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At least 1,135 records · Page 63Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Apple (Malus pumila) procyanidins fractionated according to the degree of polymerization using normal-phase chromatography and characterized by HPLC-ESI/MS and MALDI-TOF/MS.

Our previously reported method for the fractionation of apple procyanidins was modified successfully to achieve the separation of (epi)catechins and procyanidins (ranging from dimers to octamers) according to the degree of polymerization. Normal-phase chromatography was employed, using a hexane-methanol-ethyl acetate mixture as the mobile phase. Each fraction was characterized using high-performance liquid-chromatography electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI/MS) and matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS). This method will be useful for the evaluation of the physiological functions of proanthocyanidins and for the elucidation of their individual structures.

Biopolymers↗
PubMed2004

Early glucose and methylene blue are effective against unripe ackee apple (Blighia sapida) poisoning in mice.

The ingestion of unripe ackee fruit (Blighia sapida) is responsible for lethal epidemic encephalopathy in West Africa and the Caribbean. The treatment of ackee poisoning remains empirical and lethality was 100% in a recent epidemic in Burkina Faso. Because ackee poisoning has certain biochemical similarities to ifosfamide encephalopathy, we evaluated the efficacy of methylene blue (MB) and glucose (G), alone and in combination (MB+G) in mice, as a treatment for ackee poisoning. MB administration showed some efficacy towards early mortality (P=0.07) but not to late mortality. No deaths were observed when 8 mg/kg MB was administrated within 1h of the ackee poisoning. The treatment was ineffective if given 6h or later after poisoning. Survival in G and G+MB groups was higher than in MB group (75% and 25% respectively) (P=0.008, R=2.0, 1.14<RR<3.52). Neither hepatitis nor the development of hepatic cirrhosis was observed in animals from any groups. Glucose was more effective than MB and elicited the same survival as MB in conditions of early treatment. MB must be given in multiple doses and the first administration should be performed early, at least within 3 h of poisoning, which may decrease the practical value of MB in the field. In conclusion, considering the high lethality of the ackee apple intoxication, the total absence of any existing treatment and the safety of glucose administration, we recommend at this stage to use early sugar or glucose administration in the field, in addition to a specific population-based prevention programme.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Dietary unripe apple polyphenol inhibits the development of food allergies in murine models.

The incidence of type I allergic disorders has been increasing worldwide, particularly, the hypersensitivity to food. We first showed that apple condensed tannin (ACT) intake would inhibit the development of the oral sensitization and that the inhibition could correlate with the rise in the population of TCR(gamma)delta-T cells in the intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) using W/W(V) mice and B10A mice which were ovalbumin (OVA)-orally sensitized. Serum OVA-specific immunoglobulin E and immunoglobulin G1 titers in the OVA-orally sensitized W/W(V) and B10A mice ad libitium fed ACT were extremely inhibited compared to those of the control. The ACT intakes of OVA-sensitized W/W(V) and B10A mice inhibited the immediate reduction of the body temperature or the rise in serum histamine induced by active systemic anaphylaxis. The proportions of the TCR(gamma)delta-T cells in the IEL of the OVA-orally sensitized W/W(V) and B10A mice ad libitium fed ACT were significantly greater than that in the controls. Furthermore, ACT feeding by itself could induce the rise in the percentage of the TCR(gamma)delta-T cells among the IEL of the W/W(V) and B10A mice. This suggests that the ACT intake may prevent the development of food allergies and this effect could be correlated with the rise in the percentage of TCR(gamma)delta-T cells among the IEL.

Allergens↗
PubMed2006

The use of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to differentiate Escherichia coli O157:H7 from other bacteria inoculated into apple juice.

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) can discriminate Escherichia coli O157:H7 ATCC 35150 from other bacteria: E. coli ATCC 25522, Bacillus cereus ATCC 10876, and Listeria innocua ATCC 51742 inoculated in to apple juice. Spectra of bacterial suspensions (ca. 10(9) cfu/ml in 0.9% NaCl) on Anodisc (aluminum oxide) filters were tested. Unique FT-IR vibrational combination bands from mid-IR active components of bacterial cells are present in the "fingerprint region" at wavenumbers between 1500 and 800 cm(-1). Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed clear segregations between different bacterial strains. Also, soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) correctly classified E. coli O157:H7 ATCC 35150 from E. coli ATCC 25522 at an 82% confidence level; whereas a 77% confidence level was obtained when using SIMCA to classify E. coli O157:H7 from three other bacterial strains.

Beverages↗
PubMed2005

Molecular cloning and functional characterization of two apple S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase genes and their different expression in fruit development, cell growth and stress responses.

