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PubMed1987

[Evaluation of a new blood pressure cuff for patients with large and normal arm circumferences].

A new multisize blood pressure cuff (TriCuff; Inmed) which automatically adjusts to fit any size arm was tested against the routinely used 12 x 23 cm cuff in patients with an arm circumference less than 33 cm (group A = 30) and against the 15 x 33 cm cuff as well as the 12 x 23 cm cuff in patients with arm circumference greater than 33 cm (group B = 26). Arm circumference in group A was 25 +/- 3 cm and in group B 38 +/- 3 cm (P less than 0.01). Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in group A was 125 +/- 20 mmHg and 78 +/- 11 mmHg respectively with the TriCuff and 124 +/- 19 mmHg and 78 +/- 13 mmHg with the 12 x 23 cm cuff. In group B SBP and DBP with the TriCuff was 134.6 +/- 13.3 mmHg and 84 +/- 17 mmHg respectively compared with 132 +/- 15 mmHg and 83.8 +/- 16 mmHg measured by the 15 x 33 cm cuff. SBP and DBP with the 12 x 23 cm cuff was 139.8 +/- 16 mmHg and 90.8 +/- 14 mmHg respectively. Both these values are significantly higher (P less than 0.05) compared with the new cuff and the larger cuff. Using the 12 x 23 cm cuff in group B resulted in the false diagnosis of hypertension in 3 normotensive patients. The TriCuff gives accurate blood pressure measurements in patients with different arm circumferences and should prevent false-positive diagnoses of hypertension in obese patients.

Arm↗

PubMed1986

[Study on the movement of the scapula during elevation of the arm].

To clarify the shoulder movement, changes of the tilting angle of the scapula were elevated radiographically in three dimensions during arm elevation. Utilizing data of the tilt of the glenoid fossa against the plane of scapula measured in dry bones, the direction of the glenoid fossa during arm elevation in living subjects was evaluated. The medial tilting angle was nearly constant at about 40 degrees from the resting position to an elevation of the arm to 150 degrees position. The average downward tilt was 12.46 degrees in the resting position; thereafter it gradually tilted backward. Horizontal tilt of the glenoid fossa following arm elevation was 46.15 degrees in the resting position, 46.15 degrees at 90 degrees of elevation, 38.79 degrees at 150 degrees of elevation, and 33.0 degrees at maximum elevation. These findings suggest that the "scapular plane" is the plane 40 degrees against the frontal plane in the range from 0 degrees to 150 degrees elevation of the arm, and that "zero position" is at 150 degrees elevation position in the scapular plane.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

Associated reactions in the hemiplegic arm.

Of 40 stroke patients attending a rehabilitation department, 32 (80%) had associated reactions affecting the hemiplegic arm. These involuntary movements nearly always occurred in association with yawning and less frequently with stretching, coughing, sneezing and laughing. In many patients the pattern of these reactions differed from previous descriptions. In the majority of patients they raised false hopes about the recovery of arm function, but sometimes they were a cause of distress. All 8 patients who did not have associated reactions had some voluntary movement of the affected arm and 4 of them had very useful manipulative function. By contrast, 25% of those with associated reactions had no voluntary arm movement and only 2 (6%) had very useful hand function. Involuntary arm movements are common in hemiplegia and those involved in care of stroke patients should be aware of them.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Autonomic nervous function of hand-arm vibration syndrome patients.

We have investigated the autonomic nervous function of hand-arm vibration syndrome patients using blood chemical analyses and electrophysiological methods. When exposed to whole body cooling, hand-arm vibration syndrome patients showed a significantly greater increase of plasma norepinephrine than the age-matched healthy controls. The patients also exhibited reduced variation of R-R intervals in electrocardiogram during deep breathing. When classifying the subjects according to the Stockholm Workshop scale of VWF, the subjects of stage 3 showed the most remarkable findings followed by the subjects of stage 2. The findings of the stage 3 subjects were also greater than those of diabetes patients. The excess secretion of norepinephrine in blood reveals that the responsiveness of the sympathetic nervous system to cold exposure is enhanced in hand-arm vibration syndrome patients. The R-R interval variation suggests that the basal activity of the parasympathetic nervous system is reduced. We observed that plasma norepinephrine also increased during short-term exposure of hand-arm to vibration and noise exposure potentiated the effect. It seems likely that repeated vibration exposures of the hand-arm system develop the hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system.

Arm↗

PubMed1993

Arm tremor, tardive dyskinesia, and mental retardation.

