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At least 1,135 records · Page 63Linked to original sources
PubMed2007

Gender differences in self-reported morbidity: evidence from a population-based study in southern Brazil.

This paper aims to assess variations in self-reported morbidity between men and women using six different measures of reported illness. The cross-sectional study was conducted in the municipality of Rio Grande, southern Brazil. Demographic, socioeconomic, and morbidity data were collected from a probabilistic sample of 1,260 persons aged 15 years or over, using a specific questionnaire. Statistical analysis included a multivariate Poisson regression analysis. Prevalence Ratios (PR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated. After adjusting for some confounding variables (age, race, unemployment, marital status, income, social class, and education), women showed greater risk of any symptom (PR = 3.21; 95%CI: 2.71-3.83), three or more symptoms (PR = 4.22; 95%CI: 2.97-5.98), potentially serious symptoms (PR = 1.75; 95%CI: 1.31-2.34), poor/fair health (PR = 1.78; 95%CI: 1.37-2.32), and minor psychiatric disorders (PR = 1.76; 95%CI: 1.31-2.37). The study revealed dissimilarity in self-reported morbidity between men and women in southern Brazil, but with different degrees depending on type of morbidity. This excess can be explained by gender difference in health-seeking behavior for perceiving or reporting health problems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2007

[The implementation of decentralized health systems: a comparative study of five cases in Bahia, Brazil].

Understanding the effects of health decentralization policies in Brazil requires different methodological approaches to capture the issue's complexity from distinct angles. Five case studies were thus performed to evaluate the degree of implementation of components related to decentralization of the health system management in selected municipalities (counties) in Bahia State, Brazil. A logical model was elaborated with definitions related to policy goals. A comparative study of the five municipalities, considered "exemplary cases", showed that decentralization alone does not explain the organizational changes in the municipal health systems. Local government characteristics such as the municipal master plan, governing capacity, and governance proved important for heath care changes. The main problems and insufficiencies were found in the system's management and quality of healthcare delivered to the population. The authors discuss their findings and identify critical areas for future interventions with special emphasis on the institutionalization of planning and evaluation and the development of inter-sector projects.

Brazil↗
PubMed2004

Evaluation of knowledge and experience of dentists of São Paulo State, Brazil about cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

This work describes the knowledge and experience of dentists about cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). A total of 182 dentists from São Paulo State, Brazil were interviewed: 59% judged themselves able to define CPR, although only 46% had a correct concept; 54% believed himself to be able to perform CPR, however, none of them referred to have received practical training in CPR; 3% of the interviewed professionals mentioned the occurrence of cadiopulmonary arrest in their dental office. It was concluded that dental surgeons in Brazil should be better trained for medical emergencies that can occur in the dental office.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2005

The importance of fluoride dentifrices to the current dental caries prevalence in Brazil.

Similar to that which occurred in most developed countries, dental caries have shown a significant decline in Brazil over the last two decades. Water fluoridation, expansion of preventive programs at schools, and especially, the widespread use of fluoride dentifrice are discussed as factors related to this reduction in caries. Data from epidemiological surveys and historical facts are presented to support the importance of fluoride dentifrices to the current caries prevalence in Brazil.

Brazil↗
PubMed2006

[Drug consumption and occupational violence in working women, a multicenter study: Mexico, Peru, Brazil].

The purposes of the study were: 1) Determine the proportion of working women who consume drugs; 2) identify some occupational and personal risk factors that can predict drugs consumption; 3) identify the presence of occupational violence and its relation with drugs consumption; 4) identify differences and similarities in drugs consumption and occupational violence among women from three communities in Mexico (Monterrey), Peru (Lima) and Brazil (Rio de Janeiro). A multicenter, descriptive, correlational and comparative study was carried out, with a sample of 903 women. The results show that 11% of the participants in Mexico consume alcohol, 53% in Peru and 45% in Brazil. The consumption of illicit drugs corresponded to 5% in Mexico and 6% in Peru. The presence of occupational violence was found in 16% of the Mexican participants, 24% of the Peruvians and 39% of the Brazilians.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Overweight and obesity prevalence in Northeast and Southeast Regions of Brazil].