Two full-length S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMDC) cDNAs, MdSAMDC1 and MdSAMDC2, were isolated from apple [Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.]. Both cDNAs encoded tiny and small ORFs in addition to the SAMDC ORFs, and genomic sequences of MdSAMDC1 and MdSAMDC2 contained two or three introns in the 5' upstream regions, respectively. Yeast complementation experiment indicated that two MdSAMDCs encoded functional proteins, and that the tiny and small ORFs possibly repressed their translation efficiency. RNA gel blot analysis showed that MdSAMDC1 were differentially regulated in fruits depending on the developmental stage and in cell suspension during the culture period, but MdSAMDC2 did not. In contrast, MdSAMDC2 was positively induced by cold and salt stresses, but MdSAMDC1 was not. These results suggest that MdSAMDC1 is mainly involved in fruit development and cell growth while MdSAMDC2 in stress responses, compared with their respective counterpart.

Adenosylmethionine Decarboxylase↗
PubMed2005

Apple flavonols during fruit adaptation to solar radiation: spectral features and technique for non-destructive assessment.

Spectral properties of flavonols of three varieties (Golden Delicious, Antonovka, and Renet Simirenko) of anthocyanin-free apple fruit were investigated with reflectance spectroscopy. The results of spectral and biochemical analyses suggested that fruit reflectance in a broad spectral range 365-430 nm is strongly dependent on and, in sunlit fruit surfaces, governed by flavonols. The build up of peel flavonols (mainly rutin and other quercetin glycosides) resulted in a dramatic decrease of fruit reflectance in this range, flattening of the spectrum, and extending the region with low reflectance (4-5%) to ca. 410 nm. The spectral features observed suggest that flavonols contribute significantly to screening of excessive radiation, not only UV-A, but in the short-wave bands of chlorophyll and carotenoid absorption in the visible part of the spectrum as well. To retrieve quantitatively flavonol content from reflectance spectra, we tested the applicability of an inversion technique developed for non-destructive leaf pigment assessment. The model for flavonol content assessment was suggested in the form (R(-1)410 - R(-1)460)R800, where Rlambda is reflectance at wavelength lambda. The model was linearly related to flavonol content between 8 and 220nmol/cm2 with the coefficient of determination r2=0.92 and root mean square error of flavonol estimation of 20 nmol/ cm2 regardless of cultivar, chlorophyll, and carotenoid content.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2006

Potential polyphenol markers of phase change in apple (Malus domestica).

In order to identify potential biochemical markers that can be used as indicators for phase change, the dynamics of polyphenolic compounds across apple seedlings (Malus domestica, Jonathan x Golden Delicious) were analyzed in this study by high performance liquid chromatography. Precocious flowering was induced by foliar sprays of plant growth regulators. Qualitative changes in the concentration of polyphenols were observed at node nos. 50, 80 and 120. Spontaneous and induced flowering was found at node nos. 122 and 77. It was reasonable to conclude that node no. 77 represented the point of transition between the juvenile phase and the adult vegetative phase, which was marked by the presence of phloridzin in the buds. The disappearance of myricitrin in the bark and the absence of caffeic acid in the aboveground tissues were qualitative markers of the reproductive phase, which was reached at node no. 122.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed2005

Real-time PCR for simultaneous and quantitative detection of quarantine phytoplasmas from apple proliferation (16 SrX) group.

A real time PCR assay conjugated with the fluorescent SYBR Green I dye has been developed for rapid, sensitive and quantitative detection of 'Ca. Phytoplasma pyri', 'Ca. P. prunorum' and 'Ca. P. mali', quarantine members of apple proliferation (16 SrX) group. The selected primers amplify specifically a target of 217-bp fragment from the 16 Sr gene region of the 16 SrX group and not from any other tested phytoplasma groups. An artificial template consisting in a plasmid clone of a 1785-bp DNA fragment of the 16S rRNA gene, 16S/23S rDNA spacer region, tRNA-Ile and partial 23S rRNA gene of a 'Ca. P. prunorum' isolate, was used to establish a calibration curve to evaluate the number of amplified targets per sample. The sensitivity of the technique was similar to nested-PCR (10 copies of the amplified target per microl). The estimated concentration of phytoplasmas in infected pear, plum and apricot trees ranged from 9.7 x 10(3) to 3.0 x 10(5) phytoplasmas per gram of tissue. The method offers the possibility to detect simultaneously, in a single reaction, all quarantine phytoplasmas affecting fruit trees hosts in Europe.

Calibration↗
PubMed2004

A new approach to apple proliferation detection: a highly sensitive real-time PCR assay.