The arm tremor of adults diagnosed as having mental retardation and/or tardive dyskinesia was examined through an analysis of the acceleration properties of several arm postures. The degree of arm acceleration was increased in all groups compared to a control group without mental retardation. The tardive dyskinesia and/or mentally retarded groups also showed a shift to a lower modal frequency of physiological tremor. Results showed that both time domain and frequency properties of the tremor acceleration signal are necessary to distinguish between groups. The neuroleptic medication appears to engender a dual and opposing influence on performance in the arm tremor task for the mentally retarded group. The medication reduces behavioral variability as indexed by analyses of arm acceleration over time (time domain) but lowers the modal frequency of physiological tremor.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Blood pressure self-measurement in upper arm and in wrist for treatment control of arterial hypertension compared to ABPM.

Automatic 24 h Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM) has become an established method in the diagnosis and treatment control of arterial hypertension. Fully automatic blood pressure devices for blood pressure self-measurement (BPSM) in the upper arm and in the wrist using the oscillometric measuring technique have been available in Germany for several years. After evaluating the blood pressure devices boso Oscillomat (upper arm) and Omron HEM-601 (wrist) by means of simultaneous invasive measurements, we studied the suitability of this new method for the control of treated hypertension. Using the device Space Labs 90207, we had ABPM carried out in 100 men (aged 58 +/- 8 years) with mild to moderate hypertension. They recorded hourly blood pressure measurements in the wrist between 6 a.m. and 6 p.m., in the same arm as the blood pressure monitoring using the device Omron HEM-601, or in the other arm using the device boso Oscillomat. The values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured using both methods. Since the random samples probably consisted of non-standard distribution differences, we applied the Wilcoxon matched pairs signed rank test for statistical analysis. No significant differences were recorded between the daily mean systolic (p < .07) and diastolic (p < .97) blood pressure values determined by ABPM and by frequent blood pressure self-measurement. Multiple blood pressure readings obtained using blood pressure self-measurement in the upper arm as well as in the wrist are an alternative to the established, automatic 24-h, ambulatory blood pressure measurement for the treatment control of arterial hypertension, that nightly blood pressure measurement can be omitted. It has advantage of unrestricted and desired frequent use under standardized conditions.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

[The evaluation of fat and muscles of the arm in the nutritional study in pre-school children in Madrid].

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate the body composition of the pre-school children in the city of Madrid as a part of their nutritional evaluation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Seven hundred and three healthy children of both sexes were studied by means of a cross-sectional sample. The children, between 2 and 6 years of age, attended nursery schools in the city of Madrid. The study evaluated the arm muscle and fat areas through an anthropometric assessment. After measuring the triceps skinfold and the arm circumference, we obtained the arm muscle circumference, the arm area, and the arm muscle and fat areas. Once all data were gathered, they were statistically evaluated. RESULTS: The parameters studied reveal a normal distribution in the population in question. The mean values of muscle and fat areas were normal in relationship to age.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Contribution to the anatomical study of medial arm flap].

The reports of transfer of the medial arm flap have been inconsistent, and confusion remains about its anatomy and use. The advantages of this donor site, however, justify new researches about the vascular anatomy of the flap. In this study, the vascular supply to the medial side of the arm was analysed in fifteen fresh cadaver dissections. The methods, the anatomical bases, and the technique of elevation of the flap were detailed. Methylene blue injection studies showed the extent of the medial arm flap. The authors found that, in most cases, the superior ulnar collateral artery was the main vessel of this flap, giving cutaneous branches to medial arm skin. The diameter of the superior ulnar collateral artery was measured and considered adequate for microsurgical transfer. If no major cutaneous branches are noted from superior ulnar collateral artery, then a significant direct cutaneous branch from the brachial artery will be always present. With this in mind, the dissection must initially proceed carefully, preserving all vessels that may contribute to cutaneous perfusion. The authors conclude that with knowledge of its anatomical variations, the medial arm flap is a plausible reconstructive option.

Arm↗

PubMed1998

A randomized study comparing manual lymph drainage with sequential pneumatic compression for treatment of postoperative arm lymphedema.

We compared manual lymph drainage (MLD) with sequential pneumatic compression (SPC) for treatment of unilateral arm lymphedema in 28 women previously treated for breast cancer. After 2 weeks of therapy with a standard compression sleeve (Part I) with maintenance of a steady arm volume, each patient was randomly assigned to either one of two treatment regimens (Part II). MLD was performed according to the Vodder technique for 45 min/day and SPC was performed with a pressure of 40-60 mmHg for 2 hours/day. Both treatments were carried out for 2 weeks. Arm volume was measured by water displacement. Arm mobility, strength, and subjective assessments were also determined. Lymphedema was reduced by 49 ml (7% reduction) (p = 0.01) in the total group during Part I. During Part II, the MLD group decreased by 75 ml (15% reduction) (p < 0.001) and the SPC group by 28 ml (7% reduction) (p = 0.03). The total group reported a decrease of tension (p = 0.004) and heaviness (p = 0.01) during Part I. During Part II, only the MLD group reported a further decrease of tension (p = 0.01) and heaviness (p = 0.008). MLD and SPC each significantly decreased arm volume but no significant difference was detected between the two treatment methods.