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children, adolescents, adults and elderlies from Northeast and Southeast regions of Brazil. METHODS: anthropometric evaluation of 17.184 people, studied in Life Pattern Research conducted by Brazilian Institute of Geographic and Statistics in 1996/97, by body mass index. Overweight and obesity definitions according to body mass index values proposed by Cole et al. which are related to adult definition. RESULTS: It was studied a little more females in this study (53.1%). Average age was 29 years and five months ( +/- 20 years), median was 25 years and six months. Overweight prevalence was 10.8% in children, 9.9% in adolescents and 28.3% among adults and obesity was 7.3%, 1.8% and 9.7% respectively. It was noticed a gradual increase in overweight or obesity prevalence since infancy through adult age with decrease among the elderly. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of overweight and obesity joined is higher among females. More than half of the women among 50 and 69 years old, from Northeast and Southeast regions of Brazil have overweight or obesity. There are few studies of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents and a lot of definition for obesity in children which makes more difficult the comparison of studies of prevalence among children.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Snakebites in the State of Goiás, Brazil].

UNLABELLED: Ophidic accidents are a serious health problem for tropical countries, because are responsible for the high incidence of morbidity and mortality. PURPOSE: This article describes aspects of snakebite epidemiology in the State of Goiás, Brazil. METHODS: Notifications about the accidents caused by poisonous snakes have been analysed for Government of the State of Goiás (Brazil), Health Department, from 1998 to 2000. RESULTS: In this period, 3261 accidents caused by poisonous snakes have been notified, which represented the average annual incidence rate of 20 to 23/100,000 persons. The vast majority of cases occurred from October to April. The classification of the snake genus had been possible in 2350 cases and the distribution was: Bothrops (78.6%), Crotalus (20.8%) and Micrurus (6%). The age distribution shows that the accidents had been suffered by 20 to 39 year old people with great predominance in males (78%). The anatomical areas more frequently bitten were feet (43.6%), legs (23.2%) and hands (20.1%). At the health center 80% of the patients had been treated within sixth hour after the accident. The distribution according to the severity of poisoning was: light (31.6%), moderate (47.5%) and severe (9.6%). The most common complications were necrosis bite site (31.8%) in bothropic envenoming and acute renal failure (1.2%) in crotalic envenoming. The case fatality rate was 0.46%, been the most rate observed in crotalic envenoming (1%). CONCLUSIONS: Accidents owing to poisonous snakes are frequent in the State of Goiás, the young male population is more often attacked and they are an important cause of death.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Retrospective analysis of toxicity of eardrops, topical nasal and oropharyngeal medicines, documented in São Paulo, Brazil].

BACKGROUND: Retrospective analysis of human toxicity files involving topical medicines for treatment of upper airways diseases (eardrops, topical nasal medicines, lozenges, drops and sprays for oropharyngeal affections). METHODS: Thirty-four brands of eardrops, 48 of topical nasal medicines and 22 of tablets, lozenges and sprays for oropharyngeal affections were selected, from a total of 104 products available in Brazil. We analyzed the registries in the electronic database from the Poison Control Centre of São Paulo (CCI-Jabaquara), Brazil, for the period from January 1996 through December 2000. The cases related to selected pharmaceuticals were collected. RESULTS: 10,823 cases of human toxicity caused by medicines were voluntarily reported to CCI-Jabaquara. Topical medicines for treatment of upper airways diseases accounted for 291 cases (2.68%), from which 240 (82.5%) represented poisoning; 12 (4.1%) involved ear drops, 268 (92%), topical nasal medicines and 11 (3.9%), topical medicines for oropharyngeal affections. Among topical nasal medicines, vasoconstrictors predominated (233 cases), and among medicines for oropharyngeal affections, it was tetracaine (four cases). Considering age distribution, toxicity predominated significantly in children aged from 1 to 4 years (p=0.0003). The main causes of toxicity were: accidental intake of medicines (43%) and error in drug administration (14.8%). Hypereflexia and vomiting were the most frequent symptoms related to toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: There was significant incidence of systemic toxicity due to eardrops, topical nasal and oropharyngeal medicines in children 1 to 4 years-old, whose main cause was accidental intake of these medicines.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Health and power: the political emergence of AIDS/HIV in Brazil].

This analysis of the construction of political responses to AIDS in Brazil is grounded on a study of the epidemic since its first appearance, against a backdrop formed by the recent history of Brazilian health policy, the period's emerging social movements, and data on AIDS/HIV evolution. Together with period documents, oral sources constitute a fundamental part of the research. The article sees official responses to AIDS from the time of the disease's political emergence in Brazil as evolving through different stages and eventually -- after some problems and not without certain limitations--becoming characterized first and foremost by society's participation.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2002

[Malaria in pictures: images from Brazil's public health campaigns in the first half of the twentieth century].