The present paper describes a new approach for diagnosis of apple proliferation (AP) phytoplasma in plant material using a multiplex real-time PCR assay simultaneously amplifying a fragment of the pathogen 16S rRNA gene and the host, Malus domestica, chloroplast gene coding for tRNA leucine. For the first time, such an approach, with an internal analytical control, is described in a diagnostic procedure for plant pathogenic phytoplasmas enabling distinction between uninfected plant material and false-negative results caused by PCR inhibition. Pathogen detection is based on the highly conserved 16S rRNA gene to ensure amplification of different AP phytoplasma strains. The newly designed primer/probe set allows specific detection of all examined AP strains, without amplifying other fruit tree phytoplasmas or more distantly related phytoplasma strains. Apart from its specificity, real-time PCR with serial dilutions of initial template DNA ranging over almost five orders of magnitude (undiluted to 80,000-fold diluted) demonstrated linear amplification over the whole range, while conventional PCR showed a reliable detection only up to 500-fold or 10,000-fold dilutions, respectively. Compared to existing analytical diagnostic procedures for phytoplasmas, a rapid, highly specific and highly sensitive diagnostic method becomes now available.

DNA, Bacterial↗
PubMed2006

Unusual features of a recombinant apple alpha-farnesene synthase.

A recombinant alpha-farnesene synthase from apple (Malus x domestica), expressed in Escherichia coli, showed features not previously reported. Activity was enhanced 5-fold by K(+) and all four isomers of alpha-farnesene, as well as beta-farnesene, were produced from an isomeric mixture of farnesyl diphosphate (FDP). Monoterpenes, linalool, (Z)- and (E)-beta-ocimene and beta-myrcene, were synthesised from geranyl diphosphate (GDP), but at 18% of the optimised rate for alpha-farnesene synthesis from FDP. Addition of K(+) reduced monoterpene synthase activity. The enzyme also produced alpha-farnesene by a reaction involving coupling of GDP and isoprenyl diphosphate but at <1% of the rate with FDP. Mutagenesis of active site aspartate residues removed sesquiterpene, monoterpene and prenyltransferase activities suggesting catalysis through the same active site. Phylogenetic analysis clusters this enzyme with isoprene synthases rather than with other sesquiterpene synthases, suggesting that it has evolved differently from other plant sesquiterpene synthases. This is the first demonstration of a sesquiterpene synthase possessing prenyltransferase activity.

Alkyl and Aryl Transferases↗
PubMed2004

The microstructures of biomineralized surfaces: a spectroscopic study on the exoskeletons of fresh water (Apple) snail, Pila globosa.

In view of the importance in understanding biomineralization processes in different molluskan species, the common fresh water apple snail Pila globosa in Indian origin was taken to explore its mineralized exoskeleton structures. The detailed structural studies of the exoskeletons of P. globosa have been undertaken. The isolated layers present in these shells were studied by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), optical absorption, and infrared spectral techniques. The EPR spectra of the organic protein layer periostracum show the characteristic signals corresponding to Fe(3+) ions at g = 4.1 and 2.0. The EPR spectra of the ostracum (middle) layer at room temperature gives a complicated spectrum consisting of a number of Mn(2+) signals of at least three sets due to the aragonite nature of the material. The results indicate the presence of the multivalent manganese ions, which undergo the redox mechanisms. The thermal variation of the EPR spectra show marked effect on these samples both in g-values and the basic spectral pattern.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Solid state NMR study of dietary fiber powders from aronia, bilberry, black currant and apple.

13C CPMAS NMR spectra of dietary fiber powders from aronia (chokeberry), bilberry, black currant and apple were recorded. The spectra are complex owing to superposition of resonances from different polysaccharides and polyphenolic compounds. Standard, dipolar dephased and the TH(1rho) partially relaxed spectra enabled the identification of several constituents: microcrystalline cellulose, pectins, lignins, cutin-like polymers and condensed tannins. The fiber powders obtained from berries contain significant amounts of anthocyanins, as indicated by their dark violet color, but not verified by chemical shifts. The anthocyanin-rich extract from aronia berries and its major components, cyanidin-3-O-galactoside and (-)epicatechin were also studied.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2005

Learning to tell apples from oranges.

Recognizing images requires sorting them into the correct perceptual categories. Without categories, apples could not be discriminated from oranges. A fundamental question is whether categories are innate or learned, and if learned, how well such discriminations generalize. A recent finding by Notman et al. demonstrates that certain categorical discriminations are learned fast but vanish for slightly rotated stimuli. Rather than higher "cognitive" learning, this indicates involvement of "early" mechanisms, which cannot generalize across different stimulus orientations.

Cognition↗
PubMed2006

Protein-protein- and protein-RNA-binding properties of the movement protein and VP25 coat protein of Apple latent spherical virus.

