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Results for “Axonal Transport”

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At least 1,135 records · Page 63Linked to original sources
PubMed1977

Retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase from cornea to trigeminal ganglion.

Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was dripped on the scarified left cornea of adult mice. Twenty-four hours later the animals were fixed by vascular perfusion and frozen sections cut from both trigeminal ganglia. After incubation for peroxidase activity labelled nerve cells were restricted to the medial ophthalmic part of the ganglion ipsilateral to HRP administration. If the scarification was omitted no neuronal labelling was observed. This labelling of the neurons is most probably the result from axonal uptake and subsequent retrograde axonal transport of the tracer. The similarity in distribution of peroxidase labelled nerve cells and the first ganglionic lesions occurring after instillation of herpes simplex virus in the cornea is pointed out.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Changes in organization and axonal transport of cytoskeletal proteins during regeneration.

Changes in solubility and transport rate of cytoskeletal proteins during regeneration were studied in the motor fibers of the rat sciatic nerve. Nerves were injured by freezing at the midthigh level either 1-2 weeks before (experiment I) or 1 week after radioactive labeling of the spinal cord with L-[35S]methionine (experiment II). Labeled proteins in 6-mm consecutive segments of the nerve 2 weeks after labeling were analyzed following fractionation into soluble and insoluble populations with 1% Triton at 4 degrees C. When axonal transport of newly synthesized cytoskeleton was examined in the regenerating nerve in experiment I, a new faster component enriched in soluble tubulin and actin was observed that was not present in the control nerve. The rate of the slower main component containing most of the insoluble tubulin and actin together with neurofilament proteins was not affected. A smaller but significant peak of radioactivity enriched in soluble tubulin and actin was also detected ahead of the main peak when the response of the preexisting cytoskeleton was examined in experiment II. It is thus concluded that during regeneration changes in the organization take place in both the newly synthesized and the preexisting axonal cytoskeleton, resulting in a selective acceleration in rate of transport of soluble tubulin and actin.

Actins↗
PubMed2005

Axonal transport, amyloid precursor protein, kinesin-1, and the processing apparatus: revisited.

The sequential enzymatic actions of beta-APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), presenilins (PS), and other proteins of the gamma-secretase complex liberate beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptides from larger integral membrane proteins, termed beta-amyloid precursor proteins (APPs). Relatively little is known about the normal function(s) of APP or the neuronal compartment(s) in which APP undergoes proteolytic processing. Recent studies have been interpreted as consistent with the idea that APP serves as a kinesin-1 cargo receptor and that PS and BACE1 are associated with the APP-resident membranous cargos that undergo rapid axonal transport. In this report, derived from a collaboration among several independent laboratories, we examined the potential associations of APP and kinesin-1 using glutathione S-transferase pull-down and coimmunoprecipitation assays. In addition, we assessed the trafficking of membrane proteins in the sciatic nerves of transgenic mice with heterozygous or homozygous deletions of APP. In contrast to previous reports, we were unable to find evidence for direct interactions between APP and kinesin-1. Furthermore, the transport of kinesin-1 and tyrosine kinase receptors, previously reported to require APP, was unchanged in axons of APP-deficient mice. Finally, we show that two components of the APP proteolytic machinery, i.e., PS1 and BACE1, are not cotransported with APP in the sciatic nerves of mice. These findings suggest that the hypothesis that APP serves as a kinesin-1 receptor and that the proteolytic processing machinery responsible for generating Abeta is transported in the same vesicular compartment in axons of peripheral nerves requires revision.

Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases↗
PubMed1985

Fast axonal transport of foreign synaptic vesicles in squid axoplasm.

Translocation of intracellular organelles requires interaction with the cellular cytoskeleton, but the membrane and cytoskeletal proteins involved in movement are unknown. Here we show that highly purified synaptic vesicles from electric fish added to extruded squid axoplasm can show ATP-dependent movement. The movement is indistinguishable from that of endogenous vesicles and has a slight preference for the orthograde direction. In the presence of a nonhydrolyzable ATP analog, the synaptic vesicles bind to axoplasmic fibers but do not move. Elastase treatment of vesicles inhibits both binding and movement. We conclude that a protein component on the surface of cholinergic synaptic vesicles from electric fish is conserved during evolution and so can be recognized by the organelle-translocating machinery of the squid axon, resulting in ATP-dependent movement. Synaptic vesicles apparently retain the capacity for fast axonal transport, even after they reach their intracellular destination.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1989

Axonal transport and central visual projections of ganglion cells in congenitally blind chickens.

