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At least 1,135 records · Page 63Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Automatic effects of alcohol cues on sexual attraction.

AIMS: The present study tested whether suboptimal priming (which may be defined as 'under viewing conditions rendering conscious identification highly improbable') with alcohol-related stimuli would activate existing expectancies about alcohol's effects on sexual desire. It was predicted that alcohol cues, relative to non-alcohol cues, would activate expectancies of alcohol's aphrodisiac properties. We hypothesized that for men, stronger expectancies in this regard would predict an increased tendency to judge women as sexually attractive following the alcohol primes. DESIGN: Two experimental studies manipulated cue (alcohol versus control) and rating dimension (attractiveness versus intelligence). Self-reported alcohol expectancies of sexual desire were assessed approximately 1 month prior to the study. Study 2 assessed additional expectancy content domains. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Study 1 comprised 82 undergraduate males and study 2 78 undergraduate males. Studies were conducted at the University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA. INTERVENTIONS: In both experiments, male participants were suboptimally primed with either alcohol-related or control words. Following this priming, they were presented with a series of photographs of young women and asked to either rate their attractiveness or their intelligence. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS: In both studies, a three-way interaction between cue, rating dimension and alcohol expectancies was found. Within the attractiveness rating condition a two-way interaction was found, indicating that in this condition, stronger expectancies that alcohol increases sexual desire predicted higher attractiveness ratings after suboptimal exposure to alcohol primes. No effects emerged in the intelligence rating condition. Discussion centers on implications for sexual risk-taking as well as a range of other non-consumptive behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Verbalization of appropriate and inappropriate cues in discrimination reversal learning by moderately mentally retarded children.

Effects of verbalization on discrimination reversal learning for moderately mentally retarded children were examined under three training conditions. Predicted results indicated that verbalization of both appropriate and inappropriate cues within relevant dimension significantly facilitated reversal shift performance, as compared to verbalization of only appropriate cues or non-verbalization. Results were interpreted to be due to the fact that verbalization of both appropriate and inappropriate cues actually served to utilize attentional or verbal mediators in terms of combining appropriate with inappropriate cues within relevant stimulus dimension.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Altered Fos expression in neural pathways underlying cue-elicited drug seeking in the rat.

Cocaine treatment paired with environmental cues establishes a conditioned place preference for that environment. Following expression of this preference, rats show elevated levels of immediate early genes (e.g. c-fos) in the prelimbic cortex (PrL), basolateral amygdala complex (BLC) and nucleus accumbens core (NAcc) compared to drug-unpaired controls. The PrL and BLC are reciprocally connected and both project to the NAcc. Together with the immediate early gene findings, these connections suggest the regions interact as a circuit contributing to cue-elicited drug seeking. To study this circuit, we iontophoresed Fluorogold (FG) into one brain region and assessed colocalization of FG with place preference-induced Fos in the others. Following FG iontophoresis in either the PrL or NAcc, more BLC cells double-labelled for Fos and FG were found in drug-paired than unpaired animals. Following FG iontophoresis in either the BLC or NAcc, no differences were found in the absolute number of PrL Fos/FG cells. This pattern of colocalization suggests that exposure to cocaine-associated cues leads to greater activation of the BLC's efferents to both the PrL and NAcc, while PrL output to the NAcc and BLC is unaffected in IEG expression. These results complement recent findings that suggested attenuated PrL output during place preference expression. Our findings support the view that the BLC, rather than the PrL, provides significant excitatory driving to the NAcc during cue-elicited drug seeking.

Amygdala↗
PubMed2005

Voltage-gated potassium channels regulate the response of retinal growth cones to axon extension and guidance cues.

