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PubMed1990

Schistosomiasis on the Entebbe Peninsula.

A comparative study of the prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni and their intermediate host in the fishing villages of Nakiwogo and Kigungu is reported. A total of 520 inhabitants from the two villages were examined for Schistosoma mansoni. Their age varied from 4 to 40 and the infection was found to be higher at Nakiwogo 95(36.6%) than at Kigungu 40(15.4%). The snails collected were 1,345 Biomphalaria choanomphala, 237 Biomphalaria pfeifferi, 180 Bulinus (Bulinus) tropicus, 56 Bulinus (physopsis) globosus and other snails of non-medical importance like Pila ovata, Melanoides tuberculata and Bellamya species. Biomphalaria choanomphala was found to be the major intermediate host for Schistosoma mansoni in the two villages. The intermediate hosts for S. mansoni were screened for cercarial shedding, 2 Biomphalaria pfeifferi shed furcocercous cercariae and 9 Leptocercous cercariae while Biomphalaria choanomphala were an negative. The water contact activities related to infection in the two villages are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Geographic distribution of Schistosoma mansoni transmitter snail species in State of São Paulo].

A thorough knowledge of the geographic distribution of Schistosoma mansoni vector snails is indispensable for the control of Schistosoma mansoni schistosomiasis and its epidemiologic surveillance. From the water masses of the State of São Paulo (Brazil) 8,771 lots of snails--total of 108,244 individuals of the genus Biomphalaria--were captured between 1982 and 2002. These specimens are now part of the malacological collection of (Superintendência de Controle de Endemias--São Paulo). According to species: Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818), 225 lots (6%)--8,002 (7.4%); specimens Biomphalaria tenagophila (d'Orbigny, 1835), 3,402 lots (91.7%)--88,068 (81.4%) specimens and Biomphalaria straminea (Dunker, 1848), 85 lots (2.3%)--12,174 (11.2%) specimens. The geographic distribution of B. tenagophila and B. glabrata breeding sites tends to be compact and their occupation of territory is clear-cut. B. tenagophila habitats characteristically show a tendency to cluster around municipalities with high levels of urbanization and organic pollution. The presence of B. straminea is isolated in all hydrographic basins. This situation suggests that the persistence of schistosomiasis endemic areas in the State of São Paulo depends on the chance of host-parasite contacts resulting from the concentration of B. tenagophila and B. glabrata breeding sites.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Genetic variability and identification of the intermediate snail hosts of Schistosoma mansoni.

Studies based on shell or reproductive organ morphology and genetic considerations suggest extensive intraspecific variation in Biomphalaria snails. The high variability at the morphological and genetic levels, as well as the small size of some specimens and similarities between species complicate the correct identification of these snails. Here we review our work using methods based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification for analysis of genetic variation and identification of Biomphalaria snails from Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay. Arbitrarily primed-PCR revealed that the genome of B. glabrata exhibits a remarkable degree of intraspecific polymorphism. Low stringency-PCR using primers for 18S rRNA permitted the identification of B. glabrata, B. tenagophila and B. occidentalis. The study of individuals obtained from geographically distinct populations exhibits significant intraspecific DNA polymorphism, however, specimens from the same species, exhibit some species specific LSPs. We also showed that PCR-restriction fragment of length polymorphism of the internal transcribed spacer region of Biomphalaria rDNA, using Ddel permits the differentiation of the three intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni. the molecular biological techniques used in our studies are very useful for the generation of new knowledge concerning the systematics and population genetics of Biomphalaria snails.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Is Schistosoma mansoni replacing Schistosoma haematobium in the Fayoum?

