Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Conjunctivitis”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,135 records · Page 63Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

How do GPs diagnose and manage acute infective conjunctivitis? A GP survey.

OBJECTIVE: To determine GPs' diagnosis and management of acute infective conjunctivitis (AIC)-one of the commonest but least researched acute infections seen in primary care. METHODS: A postal questionnaire survey of 300 GPs from two Health Authorities in Southern England. RESULTS: 236 (78%) GPs returned the questionnaire. 92% of those responding felt confident or very confident in the diagnosis of AIC. 95% usually prescribe topical antibiotics for AIC despite 58% stating that they thought at least half of the cases they see are viral in origin and only 36% believing that they could discriminate between bacterial and viral infection. There was considerable variability in GPs' use of individual signs to make the diagnosis of AIC (from 99% using eye discharge to 31% using conjunctival oedema) and in the features used to discriminate viral from bacterial infection (from 87% using type of discharge to 47% using amount of discharge). GPs rarely perform eye swabs or give patient information leaflets to patients with AIC. CONCLUSION: Most GPs still prescribe topical antibiotics for most cases of AIC-a condition where only half of the cases are likely to be due to a bacterial infection, and even bacterial infections are self-limiting. Further research is needed to explore the potential benefits and disadvantages of topical antibiotics, and to develop clinical or microbiological methods to help GPs to target antibiotic prescription.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1977

Virological and serological studies of neurological complications of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis in Thailand.

An extensive outbreak of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) occurred from September to December 1974 in Thailand. At least 29 patients with polio-like motor paralysis that complicated AHC were hospitalized in Bangkok. Paired or triplicate samples of serum from 16 patients were tested for neutralizing antibody to enterovirus type 70 (EV70). A significant rise in titer of antibody was found for two patients, and the other 14 had neutralizing antibody titers ranging from 1:8 to 1:512 without an increasf larger than or equal to 1:16, a level which is considered to be diagnostically significant. Neutralizing antibody to EV70 was detected in 19S fractions of nine sera examined, but neutralizing antibody to three types of poliovirus was confined to 7S fractions. EV70 was isolated from one of seven stool specimens collected on day 37 after the onset of AHC and none of 10 samples of cerebrospinal fluid. These results and additional clinical and epidemiologic findings gave further support to the hypothesis that EV70 infection can cause polio-like motor paralysis as a complication of AHC.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1979

Target tissues associated with genital infection of female guinea pigs by the chlamydial agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis.

Female guinea pigs were experimentally infected in the genital tract with the strain of Chlamydia psittaci that causes guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis. Chlamydiae were found frequently in superficial squamous epithelial cells of the exocervix, along with heavy involvement at the squamocolumnar junction. In this zone chlamydiae were observed in columnar cells, but inflammation and chlamydial inclusions were not observed in true endocervical epithelium. These observations were supported by results of immunofluorescence microscopy. Electron micrographs revealed typical chlamydiae within surface epithelial cells at the squamocolumnar junction; various stages of the growth cycle (elementary, reticulate, and intermediate bodies) were also present. Cytopathologic features were not remarkable, but peripheral distribution of organelles, rarefaction of the cytoplasm, and loss of microvilli were observed.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Nosocomial conjunctivitis caused by adenovirus type 4.

An outbreak of conjunctivitis caused by adenovirus type 4 (AV 4) occurred in hospital personnel who had contact with a patient with AV 4 pneumonia. Nine ill individuals were identified. AV 4 infection was demonstrated in all by isolation of AV 4 and/or a fourfold or greater rise in serum titer of specific neutralizing antibody. The incubation period was seven to 10 days, and the illness lasted five to seven days. Infectious virus was regularly present in the affected eyes for one week but not usually for more than 10 days after the onset of symptoms. Visual disturbance persisted for at least five months in one patient, who developed subepithelial deposits. The outbreak occurred after isolation procedures were abandoned in the care of the patient. No secondary case appeared. Isolation of patients with adenovirus pneumonia and barrier nursing are recommended as practical means of preventing nosocomial adenoviral infection and its consequences.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1982

An epidemic of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis due to coxsackievirus A24.

An epidemic of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis in 416 (10.8%) of 3,830 staff and students of the Christian Medical College and Hospital in Vellore, India, during September-December 1979 was studied. Virus was isolated in cultures of HeLa cells from 171 of the 249 persons cultured. Most of the viral isolates were identified as an antigenic variant of coxsackievirus A24. Success in isolating the virus from conjunctival swabs was inversely proportional to the time elapsed between the onset of illness and the time the specimens were collected. In general, titers of antibody to coxsackievirus A24 were low or undetectable. Three persons had subconjunctival hemorrhage with no other symptoms, and virologic evidence of infection with coxsackievirus A24 was obtained in two of them.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1983

Polio-like motor paralysis associated with acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis in an outbreak in 1981 in Bombay, India: clinical and serologic studies.