Aged↗

PubMed1994

Carpal tunnel syndrome and hand-arm vibration syndrome. A diagnostic enigma.

OBJECTIVE: This article serves to draw attention to the risk to workers from repetitive strain and hand-arm vibration in the workplace and to the diagnostic difficulty in distinguishing carpal tunnel syndrome from the sensorineural component of hand-arm vibration syndrome. DATA SOURCES: Journal publications, textbooks on hand-arm vibration, guidelines of the International Standards Organisation, and European Economic Community directives. STUDY SELECTION: Recent reports and current standards. CONCLUSION: Carpal tunnel syndrome can be distinguished from hand-arm vibration syndrome if all factors--anatomical, associated physiological and medical conditions, work exposure history, and ulnar nerve involvement--are evaluated. In some circumstances, the conditions may be present together. A correct diagnosis is crucial because surgical intervention is not usually beneficial if hand-arm vibration exposure has been a contributing factor. The further reduction in grip strength may constitute a serious additional handicap for a worker.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome↗

PubMed1998

Structural and molecular characterization of dynein in a gall-midge insect having motile sperm with only the outer arm.

The dipteran Monarthropalpus flavus possesses a peculiar sperm axoneme, characterized by multiple rows of microtubular doublets linked by the outer dynein arms only, lacking any equivalent of the central pair/radial spoke complex. The structure of these dynein molecules was studied by electron microscopy (EM). Using the quick-freeze, deep-etch method of EM, they were found to be similar to outer dynein arms described previously. Two globular "heads," each subdivided by a cleft, are clearly discernible. "Stalks" extend from proximal head to contact the B-tubule of the adjacent doublet. Unlike the situation in vertebrate sperm, the stalks sometimes branch into two thinner strands that contact the B-tubule at different sites. Treatment of demembranated sperm cells with ATP and vanadate induces conformational changes in the dynein outer arms. These are interpreted as the result of rotation of the dynein head with respect to what is observed in axonemes in rigor condition (after ATP depletion). SDS-PAGE indicates that the high-molecular-weight complement of this molecule comprises a single heavy chain. Specific dynein heavy chain-related DNA sequences corresponding to the catalytic-phosphate binding region were amplified by RT-PCR. Only one axonemal dynein sequence was identified among all amplified fragments. Southern blot analysis performed on genomic DNA using this sequence as a probe identified two hybridizing genes, only one of which is able to encode a functional product. Thus, genetic analysis indicates that this axonemal outer arm dynein is a homodymer of a single heavy chain subunit. In vivo, spermatozoa of this species are stored in a rolled configuration in female spermatheca, where they move rapidly with a wave-like motion. This movement could not be reproduced in vitro, except when spermatozoa were constrained in a bent configuration by some mechanical impediment. We propose that, in the absence of both the central pair/radial spoke complex and the inner arms, a curvature-dependent activation acts to trigger motility in these spermatozoa.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1999

Characterization of outer arm dynein in sea anemone, Anthopleura midori.

Outer arm dynein was purified from sperm flagella of a sea anemone, Anthopleura midori, and its biochemical and biophysical properties were characterized. The dynein, obtained at a 20S ATPase peak by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, consisted of two heavy chains, three intermediate chains, and seven light chains. The specific ATPase activity of dynein was 1.3 micromol Pi/mg/min. Four polypeptides (296, 296, 225, and 206 kDa) were formed by UV cleavage at 365 nm of dynein in the presence of vanadate and ATP. In addition, negatively stained images of dynein molecules and the hook-shaped image of the outer arm of the flagella indicated that sea anemone outer arm dynein is two-headed. In contrast to protist dyneins, which are three-headed, outer arm dyneins of flagella and cilia in multicellular animals are two-headed molecules corresponding to the two heavy chains. Phylogenetic considerations were made concerning the diversity of outer arm dyneins.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Recurrent allelic deletions of chromosome arms 15q and 16q in human small cell lung carcinomas.