Schistosoma mansoni is progressively replacing S. haematobium along the Nile River in Egypt. This change has occurred in the past 15-20 years following construction of the Aswan High Dam in the 1960s. The cause is a shift in relative abundance of the snail vectors Biomphalaria alexandrina and Bulinus truncatus. Biomphalaria is increasing while the latter has disappeared from a village in the Fayoum where formerly only schistosomiasis haematobia was endemic. A cross-sectional household survey in this village in 1991 showed the following prevalence values: S. mansoni, 22.3%; S. haematobium, 3.4%; and mixed infections, 2.8%. Only two children less than 10 years of age had S. haematobium infections. A review of the local Ministry of Health records showed that 1) both species were parasitologically diagnosed during the past 7.5 years, 2) Biomphalaria had been abundantly present in the local waterways for the past 10 years and has been found infected with S. mansoni since 1985, 3) Bulinus has not been detected in the local canals and drains since 1986 and the few found between 1981 and 1985 were not infected, and 4) Biomphalaria in this village and in two others in the Fayoum were believed infected by laborers from the Delta who helped build schools in 1984. This change in the distribution of schistosomiasis will impact upon public health and medical practice in Middle and Upper Egypt as it already has in Lower Egypt.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Model of statoconia accumulation in gravireceptors of mollusks.

The kinetics of formation and accumulation of statoconia are different for Aplysia californica and Biomphalaria glabrata. In Aplysia californica, the fast growth of statoconia number occurs after the critical size (approximately 45 micrometers) of statocyst is reached; then the increase of statoconia number is proceeding with the nonmonotonic rate during the life of an animal. In Biomphalaria the growth of statoconia number occurs only in the initial phase. Then long-term evolution of statoconia in the absence of their generation is the result of their growth in the cyst lumen. In the case of Aplysia californica it is not clear whether a temporal change of the statoconia size distribution (SSD) is caused by statoconia growth in the cyst lumen similar to that in Biomphalaria (Model 1) or statoconia growth takes place in supporting cells until their release into the cyst lumen occurs. (Model 2). This problem is of practical importance because the majority of experiments related to the development of molluscan gravireceptors in altered gravity dealt with an initial phase of statoconia evolution in Aplysia californica and Biomphalaria glabrata. The purpose of the present work is the application of mathematical modeling to the analysis of mechanisms of statoconia formation by supporting cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Effect of X-ray on the snails of schistosomiasis in Egypt.

Biomphalaria alexandrina and Bulinus truncatus snails were exposed to sublethal doses 0.2, 3, 5, 10 and 20 rad of X-ray. The survival and reproductive rates of these snails were highly affected by these doses. The maximum survival periods of laboratory populations of Biomphalaria snails were less than those of field ones which means a high sensitivity of laboratory snails to X-ray. The reproductive capacity of irradiated Biomphalaria and Bulinus snails was highly suppressed and this will interrupt Schistosomiasis transmission. A deleterious effect of gametogenesis of irradiated Biomphalaria was histologically proved. After 3 weeks of snail irradiation with high dose (40 rad) the hermaphrodite gland became completely evacuated.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Freshwater snails and schistosomiasis mansoni in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: I-- Metropolitan mesoregion.

In order to elaborate a planorbid chart of the State of Rio de Janeiro a survey of freshwater gastropods in the Metropolitan Mesoregion of this State was performed and revealed the occurrence of 20 species: Antillorbis nordestensis (Lucena, 1954); Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818); Biomphalaria schrammi (Crosse, 1864); Biomphalaria straminea (Dunker, 1848); Biomphalaria tenagophila (Orbigny, 1835); Burnupia sp.; Drepanotrema anatinum (Orbigny, 1835); Drepanotrema cimex (Moricand, 1839); Drepanotrema lucidum (Pfeiffer, 1839); Ferrissia sp.; Gundlachia ticaga (Marcus & Marcus, 1962); Heleobia davisi Silva & Thomé, 1985; Lymnaea columella Say, 1817; Melanoides tuberculatus (Müller, 1774); Physa cubensis Pfeiffer, 1839; Physa marmorata Guilding, 1828; Pomacea sp.; Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck, 1822); Pomacea lineata (Spix, 1827) and Pomacea sordida (Swainson, 1823). Among the planorbid species B. tenagophila was the most frequent, occurring in all municipalities surveyed. The present study extends the distribution of B. straminea in the State of Rio de Janeiro and reports new records for A. nordestensis, B. schrammi, G. ticaga, H. davisi and the genera Burnupia and Ferrissia. An account about the current transmission areas of schistosomiasis mansoni in this Mesoregion is presented as well.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

A bird's eye survey of Central American planorbid molluscs.