The rd (retinal degenerate) strain of chicken is an example of a recessively inherited mutation characterized by blindness at the time of hatching, as defined by behavioral and electrophysiological tests. Paradoxically, blind mutants have normal retinal morphology, even at the ultrastructural level. Eventually, however, the entire retina degenerates in this strain, perhaps as a result of disuse atrophy. Results of preliminary studies imply that a defect in the visual transduction cascade in photoreceptor cells is responsible for the lack of vision. As well as being an important animal model for studies on photochemistry and transduction, the rd chicken may afford a paradigm for studies on inner retinal physiology and pathology, as electrical input to this inner neuronal system appears to be absent. In the current study we examined axonal transport (both retrograde and anterograde) in rd retinal ganglion cells and connectivity of ganglion cells to visual centers in the brain and compared these to normally sighted chicks. All visuorecipient nuclei were present in rd animals and appeared normal at the light microscopic level. When 3H-proline was injected into one eye of a blind chicken on the day of hatching, labeled polypeptides or proteins were transported via a fast transport mechanism to the same visual centers in roughly the same quantities as in normally sighted chicks. When horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected in the optic tectum of blind and normal 1 day old chicks, this label was transported retrogradely to the soma of retinal ganglion cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Maintenance of long-term adaptation of synaptic transmission requires axonal transport following induction in an identified crayfish motoneuron.

Motoneurons can adapt to altered levels of electrical activity by effecting semi-permanent changes in their neuromuscular synaptic physiology. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that maintenance of activity-dependent long-term adaptation of synaptic transmission in a crayfish abdominal extensor motoneuron (phasic axon 3) required axonal transport following induction. Intact crayfish were chronically wired for periodic in vivo stimulation of axon 3. Periodic unilateral stimulation for 3-5 consecutive days (2 h/day) induced long-term adaptation (LTA) of neuromuscular synaptic transmission in axon 3. Initial EPSP amplitudes (measured at 0.1 Hz) were significantly reduced to approximately 40% of contralateral control amplitudes over a 7-day poststimulation period. Additionally, synaptic depression during 5 Hz test stimulation of axon 3 was significantly less in chronically stimulated neurons: excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) amplitudes measured after 20 min of 5 Hz test stimulation (final EPSPs) were significantly larger in conditioned neurons than in unstimulated controls. The depression of initial EPSP amplitudes persisted for 7 days postinduction, while the increased synaptic stamina persisted for 4 days but was absent at 7 days postinduction. Axotomy of axon 3 following induction of LTA had no effect on long-term maintenance of the activity-induced reduction in initial EPSP amplitudes. Initial EPSP amplitudes in conditioned, axotomized neurons were still reduced to 42% of control amplitudes over the 7-day postinduction period. In contrast, postinduction axotomy of axon 3 elicited an accelerated decay of the enhanced synaptic stamina. Following axotomy, final EPSP amplitudes were significantly larger in conditioned neurons for only 1 day poststimulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1978

The olivocerebellar projection in the cat studied with the method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. VII. The projection to lobulus simplex, crus I and II.

The olivocerebellar projection to lobulus simplex, crus I and II in the cat was investigated by means of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The distribution of labeled cells in the inferior olive following HRP injections in lobulus simplex, crus I and II confirmed the findings by Brodal ('40b) that the rostral half of the principal olive projects to these areas of the cerebellar hemisphere. However, concerning details there are some differences in so far as the heaviest contribution to crus I comes from the medial parts of the ventral and dorsal lamella, that to crus II from its lateral part, especially the ventral bend. The present findings show that in addition the rostral part of the medial and the rostromedial part of the dorsal accessory olive project to these areas of the cerebellar cortex. Further details in the projection are shown in figure 8B. The findings agree fairly well with the electrophysiological results of Armstrong et al. ('74) and the experimental anatomical data of Groenewegen and Voogd ('77a,b). An attempt is made to correlate the findings with the pattern of longitudinal zonal subdivision of the cerebellum. There is evidence for a topical organization within the projection to crus I and II and parts of their projection areas in the principal olive. The distribution of the labeled cells which project to lobulus simplex, crus I and II is discussed in relation to afferent pathways to the inferior olive.

Animals↗