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PubMed2002

Prevalence of agglutinating antibodies to Sarcocystis neurona in skunks (Mephitis Mephitis), raccoons (Procyon lotor), and opossums (Didelphis Virginiana) from Connecticut.

Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis is the most important protozoan disease of horses in North America and is usually caused by Sarcocystis neurona. Natural cases of encephalitis caused by S. neurona have been reported in skunks (Mephitis mephitis) and raccoons (Procyon lotor). Opossums (Didelphis spp.) are the only known definitive host. Sera from 24 striped skunks, 12 raccoons, and 7 opossums (D. virginiana) from Connecticut were examined for agglutinating antibodies to S. neurona using the S. neurona agglutination test (SAT) employing formalin-fixed merozoites as antigen. The SAT was validated for skunk sera using pre- and postinfection serum samples from 2 experimentally infected skunks. Of the 24 (46%) skunks 11 were positive, and all 12 raccoons were positive for S. neurona antibodies. None of the 7 opossums was positive for antibodies to S. neurona. These results suggest that exposure to sporocysts of S. neurona by intermediate hosts is high in Connecticut. The absence of antibodies in opossums collected from the same areas is most likely because of the absence of systemic infection in the definitive host.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence of agglutinating antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in adult and fetal mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) from Nebraska.

Toxoplasma gondii is an apicomplexan parasite of mammals and birds. Herbivores acquire postnatal infection by ingesting oocysts from contaminated food or water. Toxoplasma gondii infection is common in white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, but little is known about the prevalence of infection in mule deer, O. hemionus. We examined sera from 89 mule deer from Nebraska for agglutinating antibodies to T. gondii using the modified direct agglutination test (MAT) with formalin-fixed tachyzoites as antigen. Thirty-one (35%) of the samples were positive at dilutions of > or = 1:25. Samples were examined from 29 fetuses from these mule deer and none were positive in the MAT. Sera from 14 white-tailed deer from Nebraska were also examined and 6 (43%) were positive for T. gondii. Samples were examined from 5 fetuses from these white-tailed deer and none was positive in the MAT. Our results in both deer species from Nebraska are similar to studies conducted in white-tailed deer from other regions of the United States. Our findings indicate that mule deer are frequently infected with T. gondii and that mule-deer meat may be a source of human infection.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1984

Breed and swine lymphocyte antigen haplotype differences in agglutination titers following vaccination with B. bronchiseptica.

Genetic differences in immune response to B. bronchiseptica after vaccination with a commercial B. bronchiseptica bacterin were investigated in 1,069 8-wk-old pigs. These pigs were from 65 litters born in the spring and 66 litters born in the fall of 1982 and were purebreds from the Chester White (n = 128), Duroc (n = 281), Hampshire (n = 143), Landrace (n = 309) and Yorkshire (n = 208) breeds. Each litter was raised separately. Individual pigs were vaccinated im at 4 and 6 wk of age with 2 ml of B. bronchiseptica bacterin. At 8 wk of age, 8 ml of blood were collected from each animal and serum prepared to determine agglutinating antibody titers against B. bronchiseptica bacterin by a bacterial agglutination method. In addition, lymphocytes were separated from 1 ml of heparinized blood and used to determine Swine Lymphocyte Antigen (SLA) haplotypes by using cytotoxic antibodies against the SLA complex. Antisera for 3 SLA haplotypes were made available by the National Institutes of Health. Results indicated that breed of pig (P less than .01) and dam of pig (P less than .01) affected the immune response of the pig after B. bronchiseptica vaccination. Higher immune response was also associated (P less than .05) with one of the SLA haplotypes tested. Heritability estimates for immune response following vaccination were .10 +/- .12 (half-sib) and .42 +/- .19 (full-sib). Results suggest that the relationship of the SLA complex to immune response in the pig and nonadditive genetic and maternal effects on immune response should be further investigated.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1978

Reactivity of F(ab)2 fragments of sperm antibodies in agglutination, immobilization and immunofluorescence tests.

The reactivity of F(ab)2 fragments of sperm antibodies was studied in agglutination, immobilization and immunofluorescence tests. Pepsin digestion of full serum was an easy and effective procedure for preparing F(ab)2 fragments. Compared to the reactions with serum, F(ab)2 preparations revealed only a moderate decrease in agglutination titres but a complete loss of immobilizing activity. In immunofluorescence tests, nonspecific background staining was strongly reduced by using F(ab)2 fragments, thereby offering a more reliable basis for the reading of reactions. Even though the titres obtained with serum and F(ab)2 preparations did not differ essentially, it is suggested that the use of F(ab)2 fragments in IF-tests on spermatozoa may help to provide a higher degree of reproducibility.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1982

Hypothalamo--pituitary--gonadal axis and sperm-agglutinating antibodies in infertile men treated for cryptorchidism.

Semen samples, serum levels for luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin and testosterone, sperm-agglutinating antibodies, and karyotypes were measured in 23 men who had been surgically treated for cryptorchidism and they came to an infertility clinic. Two of these men had normal sperm counts, 2 were azoospermic, and 14 had severe oligozoospermia. Thirteen patients had high FSH levels and two had high LH concentrations. The serum prolactin level was clearly elevated in one man. One man had caryotype 47 XXY. Sperm-agglutinating antibodies were found in three patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

An evaluation of a commercial co-agglutination test for the diagnosis of group A streptococcal tonsillitis in a family practice.