In the course of two trips to Central America (June 1967 and JulyAugust 1976) I had the opportunity of collecting topotypic specimens of Planorbis nicaraguanus Morelet, 1849, anatomically defined in this paper, and of P. yzabalensis Crosse & Fischer, 1879, the identity of the latter with Drepanotrema anatinum (Orbigny, 1835) is confirmed. The following planorbid species were also found: Helisoma trivolvis (Say, 1817) in Nicaragua, Guatemala, Costa Rica and Belize; H. duryi (Wetherby, 1879) in Costa Rica; Biomphalaria helophila (Orbigny, 1835) in Guatemala, Belize, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and El Salvador; B. kuhniana (Clessin, 1883) in Panama; B. obstructa (Morelet,1849) in Guatemala, Belize and El Salvador; B. straminea (Dunker, 1848) in Costa Rica; B. subprona (Martens, 1899) in Guatemala; D. anatinum (Orbigny,1835) in Belize, Guatemala, Nicaragua and Costa Rica; D. depressissimum (Moricand,1839) in Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama; D. lucidum (Pfeiffer, 1839) in Guatemala, Belize and Nicaragua; D. surinamense (Clessin, 1884) in Costa Rica and Panama; and Gyraulus percarinatus sp. n. in Panama. The occurrence of B. kuhniana and D. surinamense is first recorded in Central America, and Gyraulus percarinatus is the first representative of the genus provenly occurring in the American continent south of the United States. The following synonymy is proposed: Planorbis declivis Tate, 1870 = Biomphalaria helophila (Orbigny, 1835); Planorbis isthmicus Pilsbry, 1920 = Biomphalaria kuhniana (Clessin, 1883); Planorbis cannarum Morelet, 1849 and Segmentina donbilli Tristram, 1861 = Biomphalaria obstructa (Morelet, 1849); and Planorbis yzabalensis Crosse & Fischer, 1879 = Drepanotrema anatinum (Orbigny, 1835), confirming Aguayo (1933).

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Freshwater snails and Schistosomiasis mansoni in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: IV - Sul Fluminense Mesoregion.

In this paper, the forth of a series dealing with the survey of freshwater gastropods of the state of Rio de Janeiro, the results of collections carried out in the Sul Fluminense Mesoregion from 2000 to 2002 are presented and revealed the occurrence of 18 species: Antillorbis nordestensis; Biomphalaria glabrata; Biomphalaria peregrina; Biomphalaria straminea; Biomphalaria tenagophila; Drepanotrema anatinum; Drepanotrema cimex; Drepanotrema lucidum; Ferrissia sp.; Gundlachia ticaga; Gundlachia sp.; Heleobia sp.; Lymnaea columella; Melanoides tuberculatus; Physa acuta; Physa marmorata; Pomacea sordida and Pomacea sp. As to the snail hosts of Schistosoma mansoni the most frequent species was B. tenagophila, found in all municipalities surveyed, except Parati. Besides new records the present study extends the distribution of B. peregrina and B. straminea in the state. No specimens were found harbouring larval forms of S. mansoni although different kinds of cercariae had been observed. An account about the current schistosomiasis transmission sites in this Mesoregion is presented as well.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Search of natural occurrence of xiphidiocercariae (trematoda) in fresh water snails of nine countries from São Paulo State, Brazil].

Xiphidiocercariae, aquatic larval stages of some trematodes are considered a potential instrument for biological control of mosquitoes. In this study we evaluated its natural occurrence in Campinas region and two places in Vale do Ribeira (Registro and Miracatu), São Paulo State. Snails were obtained from fresh water collections from September 1996 to February 1999. The species collected were Lymnaea columella, Physa marmorata, Biomphalaria tenagophila, Biomphalaria sp., Drepanotrema cimex, D. lucidum and Drepanotrema sp. Fasciola hepatica, xiphidiocercariae (Haematoloechidae) and echinostomatid cercariae were detected in the lymnaeids snails from Miracatu, SP. In the same locality were found planorbids snails parasitized by furcocercariae, echinostomatid cercariae and xiphidiocercariae. The xiphidiocercariae found in the planorbids were different from those obtained from lymnaeids. One Biomphalaria sp. infected with furcocercariae was found in Louveira, SP. In the ROSA place (Campinas, SP) an individual of Biomphalaria sp. and one of L. columella were found infected by the furcocercariae and echinostomatid cercariae, respectively. In the place UNI-I, in Campinas, one L. columella was infected by furcocercariae. Double infection in snails from Miracatu was also observed.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Differences in the sensilla of African and American cercaria of Schistosoma mansoni, the agent of human intestinal bilharziasis].