To elucidate the mechanism of Apple latent spherical virus (ALSV) movement, various properties of its cell-to-cell movement protein (MP) were analyzed. ELISA and blot overlay assays demonstrated that the MP bound specifically to ALSV virions and in particular to one of the three coat proteins (VP25) but not to the other two coat proteins (VP20 and VP24). Mutational analyses have revealed that the MP contains two domains with independent VP25-binding activity (amino acid residues 1-188 and 189-281). Furthermore, nucleotide-binding experiments showed that the MP and VP25 bound to single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) and ssDNA without any sequence specificity, but these two proteins did not bind to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and dsDNA. The MP contains three potentially independent single-stranded nucleic acid-binding domains between amino acid residues 95-188, 189-281 and 277-376. The MP demonstrated cooperative and VP25 demonstrated non-cooperative binding to ssRNA in gel-retardation analyses. The cooperative RNA binding of the MP became non-cooperative when MP and VP25 were tested together in competition binding experiments, even though a sufficient amount of the MP for fully cooperative RNA binding the MP was supplied. The roles of the MP and VP25 interactions and nucleic acid binding activities in ALSV movement are discussed.

Capsid Proteins↗
PubMed2004

Somatic variation plays a key role in the evolution of the Vf gene family residing in the Vf locus that confers resistance to apple scab disease.

A cluster of four receptor-like genes has been previously identified in the Vf locus of the crabapple Malus floribunda clone 821 that confers resistance to five races of the fungal pathogen Venturia inaequalis, the casual agent of apple scab disease. Pairwise comparisons of the four Vf paralogs in both promoter and coding regions reveal their timeline evolutionary history. The four Vf paralogs have evolved from four ancient Vf members resulting from two sequential duplication events of a single Vf progenitor initially present in the Malus genome. The coding sequences of the four Vf paralogs are characterized with high numbers of unique polymorphic nucleotides, a number of short duplications/deletions, various deletions of complete LRR copy units, and a casual insert of a transposon-like element. Significant high ratios of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions, Ka/Ks, are observed in the putative ligand binding residues in the LRR domains. No sequence exchange between the four Vf paralogs is observed. Compared with promoter regions, only nucleotide substitutions are dramatically elevated in the coding regions. The results presented in this study strongly indicate that the Vf locus is under strong and steady horizontal selective pressures imposed by the fungal pathogen V. inaequalis, and divergent selection on somatic variations plays a key role in shaping the resistance specificity.

Ascomycota↗
PubMed1983

Apple II program to simulate the response-time profile of non-depolarising muscle relaxants.

We have developed a BASIC program for the Apple II microcomputer which can simulate the effect (degree of paralysis) time curve obtained following bolus intravenous administrations of pancuronium. The program is based on a combined pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model and has practical application to the anaesthetist under operating room conditions. Knowing the disease state of the patient and the doses and times of administration of pancuronium the microcomputer can predict the degree of paralysis which exists at any time and so assists in the timing of the next dose of relaxant and in deciding when to effect reversal.

Computers↗
PubMed2001

Domains of invasion organelle proteins from apicomplexan parasites are homologous with the Apple domains of blood coagulation factor XI and plasma pre-kallikrein and are members of the PAN module superfamily.

Micronemes are specialised organelles, found in all apicomplexan parasites, which secrete molecules that are essential for parasite attachment to and invasion of host cells. Regions of several microneme proteins have sequence similarity to the Apple domains (A-domains) of blood coagulation factor XI (FXI) and plasma pre-kallikrein (PK). We have used mass spectrometry on a recombinant-expressed, putative A-domain from the microneme protein EtMIC5 from Eimeria tenella, to demonstrate that three intramolecular disulphide bridges are formed. These bridges are analogous to those that stabilise A-domains in FXI and PK. The data confirm that the apicomplexan domains are structural homologues of A-domains and are therefore novel members of the PAN module superfamily, which also includes the N-terminal domains of members of the plasminogen/hepatocyte growth factor family. The role of A-domains/PAN modules in apicomplexan parasites is not known, but their presence in the microneme suggests that they may be important for mediating protein-protein or protein-carbohydrate interactions during parasite attachment and host cell invasion.

Amino Acid Motifs↗
PubMed2000

High-speed counter-current chromatography of apple procyanidins.

Apple procyanidins were separated by high-speed counter-current chromatography using a type-J multilayer coil planet centrifuge. Several two-phase solvent systems with a wide range of hydrophobicities from a non-polar hexane system to polar n-butanol systems were evaluated their performance in terms of the partition coefficient and the retention of the phase. The best separation of procyanidins B and C was achieved with a two-phase solvent system composed of n-butanol-methyl tert.-butyl ether-acetonitrile-0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (2:4:3:8) using the lower phase as a mobile at a flow-rate of 1.0 ml/min.

Biflavonoids↗