The genetic lesions that lead to the development of small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) remain incompletely defined. To identify recurrent allelic deletions in specific chromosomal regions that could serve as markers for tumor suppressor gene (TSG) inactivation in SCLC, we performed a comprehensive allelotype analysis of all 39 nonacrocentric autosomal arms. Alterations in 158 polymorphic microsatellite alleles were examined in 24 pairs of human SCLC tumor and normal control DNA samples. A total of 2,107 informative reactions were analyzed. This analysis revealed allelic losses of 100% on chromosome arm 3p, >85% loss within chromosome arms 13q and 17p, and >70% loss within chromosome arms 4q, 5q, 15q, and 16q. The allelic deletions on chromosome arms 15q and 16q have not been defined previously for SCLC and are candidate regions to harbor novel TSGs. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 27:323-331, 2000.

Alleles↗

PubMed2005

Meiotic exchange event within the stalk region of an inverted chromosome 22 results in a recombinant chromosome with duplication of the distal long arm.

Meiotic recombination occurs between homologous euchromatic regions of human chromosomes in early meiosis. However, such exchanges have been thought not to occur in the stalk regions of acrocentric chromosomes. We describe a child whose chromosome analysis suggests that crossovers do occur in homologous stalk regions. The proband, initially seen as a term female infant, was born to a 28-year-old mother. Dysmorphic features included wide metopic sutures, low anterior hairline, hypertelorism, external ear malformations, and cleft lip and palate. Blood chromosomes of the proband and parents were studied by G-banding, Q-banding, R-banding, and silver staining. The infant karyotype showed a sub-metacentric chromosome 22; that of the mother showed a pericentric inversion of chromosome 22. Chromosomes of the father were normal. In the infant, the abnormal chromosome 22 long arm appeared normal, but with additional long arm material attached to the distal short arm. In the mother, the distal long arm of the abnormal chromosome 22 was translocated to the distal short arm. The abnormal chromosome stalk in the child was intermediate in size to the stalk size of the abnormal and normal chromosomes 22 in the mother. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis using chromosome 22 paint and ARSA gene probe confirmed that the duplicated material in the proband was of chromosome 22 origin; the karyotype interpretation is: 46,XX,rec(22)dup(22q)inv(22)(p13q13.1)mat. This abnormal karyotype is most likely due to a crossover event within the inversion loop during meiosis. The stalk length discrepancy suggests that the crossover site occurred in the stalk region.

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22↗

PubMed2002

Geometric Clutch model version 3: the role of the inner and outer arm dyneins in the ciliary beat.

The Geometric Clutch model of ciliary and flagellar beating uses the transverse force (t-force) that develops between the outer doublets of the axoneme as the regulator for activating and deactivating the dynein motors and organizing the flagellar beat. The version of the model described here adds detail to the formulations used in the two previous versions as follows: (1) In place of two opposing sets of dyneins, the new model has four sets of dyneins, corresponding to two sets on each side of the axoneme acting in series. (2) The four sets of dyneins are each subdivided into two ranks representing inner and outer arm dyneins. (3) The force produced by each dynein is governed by a force-velocity relationship that is independently specified for the inner and outer arms. Consistent with the original model, the new version of the Geometric Clutch model can simulate both the effective and recovery stroke phases of the ciliary beat using a single uniform algorithm. In addition, the new version can operate with the outer arms disabled. Under this condition, the simulation exhibits a beat pattern similar to the original but the beat frequency is reduced to approximately one third. These results are contingent on using force-velocity relationships for the inner and outer arms similar to those described by Brokaw [1999: Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 42:134-148], where the inner arms contribute most of the driving force at low shear velocities. This constitutes the first examination of the effects of the force-velocity characteristics of dynein on a cilia-like beat in a theoretical framework.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1989

Splitting the ciliary axoneme: implications for a "switch-point" model of dynein arm activity in ciliary motion.

In the presence of specific inhibitors of beat. 20 microM VO4(3-) or pCa 4, mussel gill lateral (L) cilia can be arrested in two positions--"hands down" or "hands up"--at opposite ends of the stroke cycle. Cilia move to these positions by doublet microtubule sliding. Axonemes of arrested cilia, still tethered to the cell, are intact after demembranation and protease treatment. When reactivated by 4 mM ATP with inhibitors present, about 40% split apart. Splits are not random but occur preferentially between different specific doublets in the two opposite arrest positions. Several different related patterns of splitting are observed; for every pattern in "hands down" axonemes, there is a corresponding complementary split pattern in "hands up" axonemes. In some split patterns two doublets remain firmly attached to the central pair; these also differ depending on axonemal position. Although some of the patterns seen may be artifactual or difficult to explain, the complementary splitting patterns are predictable with simple assumptions by a "switch point" hypothesis of ciliary activity where, during each recovery stroke, doublets 6-8 have active dynein arms, while during each effective stroke, arms on doublets 1-4 become active, and arms 6-8 are turned off. Because of a difference between the patterns seen and the predictions, the status of the arms on doublet 9 is unresolved. The patterns also suggest that a spoke-central sheath attachment cycle may correlate with switching of arm activity during the generation of an asymmetric beat.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗

PubMed1995

Dynein inner arm heavy chain identification in cAMP-activated flagella using class-specific polyclonal antibodies.

