Remote checking of prescriptions in Navy health facilities.
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Computer Terminals↗
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Flat-panel display (LCD) versus high-resolution gray-scale display (CRT) for chest radiography: an observer preference study.
OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to compare cathode ray tube (CRT) display with liquid crystal display (LCD) for soft-copy viewing of chest radiographs in a clinical setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We displayed 80 posteroanterior digital chest radiographs side by side on a 5-megapixel CRT display and a 3-megapixel LCD. Gradation characteristics of both monitors were adjusted to DICOM display standards. Using a 4-point scale, seven radiologists ranked overall image quality and visibility of anatomic landmarks. Data analysis included Wilcoxon's rank sum test to assess the significance of preference for the different display modes and calculation of the percentage of images ranked equally by at least five of the seven radiologists. RESULTS: Wilcoxon's rank sum test found significant preferences (p < 0.001) for the CRT display for visualization of structures in low-attenuation areas of the thorax and for the LCD for visualization of structures in high-attenuation areas of the thorax. Overall image quality was ranked equal by at least five radiologists in 70% of cases, whereas for the remaining images a significant preference was found for the CRT display. CONCLUSION: We conclude that, under subdued ambient lighting conditions and without use of windowing, for most images the overall quality is equal with high-resolution CRT display and LCD. In images judged preferentially, we found a significant superiority for LCD for delineating mediastinal structures and for CRT display for delineating structures in the lung.
Computer Terminals↗
The electronic viewbox.
OBJECTIVE: We describe an effective, resource-free method for facilitating the comparison of film-based and PACS-based radiographic studies. CONCLUSION: Side-by-side comparison of film-based and PACS-based radiographic studies is often inconvenient because of the absence of an ergonomically satisfactory viewbox near the workstation. With a simple maneuver, any PACS display monitor can be used as a rudimentary viewbox, providing a convenient and ergonomically effective alternative.
Computer Terminals↗
Effects of display characteristics and individual differences on preferences of VDT icon design.
This study explored the effects of display characteristics such as target/background color combination, single/simultaneous presentation, and individual differences by sex, and design specialty on preferences of VDT icon design. The results indicated black targets (black-on-white, black-on-yellow) and black backgrounds (red-on-black, yellow-on-black) were the most popular and white targets (white-on-red, white-on-black) and white backgrounds (blue-on-white, red-on-white) were the second most popular. As for the chromatic color combinations, yellow-on-blue was the most favored. Subjects rated color combinations under single presentation higher than those under simultaneous presentation. Women rated purplish targets and rated purplish and blue backgrounds higher than men. Subjects with design background favored black more either as a target or background, but they favored turquoise less than those without design background.
Adult↗
Background luminance and input devices on clicking performance with a tablet PC.
This study investigated the effects of input devices and background luminance on clicking performance with a Tablet PC. The experiment was designed in complete block design within subjects. Participants were 19 men and 11 women, college students whose ages were 19 to 22 years (M=20.1 yr.). All had 0.8 corrected visual acuity or better and normal color vision. Three kinds of input devices, mouse, light pen, and touchpad, were used in this experiment. An analysis of variance showed that input devices significantly affected clicking performance as did background luminance (contrast ratio) on visual recognition (a higher contrast ratio gave better visual recognition).
Computer Peripherals↗
A quantitative model for designing keyboard layout.
This study analyzed the quantitative relationship between keytapping times and ergonomic principles in typewriting skills. Keytapping times and key-operating characteristics of a female subject typing on the Qwerty and Dvorak keyboards for six weeks each were collected and analyzed. The results showed that characteristics of the typed material and the movements of hands and fingers were significantly related to keytapping times. The most significant factors affecting keytapping times were association frequency between letters, consecutive use of the same hand or finger, and the finger used. A regression equation for relating keytapping times to ergonomic principles was fitted to the data. Finally, a protocol for design of computerized keyboard layout based on the regression equation was proposed.
Adult↗
Qualitative analysis of lumbar stabilization using point light and normal video displays.