The article discusses a set of pictures that illustrate public health activities, practices, and campaigns against malaria in Brazil from 1918 through 1956. Exemplary of certain key moments in this history, the illustrations belong to three archives from the Casa de Oswaldo Cruz/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz collection: Arquivo Belisário Penna, Arquivto Fundação Rockefeller ("Serviço de Malária do Nordeste" series), and Arquivo Rostan Soares. The article links these photographic records to their specific historical-public health contexts and to the campaign models and strategies represented by each archive. It also draws relations with the 20th -century history of the photographic medium itself. It is argued that these images of malaria constitute prime sources in constructing a visual history of the disease in 20th -century Brazil and of the country's public health history.

Brazil↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Psychiatric science and social service policy: the creation of the University of Brazil's Institute of Psychiatry].

The article analyzes the relations between psychiatric science and social services in Rio de Janeiro from the late 1930s to mid-1950s. The historical development of psychiatric science and social services in France and Germany, each country with its own distinct features, serves as an analytical reference in investigating the Brazilian context, starting with the emergence of psychiatry in Brazil in 1852, when the Hospício Pedro II was founded. In 1938, this asylum was transformed into the University of Brazil's Institute of Psychiatry, bringing the model of German research institutes up to date and reflecting a new correlation of forces between the provision of social services and the production of a Brazilian psychiatric science. At the close of the 1930s, social services and psychiatric science in Rio de Janeiro were taking separate paths: social services still pivoted primarily around asylums while the institutionally, autonomous science of psychiatry focused on the research of mental diseases as manifestations of organic illness.

Brazil↗
PubMed2003

Memories and history of Hansen's disease in Brazil told by witnesses (1960-2000).

This report is a preliminary result of a survey on memories and history of Hansen's disease, or 'hanseniasis', prepared by the Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz) and the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) using statements from those who have been afflicted by the disease or those that have fought against it. It outlines the methodology used by the authors and gives a succinct history of Hansen's disease in Brazil, together wish information on the stage of the survey with extracts from our archives of statements. The founding and the role of Movement for the Reintegration of People Afflicted by Hansen's Disease (Morhan) are explained in the testimony of Thomas Frist, a social scientist who worked in Brazil in the 1970s and 1980s, when the country's old colonies were being restructured, and Cristiano Torres, a former patient who spent time in prevention centers and leproseries in Pará state and who is now active in proposing new policy for the control of Hansen's disease.

Biographies as Topic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The prelude to psychiatric reform in Brazil: the contradictions of the 1970s].

The article provides a historical reconstruction of the period leading up to what has become known as Brazil's Movement for Psychiatric Reform, which runs from the 1967 creation of the national social welfare system (INPS) to 1978, when the Mental Health Workers Movement gained prominence. Focusing on technical criteria influenced by the U.S. prevention model, our discussion examines the contradictions in Brazil's official mental health policy and also looks at the practice of financing and strengthening private psychiatric institutions, to the detriment of community action. Although most official documents from the 1970s contain proposals clearly aimed at community actions, what we observe is the crystallization of a model under which the government purchases psychiatric beds in private hospitals.

Brazil↗
PubMed2004

[Men of science in Brazil: colonial empires and the circulation of information (1780-1810)].

In the eighteenth century, the Portuguese imperial model yielded to other international strategies, organized according to a logic of networks that revolved around centers for the production of knowledge and the creation and redistribution of scientific products. Within this context, Portugal underwent a 'conversion' that drew it towards the French and British colonial systems. A self-legitimized scientific field was one of the corollaries of the European Enlightenment, a process that involved at least two generations of men of science and, most importantly, whose success relied on the engagement of the State. This process did not transpire systemactically in Brazil, although many of the country's men of science were well abreast of the Enlightenment's most modern philosophical and scientific theories. Policies to foster scientific activities in Brazil did not occur in tandem with broad, deep transformations in the spheres of administration, sociability, institutions, economics, or culture.

Brazil↗
PubMed2004

[Smallpox vaccine: views of the academy of medicine in imperial Brazil].

In Imperial Brazil, the Academy of Medicine played an important role in promoting debates and discussions about local medicine. It was a symbol of the movement to try to organize the Brazilian medical body and lend it legitimacy. The article focuses on issue surrounding the Academy's activities regarding the smallpox vaccine and its conceptions and practice, covering the period form the Academy's birth as the Rio de Janeiro Society of Medicine till its transformation into the National Academy of Medicine, when Brazil became a Republic at the close of the nineteenth century. The main source for this study were the Academy's periodicals, which portrayed Brazilian medical thought and practice throughout the nineteenth century and underscored the lack of research and the need for greater reading on the topic so local studies could be conducted. These publications were devoted to disseminating works that had already been published in other countries or to discussion raised by Brazilian physicians. The later at first targeted clinical and hospital cases and statistics and the later, starting in the 1880s, began to incorporate laboratory experiments.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[In times of racialization: the case of the 'health of the black population' in Brazil].