Xenopus retinal ganglion cell growth cones express various voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels. We showed previously that 4-aminopyridine and tetraethylammonium have different effects on the outward currents of embryonic Xenopus retinal ganglion cells. Therefore, we asked whether these Kv channel inhibitors differentially regulate the response of retinal ganglion cell growth cones to extrinsic cues. First, we tested the role of Kv channels in axon extension mediated by a substrate bound cue and found that 4-aminopyridine blocked, whereas tetraethylammonium enhanced basal extension on laminin. Yet, when the growth cones were stimulated to extend with application of soluble growth factors, both inhibitors resulted in a return to the basal extension rates observed in the presence of laminin alone. Second, we asked if Kv channels modulate the response of retinal ganglion cell growth cones to a guidance cue, the chemorepellent fibroblast growth factor-2. When presented in a gradient to one side of the growth cone, fibroblast growth factor-2 repulsed retinal ganglion cell growth cones in the presence of 4-aminopyridine but not tetraethylammonium. These data argue that tetraethylammonium- and 4-aminopyridine-sensitive Kv channels differ in the manner by which they regulate the response of retinal ganglion cell axons to extension and guidance cues. Non-ratiometric calcium imaging indicated that differences in the ability of tetraethylammonium- and 4-aminopyridine-sensitive Kv channels to regulate calcium activity within the growth cone may underlie their unique modulation of growth cone behaviour.

4-Aminopyridine↗
PubMed2006

Prejudice expectations moderate preconscious attention to cues that are threatening to social identity.

Two studies examined whether chronic and situational expectations about being stigmatized predict attention toward cues that are threatening to social identity. In Study 1, women's chronic expectations about experiencing sexism were positively associated with their attention toward subliminal cues threatening to their social identity. In Study 2, women were vigilant toward subliminal cues threatening to their social identity when the experimental situation conveyed that their gender was devalued, but not when the experimental situation promoted value and respect for their gender. Women were vigilant toward consciously presented cues threatening to their social identity regardless of the attitudes the experimental context conveyed toward their group. These studies have important theoretical and practical implications for understanding the psychological experience of possessing a devalued social identity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Factor structure of the alcohol urge questionnaire under neutral conditions and during a cue-elicited urge state.

BACKGROUND: The Alcohol Urge Questionnaire (AUQ) is a promising multi-item measure of self-reported urges to drink in human laboratory studies; however, its factor structure has not been examined during an acute urge state. This study sought to validate the AUQ's factor structure under neutral conditions and during a cue-elicited urge state in heavy drinkers. METHODS: Participants (248 heavy drinkers; 70% male) completed the AUQ, the Alcohol Dependence Scale (ADS), and the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) under neutral conditions. A randomly selected subsample (n=61; 74% male) then underwent a multimodal alcohol cue exposure and completed the AUQ and PANAS a second time. RESULTS: Under neutral conditions, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) replicated the previously reported single-factor structure, on which all items significantly loaded (p<0.001). Alcohol urges, as measured by the AUQ, exhibited significant positive associations with drinks per week and severity of dependence. Following the alcohol cue exposure, participants exhibited a significant increase in urge on the AUQ. Confirmatory factor analysis of the AUQ during the cue-elicited urge state also supported the single factor structure, on which all items significantly loaded (p<0.001). Positive and negative affect were positively associated with urges across the experimental protocol, but at greater magnitudes during an acutely elevated urge state. CONCLUSIONS: These results further validate the use of the AUQ for real-time measurement of alcohol craving in human laboratory research.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Effects of stimulus representation and cue category level on exposure (flooding) therapy.

The present study was an attempt to examine the role of cue category level (symptom-contingent vs. hypothesized cues) and mode of stimulus presentation (in vivo vs. imaginal) in exposure (flooding) therapy. Sixty-four speech phobics were randomly assigned to one of eight conditions. Exposed to either one of the two cue category conditions, subjects received either two sessions of in vivo exposure, two sessions of imaginal exposure, or two sessions consisting of either an imaginal followed by an in vivo exposure or vice versa. Results support the predictions of Levis & Hare (1977) that the inclusion of hypothesized cues is not necessary in the treatment of analogue phobias or simple clinical cases. These data also support and extend several previous findings that in vivo exposure produces more rapid anxiety decrement than imaginal exposure. Finally, a variant of the usual in vivo procedure is described which apparently is effective, yet does not require the assemblage of a large audience for each in vivo exposure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Listener weighting of cues for lateral angle: the duplex theory of sound localization revisited.

