority of the patients are asymptomatic and the diagnosis is usually suspected upon the discovery of a crescendo-decrescendo, low-pitched, early to mid diastolic murmur in the second and third left intercostal space, which increases during inspiration, particularly in the presence of a hyperdynamic right ventricle and in the absence of peripheral circulatory phenomenon of aortic regurgitation. The ECG often shows right axis deviation, incomplete right bundle branch block, and rarely, right ventricular hypertrophy and strain. However, a normal ECG does not preclude its diagnosis. Approximately 30% of the IPVR patients have normal 12-lead ECGs. The diagnosis may be further suggested by the posteroanterior chest roentgenogram when dilated and large central pulmonary arteries are noted to pulsate vigorously (hilar dance) on chest fluoroscopy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Concentration of dimethylnitrosamine in the air of smoke-filled rooms.

In order to evaluate the contribution of volatile nitrosamines from tobacco smoke to indoor air pollution, N-nitroso-dimethylamine (NDMA) and N-nitroso-diethylamine (NDEA) were measured in indoor air under artificial and natural conditions. In controlled experiments under extreme conditions, we found that tobacco smoke-related NDMA levels above 0.07 ng/liter were associated with a highly irritating atmosphere which was scarcely tolerable to those present. In smoke-filled rooms under natural conditions NDMA levels ranged from 0.02 to 0.05 ng/liter except a minimum value of less than 0.01 ng/liter in a restaurant and a maximum of 0.07 ng/liter in a dancing bar. These NDMA levels are thus below comparable values reported by others. The NDMA/NDEA ratios found in air samples taken from some rooms under conditions of everyday life are quite different from those found in sidestream smoke of cigarettes. Irritation was not reported under natural conditions. From the results it is concluded that NDMA levels, measured under real life conditions, are usually not caused by tobacco smoke alone. Evidence for other sources of volatile nitrosamines is discussed.

Air↗
PubMed1982

Circulating opioids: possible physiological roles in central nervous function.

Evidence is reviewed regarding the release of endorphins by such diverse conditions as stress, long distance running, acupuncture, sexual activity, suggestion and ritualistic dancing ceremonies. Additional evidence is cited regarding possible physiological roles of endorphins in antinociception, socialization, euphoria, some mental disorders, drive states and vegetative functions. The concentration of this latter type of evidence is on conditions during which endorphins seem to be exerting effects on a number of different systems together (for example, euphoria is almost always accompanied by analgesia), and the possibility is suggested that the activation of a number of functions together may be due to a global activation of opiate receptors throughout the CNS. A possible basis for this global activation arises from results from this laboratory indicating the presence of a blood-borne opioid hormone, secreted by the pituitary or by an endocrine gland under pituitary control, which is capable of passing from the blood into the CNS. This diffuse endorphinergic system, which is complementary to the well-established endorphinergic neuronal systems in the CNS, thus derives its property of global action on opiate receptors by the diffuse means by which the hormone reaches its target sites, i.e., by passing through the blood brain barrier. Thus, while each specific endorphin-mediated function can be activated by the activation of its respective neural pathway, it is proposed that the hormonal endorphinergic mechanism is activated to produce a global response provoked by conditions to which a more generalized response, including physiological and behavioural changes, is most appropriate.

Animals↗