Professionals in many fields use qualitative analysis to improve human movement. In previous research examining the reliability of physical therapists' qualitative assessments of lumbar stabilization, three experienced observers showed substantial agreement when viewing point light displays, but only moderate agreement when observing normal video displays. Replication of these findings in a larger group of less experienced observers would strengthen the notion that point light displays enhance qualitative analysis. The present study examined the reliability of qualitative assessments of lumbar stabilization when novice observers made judgments from two types of video displays. 50 fourth-year physical therapy students viewed either normal or point light video displays to judge lumbar stabilization of individuals performing a floor to waist lift. Multirater kappa coefficients for assessments made from normal displays and point light displays were .30 and .46, indicating fair and moderate agreement, respectively. These results suggest that point light displays may enhance observers' visual perception of human movement.
Adult↗
Physiological indices of visual fatigue due to VDT operation: pupillary reflexes and accommodative responses.
In spite of the clarification of some significant physiological factors of visual fatigue caused by VDT work, pupillary reflexes have not been studied as to how they are affected after prolonged visual work. This study examined visual function changes objectively in terms of pupillary reflexes and lens accommodative responses after a 4-hr VDT operation task. The relationship between the two functions was also examined. Two measurements in this paper revealed the physiological function changes due to VDT operation. The subjects involved were five students with an average age of 22.6 years. First, near-reflex measurement ascertained decreases in amplitude and the velocity of accommodation function after the visual task. Second, light-reflex measurement revealed a delay of the reflex, an increase in the amplitude of the reflex, and a decrease in pupil size after the visual task. A weak correlation between the decrease in pupil size and accommodation function was found. The occurrence of visual fatigue due to 4-hr VDT operation was also confirmed by CFF measurements and reported subjective visual symptoms in this experiment.
Accommodation, Ocular↗
Ocular surface area as an informative index of visual ergonomics.
A large ocular surface area (OSA) is thought to be one of the causes of eye irritation and eye fatigue. Because ocular surface is very sensitive to various irritants such as dust, heat, dryness, air flow, etc., a large OSA increases the possibility of eye surface exposure to such irritants. Thus, OSA is one of the most important indices of visual ergonomics. This paper aims at making OSA an exact and practical index by first describing an accurate method of measuring it, and then clarifying the relationship between OSA, the width of the palpebral fissure, and vertical gaze direction, all of which are thought to be strongly correlated with each other. We derived the following equations: 1) y = 0.039x1 + 3.36, r = 0.99, 2) y = 3.05x2 - 0.39, r = 0.97, 3) x1 = 72.7x2 - 91.4, r = 0.97, where x1 = vertical gaze direction (degrees), x2 = width or the palpebral fissure (cm), y = OSA (cm2). Finally, this paper also introduces the practical applications of OSA measurement, and notes the differences between OSA when VDT work (word processing using a keyboard and drawing a picture using a mouse) is performed and when traditional office work without a VDT (reading, drawing, and writing) is performed.
Adult↗
Ergonomic aspects of portable personal computers with flat panel displays (PC-FPDs): evaluation of posture, muscle activities, discomfort and performance.
The advent of compact and lightweight portable personal computers has offered its users mobility. Various sizes of PC-FPDs can now be seen in the occupational setting as an alternative to the desktop computers. However, the increasing popularity of this relatively new technology may not be without any accompanying problems. The present study was designed to evaluate the use of PC-FPDs in terms of postural changes, muscle load, subjective complaints and performance of the subjects. Ten subjects, 5 males and 5 females, were asked to perform a text-entry task for 5 minutes using each of the 5 types of personal computers--1 desktop and 4 PC-FPDs of various sizes. Results showed that the posture assumed by the subjects while using the PC-FPDs was significantly more constrained than that assumed during work with the desktop computer. Viewing and neck angles progressively lowered and the trunk became more forward inclined. The EMG results also revealed that the activities of the neck extensor in PC-FPDs were significantly higher than in the desktop computers. Trends of increasing discomfort and difficulty of keying with the use of smaller PC-FPDs were noted. Performance was significantly lower for smaller PC-FPDs. This study shows that PC-FPDs have ergonomic attributes different from the desktop computer. An ergonomic guideline specific for PC-FPDs users is needed to prevent the surge in health disorders previously seen among desktop computer users.
Adult↗
Risk factors for musculoskeletal symptoms among call center operators of a bank in São Paulo, Brazil.