The virtual auditory space technique was used to quantify the relative strengths of interaural time difference (ITD), interaural level difference (ILD), and spectral cues in determining the perceived lateral angle of wideband, low-pass, and high-pass noise bursts. Listeners reported the apparent locations of virtual targets that were presented over headphones and filtered with listeners' own directional transfer functions. The stimuli were manipulated by delaying or attenuating the signal to one ear (by up to 600 micros or 20 dB) or by altering the spectral cues at one or both ears. Listener weighting of the manipulated cues was determined by examining the resulting localization response biases. In accordance with the Duplex Theory defined for pure-tones, listeners gave high weight to ITD and low weight to ILD for low-pass stimuli, and high weight to ILD for high-pass stimuli. Most (but not all) listeners gave low weight to ITD for high-pass stimuli. This weight could be increased by amplitude-modulating the stimuli or reduced by lengthening stimulus onsets. For wideband stimuli, the ITD weight was greater than or equal to that given to ILD. Manipulations of monaural spectral cues and the interaural level spectrum had little influence on lateral angle judgements.

Cues↗
PubMed2004

Enhancing temporal cues to voice pitch in continuous interleaved sampling cochlear implants.

The limited spectral resolution of cochlear implant systems means that voice pitch perception depends on weak temporal envelope cues. Enhancement of such cues was investigated in implant users and in acoustic simulations. Subjects labeled the pitch movement of processed synthetic diphthongal glides. In standard processing, noise carriers (simulations) or pulse trains (implant users) were modulated by 400 Hz low-pass envelopes. In modified processing, carriers were modulated by two components: (1) Slow-rate (<32 Hz) envelope modulations, conveying dynamic spectral shape changes crucial for speech; (2) a simplified waveform (e.g., a sawtooth) matching the periodicity of the input diphthong. In both normal listeners and implant users performance was better with modified processing, though temporal envelope cues were less effective with higher F0. Factors contributing to the advantage for modified processing may include increased modulation depth and use of a modulation waveform featuring a rapid onset in each period, resulting in a clearer representation of F0 in the neural firing pattern. Eliminating slow-rate spectral dynamics, so that within-channel amplitude changes solely reflected F0, showed that dynamic spectral variation obscured temporal pitch cues. Though significant, advantages for modified processing were small, suggesting that the potential for developing strategies delivering enhanced pitch perception is limited.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2004

Envelope-onset asynchrony as a cue to voicing in initial english consonants.

An acoustic cue for voicing is proposed based on the underlying processes associated with the production of the voicing contrast. This cue is based on the time asynchrony between the onsets of two amplitude-envelope signals derived from different bands of speech (i.e., envelopes derived from a lowpass-filtered band at 350 Hz and from a highpass-filtered band at 3000 Hz). Acoustic measurements made on the envelope signals of a set of 16 initial consonants represented through multiple tokens of C1VC2 syllables indicate that the onset-timing difference between the low- and high-frequency envelopes (Envelope-Onset Asynchrony or EOA) provides a reliable and robust cue for distinguishing voiced from voiceless consonants. This cue, which is simply derived in real-time, has applications to the design of sensory aids for persons with profound hearing impairments (e.g., as a supplement to lipreading), as well as to automatic speech recognition.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The role of visual speech cues in reducing energetic and informational masking.

Two experiments compared the effect of supplying visual speech information (e.g., lipreading cues) on the ability to hear one female talker's voice in the presence of steady-state noise or a masking complex consisting of two other female voices. In the first experiment intelligibility of sentences was measured in the presence of the two types of maskers with and without perceived spatial separation of target and masker. The second study tested detection of sentences in the same experimental conditions. Results showed that visual cues provided more benefit for both recognition and detection of speech when the masker consisted of other voices (versus steady-state noise). Moreover, visual cues provided greater benefit when the target speech and masker were spatially coincident versus when they appeared to arise from different spatial locations. The data obtained here are consistent with the hypothesis that lipreading cues help to segregate a target voice from competing voices, in addition to the established benefit of supplementing masked phonetic information.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The use of visual cues in the perception of non-native consonant contrasts.