Schistosoma mansoni parasite of the human intestinal bilharziasis is frequently transmitted in Africa by the Snail Biomphalaria pfeifferi and in America by Biomphalaria glabrata. The comparison between four African strains of cercariae obtained from Biomphalaria pfeifferi and five American strains from Biomphalaria glabrata points out variations in the number and arrangement of the sensory receptors.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

On generation of statoconia in gravireceptors of mollusks.

Two models of development of statoconia in the statocyst of mollusks, based on the experimental data [Hearing Res. 49 (1990) 63; Hearing Res. 109 (1997) 125; Hearing Res. 109 (1997) 109;] are proposed. The purpose of the present work is to apply mathematical modeling to the analysis of mechanisms of statoconia formation and generation by supporting cells at the stage of their accumulation in the cyst lumen. In the case of Aplysia californica, it is not clear whether there is a temporal change of statoconia due to their growth in the cyst lumen similar to that in Biomphalaria, or whether the growth of statoconia occurs in supporting cells before they get into the cyst lumen. This question has to do with a more general and insufficiently investigated problem of the mechanisms of statoconia evolution during their stage of accumulation. This is related to A. californica as well as to the initial phase of development of Biomphalaria glabrata. This problem is of practical importance because the majority of experiments related to the study of the effects of altered gravity on the development of gravireceptors in the two mollusks A. californica and B. glabrata deals with the initial phase of statoconia development. It is assumed that two main processes determine the evolution of statoconia in developing mollusks: generation of new statoconia by growing supporting cells and growth of statoconia sizes in the cyst lumen. Analysis of experimental data related to the generation of statoconia in Aplysia and comparison of these data with the results of modeling of accumulation of statoconia suggest that the basic mechanism of evolution of size distribution of statoconia in Aplysia is growth of embryonic statoconia in supporting cells, that follows the growth of animal size. Thus, the large sizes of statoconia are determined by their development within supporting cells rather than by their growth in the cyst lumen. Analysis of the data concerning Biomphalaria allows us to assume that distribution of supporting cells which generate statoconia also varies. The results of modeling of evolution of statoconia specify necessary additional experiments, which are required to refine and test the model.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Relationship between the pathogenicity of Schistosoma mansoni in mice and the susceptibility of the vector mollusc. I. Cercariae infectivity and worm burden].

The possible influence of the immune mechanisms of the molluscs on the development of the sporocysts and the resultant behavior of the adult worm in the vertebrate host were studied. Two strains of Schistosoma mansoni (BH and SJ) were used. These were genetically selected for their susceptibility and maintained, respectively, in Biomphalaria glabrata and Biomphalaria tenagophila, the natural invertebrate hosts. Experimental groups of mice infected with cercariae proceeding from the two species of molluscs, belonging to generations P, F1, F2, F3 and F4, were formed. The infection rates of the snails, the number of the penetrant cercariae and the worm burden in mice were evaluated. It was concluded that the higher susceptibility of Biomphalaria tenagophila results in a greater ability on the part of the cercarial to develop into adult worms. The higher susceptibility of B. glabrata results in greater power of penetration into mice tegument on the part of the cercariae.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1996

[Behavior of hemolymph amebocytes from planorbidae in the presence of Schistosoma mansoni larvae parasitism, after inoculation of Indian ink or fracture of the shell].

The behavior of the hemolymph amebocytes of Biomphalaria glabrata and Biomphalaria tenagophila was studied by means of the infection by the Schistosoma mansoni, using inoculation with Indian ink and fracture of the shell. A differential count of the amebocytes in the hemolymph was made with special attention given to the types of cell found in each sample. Histopathological evaluation of the molluscs exposed to the Schistosoma mansoni miracidia and analyses of the amebocytes were made. Correlation between the variance of the number of hemolymph amebocytes and tissue reaction was also made. The morphological study of amebocytes was carried out with the help of a phase microscope. An increase in granulocytes in Biomphalaria tenagophila occurred only when the molluscs were infected by Schistosoma mansoni, which suggests the specificity of the reaction to the parasitism. Comparing the results obtained with B. glabrata and B. tenagophila it is concluded that these molluscs show different amebocitary behavior in the presence of the diverse stimuli used.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Schistosomiasis mansoni in two mesoregions of the State of Alagoas].