OBJECTIVE: Identify risk factors for musculoskeletal symptoms among call center operators of a bank in São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Ergonomic work analysis was carried out, involving work observation and interviews. Self-answered questionnaires performed by 108 call center operators. RESULTS: Women represented 88% of the call center operators, 70% of them were in the age bracket of 18 to 23 yr. Daily working time was 6-h with one 30 min break. Workers remained seated 95% of the time, typing and answering telephone calls. Men' s work consisted of more active telemarketing and women's of customer services. Among female operators the prevalence of neck/shoulder symptoms was 43% (95% CI, 33-53) and of wrist/hand was 39% (95% CI, 29-49). Risk factors associated with wrist/hand symptoms were: inadequate height of table (Odds ratio (OR) 3.67, 95% CI, 1.12-11.96) and to answer above 140 calls/d (OR 3.36, 95% CI, 1.16-9.71). Risk factors associated with neck/shoulder symptoms were making fewer rest breaks (OR 3.17, 95% CI, 1.11-8.97) and inadequate thermal comfort (OR 3.06, 95% CI, 1.09-8.62). CONCLUSIONS: Prevention of musculoskeletal disorders among call center operators requires an integrated approach including improved workstation design, thermal comfort environment, well-scheduled work-rest regime and realistic production goals.
Adolescent↗
Effectiveness of visual feedback during isokinetic exercise.
Although previous investigators have observed that knowledge of performance via visual feedback tends to enhance performance during an isokinetic test, the time frame over which visual feedback remains advantageous is unclear. The purpose of this study was to compare knee extensor torques produced by visual feedback and no visual feedback groups on three occasions, completed over a 2-week period, and at 4 weeks after the third test. Healthy, sedentary subjects were each randomly assigned to either a visual feedback or a no visual feedback group (N = 10 males and 10 females per group). Visual feedback consisted of viewing a computer monitor which displayed the current and a target knee extension force. Torques produced by the visual feedback group were consistently greater (p < 0.05) and more reliable than those produced by the no visual feedback group. The effectiveness of visual feedback tended to decrease over the first three occasions, suggesting that visual feedback may not be as advantageous once a skill is well learned. Further research needs to examine the contribution of visual feedback to motor learning as well as retention and transfer of motor skills during more complex functional tasks.
Adult↗
Psychologic aspects of patients with symptoms presumed to be caused by electricity or visual display units.
Psychologic factors were studied in 10 patients with symptoms presumed to be caused by electricity (EG) and in 10 patients with symptoms presumed to be caused by visual display units (VG) and compared with a sex- and age-matched control group (CG). Psychologic differences between the EG and VG were also measured. The symptoms presumed to be caused by electricity or visual display units were registered, and the personality, psychologic functioning, and quality of life were determined by using the Karolinska Scales of Personality (KSP), an additional Personality Scale (PS), a Psychological Functioning Scale (PFS), and a quality of Life Scale (QLS). The results showed that the commonest general symptoms in the EG/VG were skin complaints, fatigue, pain, and dizziness, and the commonest oral symptoms were gustatory disturbance, burning mouth, and temporomandibular joint dysfunction. The patients in the EG described more different types of both general and oral symptoms than those in the VG. The result showed that the VG scored significantly higher only in the KSP Somatic Anxiety and Muscular Tension scales, and the EG scored significantly lower in the KSP Socialization scale and significantly higher in the Somatic Anxiety, Muscular Tension, and Psychasthenia scales. In addition, only the EG differed significantly on the PS, PFS, and QLS. The EG differed significantly in such psychologic aspects as being more fatigued in the PS, in having more difficulty in concentrating, in taking the initiative, and in getting on with people in the PFS and experiencing inactivity and visiting other people rarely in the QLS. The conclusion was that patients with symptoms presumed to be caused by electricity and visual display units differed from each other psychologically and, therefore, should be handled clinically in different ways. The need for an interdisciplinary approach to these patients is emphasized.
Adult↗
Visual display units and pregnancy outcome: a prospective study.
This paper presents the results of a prospective study of the impact of work with visual display units (VDUs) and associated ergonomic and stress variables on pregnancy outcome and infertility. An apparent relationship between VDU use and pregnancy outcome in retrospective data probably reflected the operation of recall bias. Prospective data did not reveal any evidence for an adverse effect of VDUs on pregnancy in this sample, or any mechanism by which such an effect could occur. There was no evidence for any effect of VDU use on infertility. Implications for working women and future research are also presented.
Adolescent↗
Fundamental issues on electromagnetic fields (EMF).