This study assessed the extent to which second-language learners are sensitive to phonetic information contained in visual cues when identifying a non-native phonemic contrast. In experiment 1, Spanish and Japanese learners of English were tested on their perception of a labial/ labiodental consonant contrast in audio (A), visual (V), and audio-visual (AV) modalities. Spanish students showed better performance overall, and much greater sensitivity to visual cues than Japanese students. Both learner groups achieved higher scores in the AV than in the A test condition, thus showing evidence of audio-visual benefit. Experiment 2 examined the perception of the less visually-salient /1/-/r/ contrast in Japanese and Korean learners of English. Korean learners obtained much higher scores in auditory and audio-visual conditions than in the visual condition, while Japanese learners generally performed poorly in both modalities. Neither group showed evidence of audio-visual benefit. These results show the impact of the language background of the learner and visual salience of the contrast on the use of visual cues for a non-native contrast. Significant correlations between scores in the auditory and visual conditions suggest that increasing auditory proficiency in identifying a non-native contrast is linked with an increasing proficiency in using visual cues to the contrast.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Age-related differences in identification and discrimination of temporal cues in speech segments.

This study investigated age-related differences in sensitivity to temporal cues in modified natural speech sounds. Listeners included young noise-masked subjects, elderly normal-hearing subjects, and elderly hearing-impaired subjects. Four speech continua were presented to listeners, with stimuli from each continuum varying in a single temporal dimension. The acoustic cues varied in separate continua were voice-onset time, vowel duration, silence duration, and transition duration. In separate conditions, the listeners identified the word stimuli, discriminated two stimuli in a same-different paradigm, and discriminated two stimuli in a 3-interval, 2-alternative forced-choice procedure. Results showed age-related differences in the identification function crossover points for the continua that varied in silence duration and transition duration. All listeners demonstrated shorter difference limens (DLs) for the three-interval paradigm than the two-interval paradigm, with older hearing-impaired listeners showing larger DLs than the other listener groups for the silence duration cue. The findings support the general hypothesis that aging can influence the processing of specific temporal cues that are related to consonant manner distinctions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Bimodal cues for speech loudness.

This paper presents a bimodal (audio-visual) study of speech loudness. The same acoustic stimuli (three sustained vowels of the articulatory qualities "effort" and "noneffort") are first presented in isolation, and then simultaneously together with an appropriate optical stimulus (the speaker's face on a video screen, synchronously producing the vowels). By the method of paired comparisons (law of comparative judgment) subjective loudness differences could be represented by different intervals between scale values. By this method previous results of effort-dependent speech loudness could be verified. In the bimodal study the optical cues have a measurable effect, but the acoustic cues are still dominant. Visual cues act most effectively if they are presented naturally, i.e., if acoustic and optical effort cues vary in the same direction. The experiments provide some evidence that speech loudness can be influenced by other than acoustic variables.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1980

Evaluation of vowel duration as a cue for the voicing distinction in the following word-final consonant.

Previous measurements have indicated that vowels before voiced and voiceless consonants exhibit a systematic duration difference, the former being longer approximately by a 3:2 ratio than the latter. Experiments with synthetic speech have shown that vowel duration is an important cue for the voicing distinction of the following consonant in word-final position. In the present paper the role of this cue is evaluated for natural speech, which may also contain secondary cues for maintaining this distinction. The stimuli, spoken by a female speaker, were 24 English monosyllabic words ending with voiced stops, fricatives, and consonant clusters after intrinsically long and intrinsically short vowels. Duration of the vowel nucleus was systematically reduced using a digital gating technique. Recognition rates as a function of vowel duration were obtained. Category change takes place mainly for intrinsically long vowels and for high vowels in combination with final fricatives alone or in consonant clusters. In other cases, category change cannot be established even after the vowel duration is reduced to only 30% of its original duration. In particular, the presence of a long voice bar for a final voiced stop will make shortening of the vowel perceptually less effective. A multiple regression analysis of the experimental data indicates that in natural speech not only vowel duration, but also voice bar duration, duration of silent closure preceding the final release transient, and duration of the release burst or frication noise, depending on the consonant type, vary in weight as cues for voicing under different vowel- and consonant-type conditions.