High and rising neutralizing antibody titers (NATs) to enterovirus type 70 (EV70) were detected in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with polio-like motor paralysis accompanying acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) in an outbreak of AHC in 1981 in Bombay, India. Fifty-four (88.5%) of 61 patients with AHC with or without neurologic disease had serum NATs of greater than or equal to 1:16, and some paired sera from these patients showed significant increases in NAT. Serum from noninfected control subjects had no significant neutralizing antibody to EV70. Thirty-six (94.7%) of 38 CSF specimens from 30 patients with spinal or a combination of spinal and cranial motor paralysis associated with AHC had NATs ranging from 1:2 to 1:256. No neutralizing antibody was found in CSF specimens from patients with AHC alone or in those from non-infected control subjects, and a reduced ratio of serum NAT to CSF NAT was detected in patients with neurologic disease. Therefore, it is highly likely that intrathecal synthesis of antibody occurred in response to direct invasion of the central nervous system by EV70. The results represent strong laboratory evidence of the neurovirulence of EV70.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1983

Trimethoprim-polymyxin B ophthalmic solution in the treatment of presumptive bacterial conjunctivitis--a multicentre trial of its efficacy versus neomycin-polymyxin B-gramicidin and chloramphenicol ophthalmic solutions.

Two-hundred and thirty patients with a diagnosis of presumptive bacterial conjunctivitis were assessed in a randomized double-blind multicentre trial. In two of the centres the patients had been treated with either trimethoprim-polymyxin B or neomycin-polymyxin B-gramicidin ophthalmic solution. In the other two centres the patients had been treated with either trimethoprim-polymyxin B or chloramphenicol ophthalmic solution. All of the preparations used were shown to be effective and very few adverse reactions were encountered. No significant difference in clinical efficacy could be demonstrated between trimethoprim-polymyxin B and neomycin-polymyxin B -gramicidin but trimethoprim-polymyxin B was found to be significantly better (P = 0.03) than chloramphenicol in reducing signs and symptoms.

Chloramphenicol↗
PubMed1989

Trimethoprim-polymyxin B sulphate ophthalmic ointment versus chloramphenicol ophthalmic ointment in the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis--a review of four clinical studies. The Trimethoprim-Polymyxin B Sulphate Ophthalmic Ointment Study Group.

Five hundred and twenty-eight patients with a clinical diagnosis of bacterial conjunctivitis were enrolled in four randomized, double-blind, parallel studies. Patients were treated with trimethoprim-polymyxin B sulphate (TP) or chloramphenicol ophthalmic ointments, four times a day for seven days in three studies, and three times a day for five days in one. Data suitable for evaluation of efficacy and safety were obtained from 448 patients. The results of each study were analysed separately and indicated that both treatments were effective and well tolerated and that there were no statistically significant differences between them. However, in three studies, efficacy trends generally favoured TP ophthalmic ointment and in one study efficacy trends favoured chloramphenicol ophthalmic ointment. A wide range of pathogenic or potentially pathogenic organisms was isolated, with Haemophilus influenzae being the most prevalent.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Serosurvey for "acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis" virus (Enterovirus 70) antibodies in the Southeastern United States, with review of the literature and some epidemiologic implications.

Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) has been epidemic throughout much of the Eastern Hemisphere since its emergence in central West Africa in 1969. The disease had a distinctive clinical picture and an unusual geographic epidemiology. Between 1969 and 1975 AHC has occurred almost exclusively in crowded coastal areas of tropical countries during hot, rainy seasons. Only a few documented outbreaks have occurred in inland cities and in subtropical or temperate climate zones. Of 1014 residents of the eastern or southeastern United States who were screende for neutralizing antibodies to three or four strains of AHC virus (enterovirus type 70), three (0.3%) had titers ranging from 1:10 to 1:40. However, no clinical evidence of prior experience with AHC disease could be ascertained for these persons, so that the antigenic specificity of the detected antibodies is unknown. We conclude that populations of coastal tropical areas of northern South America and all of Central America are vulnerable to AHC epidemics.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis: a mixed virus outbreak among Vietnamese refugees on Guam.