While studying cAMP-dependent dynein alpha-heavy chain phosphorylation, we found previously [Stephens and Prior, 1992: J. Cell Sci. 103:999-1012] that high salt extraction of sperm flagella from the mussel Mytilus edulis or the clam Spisula solidissima removed most visible dynein arms, accompanied by an amount of Mg+2-ATPase that correlated with the mass of dynein alpha- and beta-heavy chains removed. However, although almost devoid of ATPase activity, such extracted axonemes retained one third of the heavy chain mass as two sets of electrophoretically-distinct, vanadate-cleavable, non-phosphorylated proteins. To explore the nature of these dynein-like proteins, antibodies to the alpha- and beta-heavy chains were blot affinity-purified from a rabbit antiserum raised against gradient-purified Spisula 18-20S flagellar outer arm dynein. Although able to recognize common epitopes of the opposite chain type, neither the alpha- nor the beta-heavy chain antibody recognized the tightly-bound proteins in either species, proving that they are immunologically distinct. While the beta-antibody recognized its heavy chain homolog in gill cilia, the alpha-antibody did not, demonstrating immunological distinction between flagellar and ciliary dynein alpha-heavy chains. Immunization of a mouse with nitrocellulose strips containing one of the two tightly-bound Spisula flagellar proteins produced an antiserum that cross-reacted with each tightly-bound protein in both species and also recognized alpha- and beta-heavy chains. The anti-molluscan serum cross-reacted strongly with sea urchin sperm flagellar dynein B-, C-, and D-bands, considered to be inner arm components, but not with sea urchin outer arm alpha- or beta-heavy chains. These data indicate that the electrophoretically and immunologically distinct, tightly-bound proteins of molluscan flagella are inner arm dynein heavy chains.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Loss of heterozygosity on chromosome arms 3p and 6q in microdissected adenocarcinomas of the uterine cervix and adenocarcinoma in situ.

BACKGROUND: Despite the increasing frequency of adenocarcinomas of the uterine cervix, little is known regarding inactivation of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) in this tumor type. The authors analyzed loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in 36 carcinomas of the cervix with glandular differentiation, and 5 adenocarcinoma in situ in 40 patients. METHODS: The authors analyzed samples using laser capture microdissection from archival material and DNA amplified with microsatellite markers on the following loci: 3p14.2 (D3S1234, D3S1300), 3p21.3 (D3S1029, D3S1447), 3p22-24 (D3S1537, D3S1351), 6q21-23.3 (D6S250), 6q25.1 (ESR), 6q25.2 (D6S255), 8p21 (D8S136, D8S1820), 13q12.3 (D13S220, D13S267), 17q21 (D17S579, D17S855). Eight additional markers spanning the short arm of chromosome 3 (3p12-p25) and six spanning the long arm of chromosome 6 (6q11-q27) were studied in the cases showing LOH to further define the deletion intervals. RESULTS: The frequency of allelic loss in cancers was chromosome 3p: 49% (p14.2: 35%, p21.3: 23%, p22-24: 41%), 6q: 48% (q21-23.1: 39%, q25.1: 45%, q25.2: 7%), 13q: 22%, 17q: 6%, and 8p: 18%. On chromosome arm 3p, the authors' data suggest at least two discrete areas of deletion: a proximal area between markers D3S1234 (p12) and D3S1766 (p14.2-14.3), and a second distal interval, telomeric from marker D3S4623 (p21.3). On chromosome 6q, the deletion area is between marker D6S300 (q22) and D6S255 (q25.2). Two of five preneoplastic lesions showed LOH on chromosome arm 3p, and two five showed allelic loss on chromosome arm on 6q, suggesting the genes might be inactivated early in cervical tumorigenesis. CONCLUSIONS: The authors have identified three chromosomal regions that may harbor TSGs involved in the development/progression of adenocarcinomas of the uterine cervix, 3p12-14.2, 3p21.3-pter, and 6q22-25.2. Deletions also were detected in adenocarcinoma in situ, suggesting the genes may be inactivated early in cervical tumorigenesis.

Adenocarcinoma↗