The article analyzes initiatives aimed at creating a field of reflection and political intervention called the 'health of the black population,' which occurred between 1996 and 2004, that is, under the administration of Fernando Henrique Cardoso and part of Luis Inácio Lula da Silva's administration. During this period, the process of discussing and enacting affirmative action policies in Brazil gained greater visibility, especially following the UN-sponsored Third World Conference on Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia, and Related Intolerance (Durban, South Africa, September, 2001). The article describes the emergence of a proposal of compensatory policy within the Brazilian public health system. It then addresses the contemporary debate on race and health, especially the U.S. biomedical literature, and explores how this discussion has been appropriated by agencies and agents concerned with drawing up a 'racial policy' for the public health sector in Brazil.

Black People↗
PubMed1998

[Control of Triatoma sordida in rural peri-domestic environment of the Porteirinha municipality, Minas Gerais, Brazil].

Triatoma sordida, a predominantly peridomestic species, is currently the triatomine species most frequently collected in Brazil. To evaluate the effectiveness of control activities against this species, a survey to determine infestation rates was carried out in October 1993 in 12 rural localities in the municipality of Porteirinha, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. In the survey, 772 T. sordida were captured, of which 3.6% were infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Of the 406 dwellings investigated, 34.9% were infested, and 27.6% of 695 peridomiciliar ecotopes contained T. sordida. The area around the dwellings was relatively uniform, with few positive ecotopes per household and low triatomine densities (a maximum of five insects per colony). The study found an association between the presence of insects and wood: 72.8% of the insects were captured in this type of ecotope. The majority of the positive households (62.9%) were close to forests (12 to 299 m); 92.3% of the infested ecotopes were less than 20 m from the house. A census of peridomestic animals revealed that chickens were the most abundant (82.7%). All positive households found in the survey were sprayed immediately with deltamethrin (25 mg a.i./m2). New surveys were carried out 7 months (survey 2) and 12 months (survey 3) after spraying. In survey 2, the number of insects collected corresponded to 52.5% of the original total, and in survey 3, 79.1%. The decrease in population observed in survey 2 was mainly due to a reduction in the population of nymphs. The large proportion of adults captured in that survey supports the idea that T. sordida produces only a single generation per year in this region. In survey 3 the increase in the number of nymphs, attributable to the great availability of chickens as a source of food, resulted in population growth. Despite the difficulties of spraying and the short persistence of the insecticide, the slow population response of T. sordida suggests that one annual spraying is sufficient for effective control of this species. Higher effectiveness could be obtained by eliminating peridomestic hiding places, for example, by replacing wooden annexes with structures made from other materials.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[Non-prescription drugs in Brazil].

In this study we examined the 100 over-the-counter drugs that were most widely sold in Brazil from June 1992 to June 1993. We excluded 23 food products that were classified as medicinal. The sample, which included 77 drugs, was representative of about 67% of all sales in monetary value, and 76.8% of all units sold of the different classes of over-the-counter drugs. The anatomical-therapeutic-chemical (ATC) system was used to classify the various drugs; each class of drugs was also graded according to a scale of its intrinsic value, taking into account effectiveness and risks. Most classes of drugs (91%) showed "little intrinsic value" (that is, were of questionable or no value, of relative value, or unacceptable), and 70% were fixed-dose combinations. Only 10 classes of drugs were included in the Ministry of Health's National Drug List, and four appeared in WHO's list of essential drugs. The therapeutic classes to which the drugs belonged were, in descending order of frequency, for the digestive tract, skin, genitourinary system, musculo-skeletal system, central nervous system, parasitic diseases, respiratory tract, and sensory system. The therapeutic subgroup that commanded the highest sales was that of the non-opiate analgesics and antipyretics. Our results confirm the hypothesis that over-the-counter drugs in Brazil are of poor therapeutic quality and that the use of many such drugs is a source of unnecessary expense for the population. Some of them should not be accessible to individuals who lack current knowledge of their side effects, since 25% of all cases of poisoning in the country are related to self-medication. Modifying the public's perception of the need for taking drugs to relieve their ailments is one approach that may improve their use of medications in the long term.

Brazil↗