In Brazil, high levels of schistosomiasis mansoni are linked to the presence of the species Biomphalaria glabrata, considered to be the main host of Schistosoma mansoni in endemic areas. This work conducted a survey of 40 endemic municipalities in the State of Alagoas, aiming at identifying this species and its important role in the maintenance of schistosomiasis. Among the municipalities surveyed, 28 lie in the mesoregion of the Leste Alagoano and 12, in the mesoregion of the Agreste Alagoano. The snails collected for analysis came from different types of habitats, namely streams, springs, ditches, dams, swamps, wells and ponds. The snails were collected from February 1996 through December 1998. The identification of Biomphalaria glabrata was made through anatomical analysis of the soft inner parts of the snails after having removed their shells. As for the detection of cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni, the crush technique was applied in order to calculate the percentage of infection rates. Among the areas surveyed, 32 municipalities (80% of the total), presented the species Biomphalaria glabrata, six of which containing snails infected with cercariae of the parasite. Penedo presented the highest infection rate (6.6%), followed by Ibateguara (5.6%). Lower rates were noticed in Chã Preta (2.7%), in Murici (2.5%), Porto Real do Colégio (0.1%) and Igreja Nova (0.1%). The coproparasitologic analyses conducted at the Fundação Nacional de Saúde in 1997, 1998/1999 and 2000, confirmed the importance of schistosomiasis mansoni in the areas surveyed in this work.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[New foci of transmission of Schistosoma mansoni in the state of Pará].

Two new foci of transmission of Schistosoma mansoni in the state of Pará are recorded, with the finding of naturally infected Biomphalaria glabrata in the municipalities of Viseu and Belém. Uninfected specimens of Biomphalaria straminea, as well as the planorbid species Biomphalaria schrammi, Drepanotrema lucidum and D. anatinum, were found in the same area.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Potential schistosome-vector snails and associated trematodes in ricefields of Corrients province, Argentina. Preliminary results.

Considering the possibility of introduction of schistosomiasis mansoni into Argentina as a consequence of dam construction on the Rio De La Plata basin, preliminary studies have been carried out on agrosystems such as ricefields in Corrientes province with the following purposes: 1) to survey and estimate the relative abundance of planorbids and identify potential vector species; 2) to identify environmental factors capable of influencing Biomphalaria population dynamics; and 3) to find out snail-parasite associations and estimate snail infection rates in order to detect possible competitive interactions between larval stages of native trematodes that could be used in biological control of Schistosoma mansoni. Three potential schistosome vectors were detected in ricefields, namely Biomphalaria straminea, B. tenagophila and B. peregrina, although B. orbignyi, a species refractory to infection with S. mansoni, proved the most frequent and abundant. Positive correlations (P less than 0.05) were found between Biomphalaria abundance and some environmental parameters: conductivity, hardness, calcium, nitrites plus nitrates, ammonium and bicarbonates. Water temperature correlation was negative (P less than 0.05). No correlation (P less than 0.05) was found in total iron, phosphates (SRP), pH and soil granulometry.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

A Multiplex-PCR approach to identification of the Brazilian intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni.

Due to difficulties concerning morphological identification of planorbid snails of the genus Biomphalaria, and given a high variation of characters and in the organs with muscular tissue, we designed specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers for Brazilian snail hosts of Schistosoma mansoni from available sequences of internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) of the ribosomal RNA gene. From the previous sequencing of the ITS2 region, one primer was designed to anchor in the 5.8S conserved region and three other species-specific primers in the 28S region, flanking the ITS2 region. These four primers were simultaneously used in the same reaction (Multiplex-PCR), under high stringency conditions. Amplification of the ITS2 region of Biomphalaria snails produced distinct profiles (between 280 and 350 bp) for B. glabrata, B. tenagophila and B. straminea. The present study demonstrates that Multiplex-PCR of ITS2-DNAr showed to be a promising auxiliary tool for the morphological identification of Biomphalaria snails, the intermediate hosts of S. mansoni.

Animals↗