This paper will examine the fundamental principals of Electromagnetic Field Radiation. The discussion will include: The basic physical characteristics of magnetic and electric fields, the numerous sources of EMF in our everyday lives, ways to detect and measure EMF accurately, what to look for in EMF instruments, and the issues and misconceptions on shielding and exposure reduction.
Computer Terminals↗
Electro-magnetic fields in the home environment (color TV, computer monitor, microwave oven, cellular phone, etc) as potential contributing factors for the induction of oncogen C-fos Ab1, oncogen C-fos Ab2, integrin alpha 5 beta 1 and development of cancer, as well as effects of microwave on amino acid composition of food and living human brain.
The effects, on normal human subjects, of 3 minutes exposure to electro-magnetic fields (EMFs) emitted from: A) personal computers, B) color television sets, or C) microwave-ovens, or cellular phones were compared by placing the same large sheet of aluminum foil with a square hole or rectangular band-shaped hole at the chest level (or at the side of the head with the cellular phone), with or without grounding the aluminum foil, using the Bi-Digital O-Ring Test Dysfunction Localization and Molecular Identification Methods with cancer related substances (i.e., Oncogen C-fos Ab2 and mercury in the cell nucleus, Integrin alpha 5 beta 1 in the cell & nuclear membranes, and disappearance of Acetylcholine) as reference control substances. All the above sources of the EMFs not only induced the following various transitional abnormalities on the EMF entry area, but also induced similar abnormalities at the EMF exit area on the back (where the abnormality was found in the same shape as exposed EMF entry area, and the effect lasted for a shorter time than the entry point of the EMF): A) Exposure of the body at about 50 cm from the monitor of some of the typical personal computers resulted in: A1) decrease in Acetylcholine; A2) appearance of circulatory disturbance with the appearance of Thromboxane B2; A3) short-lasting appearance of Oncogen C-fos Ab2; A4) short-lasting appearance of Oncogen C-fos Ab1, though it lasted longer than C-fos Ab2; A5) no appearance of Integrin alpha 5 beta 1. B) part of the chest was exposed at a distance between 1 meter and up to 3 meters from a color television sized anywhere from 13'' to 21'', resulting in: B1) decrease in Acetylcholine; B2) appearance of circulatory disturbance with the appearance of Thromboxane B2; B3) short-lasting appearance of Oncogen C-fos Ab2; B4) short-lasting appearance of Oncogen C-fos Ab1, though it lasted longer than C-fos Ab2; B5) very short-lasting appearance of Integrin alpha 5 beta 1. C) When body was exposed, at a distance of 0.5m-2 meters, to microwaves emitted as leakage from a small microwave oven (about 2.45 GHz with 450 Watt output), the effects usually lasted about 2 to 3 times the exposure time at the exposed area and 1.6 to 2 times the exposure time at the back of the body at the EMF exit area.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Acetylcholine↗
Application of video glasses for sustained affective picture presentations: a comparison with video projector presentations.
Video glasses have previously been reported to be an effective instrument for emotion induction or for reducing pain perception. In the present study, we assessed the application of video glasses within the affective picture viewing paradigm. Possible advantages of this new method were tested by a comparison with a commonly used video projector. Twenty-four participants viewed sustained picture series of pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant valence with video glasses and with a projector on different days. Affective report, heart rate (HR), and skin conductance level were measured. The results showed that the video glasses presentation mode is not generally superior to the projector mode. Instead, typical responses to prolonged presentations of emotional pictures were obtained across both modalities with valence-modulated pleasure ratings and with an arousal modulation for arousal ratings, skin conductance level, and HR. These results suggest that video glasses are as useful for presenting prolonged affective picture series as are projectors. Specific contexts in which the application of video glasses is preferential are discussed.
Adult↗
Millisecond accuracy video display using OpenGL under Linux.
To measure people's reaction times to the nearest millisecond, it is necessary to know exactly when a stimulus is displayed. This article describes how to display stimuli with millisecond accuracy on a normal CRT monitor, using a PC running Linux. A simple C program is presented to illustrate how this may be done within X Windows using the OpenGL rendering system. A test of this system is reported that demonstrates that stimuli may be consistently displayed with millisecond accuracy. An algorithm is presented that allows the exact time of stimulus presentation to be deduced, even if there are relatively large errors in measuring the display time.
Behavioral Research↗