In May 1975 the authors investigated an outbreak of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis that affected an estimated 29,000 refugees from South Vietnam who stayed on Guam while en route to the United States. Illness usually lasted6-10 days and was characterized by conjunctival injection (100%), lid edema (84%), eye irritation (81%) and subconjunctival hemorrhages (45%). Conjunctival swabs and paired serum specimens on a limited number of patients implicated enterovirus 70 as a major etiologic agent and adenovirus 11 as a less frequent agent. Adenovirus 8 and herpes simplex virus caused concurrent, sporadic cases of keratoconjunctivitis. Forty-three per cent of the refugees in a sample of 604 refugees were affected, and the attack rate was highest on evacuation vessels where crowding and poor sanitation facilitated person-to-person spread of infection. Because the outbreak subsided on Guam, and because infection was transmitted there to only 13 of about 1300 Americans in frequent contact with affected refugees, the risk of secondary outbreaks inthe United States appeared small.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1981

Seroepidemiologic studies of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis virus (enterovirus type 70) in West Africa. I. Studies with human sera from Ghana collected eight years after the first outbreak.

In 1969 and early 1970, during the pre-epidemic period of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) in the upper north regions of Ghana, 191 human sera were collected. In 1977, eight years after the first epidemic of AHC in Ghana, 1008 human sera were also collected in various regions of Ghana. These sera were examined for virus neutralizing (VN) antibody against the J670/71 strain of enterovirus type 70 (EV70). In the pre-epidemic 1969-1970 sera, a low prevalence rate (6%) of VN antibody, with a titer of greater than or equal to 1:8, was found; the geometric mean titer (GMT) was also very low (1:1.85). In the post-epidemic 1977 sera, a high prevalence rate (53%) of VN antibody was found in the Ghanaian population, and the calculated GMT was also high (1:7.36). A higher antibody prevalence was detected in coastal (Accra: prevalence rate of 58% and GMT of (1:7.84), forest (Kumasi: 58% and GMT 1:7.52) and peri-forest (Tamale: 51% and GMT 1:7.46) areas than in the tropical savanna area (Bolgatanga: 41% and GMT 1:5.13). The demonstration of VN antibody in children under seven years of age showed that EV70 was still widely distributed and highly active in Ghana. The VN antibody found in human sera was predominantly IgG.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Seroepidemiologic studies of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis virus (enterovirus type 70) in West Africa. II. Studies with human sera collected in West African countries other than Ghana.

Human sera were collected in Senegal, Nigeria, Ivory Coast, Dahomey, Liberia, Gabon and Togo during the pre-epidemic period of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) from 1965 to 1969, and tested for virus neutralizing (VN) antibody to enterovirus type 70 (EV70). Of these, 1109 (91%) were antibody negative (less than equal to 1:4), 116 (9%) neutralized at a dilution of 1:8 or over, and 45 (4%) at dilutions of at least 1:16. The distribution pattern is not significantly different from that of sera collected from Kenya in 1967 or from army recruits in the United States, Argentina, Brazil and Colombia in the 1960s. Sera collected during the post-epidemic period (1970 to 1977) in Senegal, Sierra Leone, Mali, Upper Volta, Chad, Niger and Gabon were also examined; 1573 (68%) were VN antibody negative (less than or equal to 1:4), while 733 (32%) and 433 (19%) had titers of 1:8 or greater and 1:16 or over, respectively. There is a significant difference in distribution between pre- and post-epidemic antibody titers (p less than 0.001), although the incidence of AHC was lower in these countries than in Ghana and Southeast Asia. The prevalence of VN antibodies tends to be lower in the dry, hot inland areas and thus humid coastal monsoonal climates and dense populations seem to favor the spread of AHC.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, Key West, Florida. An assessment of risk factors for introduction of illness into households and secondary spread during the 1981 epidemic.

From August 22 to November 6, 1981, 989 cases of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis were identified in Key West, Florida. The outbreak probably began when an infected 12-year-old Key West resident returned from the Bahamas and transmitted the illness to several neighborhood playmates. The rate of illness was highest for school-aged children, and a high proportion of cases occurred among blacks living in two adjacent low-income housing tracts. A telephone survey of persons living in these two tracts showed that the risk for introduction of illness into a household was 3.8 times greater for families with school-aged children. A study of 100 case households showed that black race, living in the two low-income housing tracts, and having a high ratio of family members per bathroom were variables significantly associated with multiple case households. To limit intracommunity spread of illness, symptomatic children were excluded from school for a period of seven days. The number of reported cases steadily decreased after school exclusion was implemented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Unusual causes of giant papillary conjunctivitis.