Cues↗
PubMed1982

Acoustic cues to final stop voicing for impaired-and normal hearing listeners.

Voicing perception for final stops was studied for impaired- and for normal-hearing listeners when cues in naturally spoken syllables were progressively neutralized. The syllables were ten different utterances of /daep, daek, daet, daeb, daeg, daed/ spoken in random order by a male. The cue modifications consisted progressively of neutralized vowel duration, equalized occlusion duration, burst deletion, murmur deletion, vowel-transition interchange, and transition deletion. The impaired subjects had moderate-to-severe losses and showed at least 70% correct voicing for the unmodified syllables. For the voiced stops, vowel-duration adjustment and murmur deletion each resulted in significant reductions in voicing perception for more than one-third of the impaired listeners; all normals showed good performance following neutralization of these cues. For the voiceless stops, large percentages of both listener groups showed decreased voicing perception due to the burst deletion, though a majority of both groups performed well above change even after the vowel-duration adjustment and the burst deletion. When the vowel off-going transitions were exchanged between cognate syllables in given pairs, the effect on voicing perception exhibited by many impaired- and all normal-hearing listeners implicated the vowel transitions as an important additional source of cues to final-stop voicing perception.

Auditory Threshold↗
PubMed1983

Integration of spectral and temporal cues in discrimination of nonspeech sounds: a psychoacoustic analysis.

This study presents a psychoacoustic analysis of the integration of spectral and temporal cues in the discrimination of simple nonspeech sounds. The experimental task was a same-different discrimination between a standard and a comparison pair of tones. Each pair consists of two 80-ms, 1500-Hz tone bursts separated by a 60-ms interval. The just-discriminable (d' = 2.0) increment in duration delta t, of one of the bursts was measured as a function of increments in the frequency delta f, of the other burst. A trade off between the values of delta t and delta f required to perform at d' = 2.0 was observed, which suggests that listeners integrate the evidence from the two dimensions. Integration occurred with both sub- and supra-threshold values of delta t or delta f, regardless of the order in which the cues were presented. The performance associated to the integration of cues was found to be determined by the discriminability of delta t plus that of delta f, and thus, it is within the psychophysical limits of auditory processing. To a first approximation the results agreed with the prediction of orthogonal vector summation of evidence stemming from signal detection theory. It is proposed that the ability to integrate spectral and temporal cues is in the repertoire of auditory processing capabilities. This integration does not appear to depend on perceiving sounds as members of phonetic classes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

The contribution of fundamental frequency, amplitude envelope, and voicing duration cues to speechreading in normal-hearing subjects.

The ability to combine speechreading (i.e., lipreading) with prosodic information extracted from the low-frequency regions of speech was evaluated with three normally hearing subjects. The subjects were tested in a connected discourse tracking procedure which measures the rate at which spoken text can be repeated back without any errors. Receptive conditions included speechreading alone (SA), speechreading plus amplitude envelope cues (AM), speechreading plus fundamental frequency cues (FM), and speechreading plus intensity-modulated fundamental frequency cues (AM + FM). In a second experiment, one subject was further tested in a speechreading plus voicing duration cue condition (DUR). Speechreading performance was best in the AM + FM condition (83.6 words per minute,) and worst in the SA condition (41.1 words per minute). Tracking levels in the AM, FM, and DUR conditions were 73.7, 73.6, and 65.4 words per minute, respectively. The average tracking rate obtained when subjects were allowed to listen to the talker's normal (unfiltered) speech (NS condition) was 108.3 words per minute. These results demonstrate that speechreaders can use information related to the rhythm, stress, and intonation patterns of speech to improve their speechreading performance.

Adult↗