We report two unusual causes of giant papillary conjunctivitis (GPC). One patient developed GPC secondary to and elevated filtering bleb. Another patient developed focal GPC secondary to elevated calcific plaques (band keratopathy). The first patient's symptoms improved after treatment with sodium cromolyn drops. GPC resolved in the second patient after superficial keratectomy was performed. These cases represent two unusual causes of GPC and emphasize the role of mechanical trauma as a causative factor.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Efficacy and safety of desonide phosphate for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis.

PURPOSE: To study the safety and efficacy of the topical corticosteroid, desonide 0.25% ophthalmic solution, for inhibition of the clinical allergic reaction induced by conjunctival provocation (CPT) and for the treatment of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC). METHODS: For the CPT study, 12 allergic but inactive patients were exposed in both eyes to increasing doses of a specific allergen until a positive bilateral, symmetrical early- and late-phase reaction was obtained. After 2 weeks the last positive dose was readministrated and their positive response confirmed. After an additional 2 weeks, CPT was performed 30 minutes after topical administration of desonide in one eye and placebo in the contralateral eye (Group A) or after topical desonide or placebo four times a day for 2 days (Group B). Clinical signs and symptoms were recorded after 15, 30, and 60 minutes, and after 6 hours. Regarding the seasonal study, 96 patients with active SAC were treated bilaterally with either desonide or fluorometholone for 3 weeks, and allergic signs and symptoms evaluated at regular intervals. The safety of the drugs was assessed by identification of any side effects or adverse events of any kind. RESULTS: For the CPT study: individual itching and redness, and the sum score for signs and symptoms were all statistically (p < 0.05) and clinically (greater than 1 change between treated eyes) significantly lower in desonide versus placebo eyes. Both early- and late-phase reactions were reduced by desonide pretreatment. Seasonal study: desonide and fluorometholone were both highly effective in reducing itching, tearing, and conjunctival hyperemia over time (p < 0.0001). Both drugs appeared safe, with no statistically significant changes in IOP observed with either treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Desonide has a significant therapeutic effect on both the induced conjunctival early- and late-allergic reaction and in active SAC. It was also safe, with no side effects such as increases in intraocular pressure observed by physician or patient.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2003

Detailed criteria for the assessment of clinical symptoms in a new murine model of severe allergic conjunctivitis.

PURPOSE: The aims of this research were to: (1) generate a rapid protocol for the sensitization of rodents to a defined allergen without footpad injections yet leading to both acute- and late-phase hypersensitivity reactions in the ocular surface; and (2) define detailed criteria for the assessment of clinical symptoms in the acute-phase response. METHODS: With the approved methods for the use of experimental animals in research and existing sensitization protocols as a starting point, we developed and tested a new protocol with respect to its ability to generate an acute- and late-phase response on ocular challenge. Clinical symptoms were assessed by a trained ophthalmologist under masked conditions, and late-phase responses determined by histologic analysis of conjunctival tissue sections. RESULTS: A new protocol for the rapid sensitization of mice, avoiding footpad injections, yet yielding both acute- and late-phase allergic responses, was developed. Detailed criteria for the assessment of disease severity were established and tested. CONCLUSION: This protocol establishes a murine model of allergic conjunctivitis that will be useful for both the study of the molecular and cellular basis of allergic reactions in the ocular surface and the testing of new therapies for this disease.

Ambrosia↗
PubMed1981

The clinical management of giant papillary conjunctivitis.

Giant papillary conjunctivitis (GPC) has recently been observed on the upper tarsal palpebral conjunctiva in soft contact lens patients. This article describes and discusses a group of patients who developed GPC. From these observations, a simple clinical procedure was devised to manage this problem while the patient maintained soft lens wearing time. The procedure included changes in the lens polymer, design, and cleaning regimen, which together enabled the affected patients to continue soft lens wear.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Protein and elemental analysis of contact lenses of patients with superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis or giant papillary conjunctivitis.

Soft contact lenses worn by six patients (12 eyes) diagnosed as having contact lens-induced superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis (SLK) and from four patients (5 eyes) with giant papillary conjunctivitis (GPC) were analyzed for protein concentration and for elemental content. Fifty-five percent water content, ionic lenses containing methacrylic acid had high protein concentration. Calcium was not a common element found on protein-coated lenses. Sulfur and iron were found on used and new lenses. An elevated level of mercury was detected in one gray lens that had been disinfected in thimerosal-preserved saline with a high heat disinfection unit by a patient with SLK.

Age Factors↗