The result of a rapid co-agglutination test was compared with the clinical diagnosis of group A streptococcal tonsillitis, a laboratory culture from the throat serving as the correct result. The study was carried out in a family practice, with two GPs partaking: it included 105 consecutive patients. The outcome of the rapid test was significantly correlated to the degree of growth determined by throat culture, and it was superior to the clinical judgement. The statistical analysis of the results of the rapid test revealed (95% confidence limits in brackets) a specificity of 97% (91-100), sensitivity of 68% (48-84), a positive predictive value of 90% (70-99), and a negative predictive value of 89% (81-95). Although the co-agglutination test was superior to the clinical diagnosis, the sensitivity of this test is rather low when compared with other recently evaluated rapid tests for use in family practice.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Antibodies to human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) by particle agglutination (PA) test in Korean blood donors.

HTLV-I infection is a recently recognized disease entity that is common in some tropical and subtropical areas, including the southwestern district of Japan. Despite the geographical proximity and frequent cultural exchanges between Korea and Japan, it is understood that Korea is not an endemic area and HTLV-I-associated illnesses are very rare in Korea. This study was designed to evaluate the positive rate of anti-HTLV-I antibodies in Korean blood donors and its regional distribution. Sera were obtained from blood donors from various districts around Korea. Anti-HTLV-I antibodies were detected by using the microtiter particle agglutination test employing an indirect agglutination technique. A total of 9,281 donors were tested and 12 donors (0.13%) were positive for anti-HTLV-I antibodies, 10 (0.11%) out of 8,845 males and 2 (0.46%) out of 436 females, with relative female predominance. A relatively high incidence of anti-HTLV-I positive donors was observed in Cheju Island (0.80%), Kyungnam (0.31%), and Chonnam (0.15%). In conclusion, the positive rate of anti-HTLV-I antibodies seemed to be very low in Korea, but the highest positive rate of anti-HTLV-I antibodies was noticed on Cheju Island, warranting further research for confirmation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

The modified card agglutination test: an accurate tool for detecting anaplasmosis in Columbian black-tailed deer.

Inoculation of susceptible calves confirmed that the modified card agglutination test accurately detected the anaplasmosis infection status of each of 35 Columbian black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus). Anaplasma marginale, and specific antibodies, were demonstrated only in calves which received blood from deer that were positive by the card test. The modified card agglutination testing of deer serum was performed in the manner recommended for testing cattle serum with bovine-origin antigen and bovine serum factor.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed2000

Agglutinating antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in sera from captive eastern barred bandicoots in Australia.

Toxoplasmosis is considered a severe health risk for many marsupial species. The mainland Australian population of bandicoot is endangered. Therefore, a preliminary serosurvey was conducted to evaluate exposure to Toxoplasma gondii in 57 captive eastern barred bandicoot and to estimate the possible impact of Toxoplasma on recovering populations. Five (9%) bandicoot were classified as seropositive using a modified agglutination test. Nineteen additional bandicoot (33%) were classified as serosuspect using a direct agglutination test. No bandicoot showed signs of clinical disease. Seropositive titers were IgG associated, suggesting that infections were chronic and latent. Serostatus was not associated with either sex or being wild-caught, although each seropositive bandicoot was wild-caught. Seropositive animals ranged from 1.25- to 2.5-yr-old. Computer simulations using Vortex 5.1, based on the proportion of seropositive and seronegative bandicoot in this study, indicate that mortalities from T. gondii should have little impact upon captive populations. However, the potential impact of toxoplasmosis on recovery efforts for wild, mainland bandicoot populations is not clear.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1977

The agglutination reactions of cholera vibrios.

The present study with 11 strains of vibrio using single-dose and hyperimmune antisera confirmed earlier observations on the cross-reactivity of the flagellar (H) agglutinating antigens of cholera and NAG vibrios. The effect of several variables on the agglutinating sensitivity of cell suspensions was determined by measuring the reaction rate in the presence of constant O- or H-antibody. The variables investigated were culture conditions, antigen dilution, reaction temperature, formalin fixation and heat-treatment; all were found to affect cholera and NAG serovars similarly. The optimal conditions for the O- and H-tests were markedly different. Dilute, young living broth cultures were highly sensitive to O- but not H-antibody. Conditions favoring the H-reaction were 48-hr culture on firm dry agar, high suspension opacity, a reaction temperature of 45 C and formalin fixation. The inverse relationship of O- and H-sensitivity under these conditions indicated that the flagellar antigen in the growing vibrio is masked by an O-sensitive layer. The temperature of denaturation of the unfixed H-antigen before or after reaction with antiserum was 64 +/- 0.5 C and could be used as a criterion of the H-reaction.

Agglutination↗
PubMed1978

[Diagnostic value of agglutination reaction with buffered Brucella antigen stained with rose bengal].

A specific buffered antigen has been obtained, employing a method developed by the authors, stained with Bengal rose and intended for performing a fast agglutination reaction to confirm brucellosis. The antigen produces a clear and demonstrative agglutination reaction with positive sera. Practically, the test is readily carried out, and can be made a routine both in every serologic laboratory and for investigations under field conditions. The reaction produced with this antigen can determine dependably the epizootic status on a farm or in the herd. The diagnostic value of the antigen is essential, especially with swine. Besides, it shows a wide a diagnostic scope for brucellosis with all species of animals (97--98 per cent).

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1975

[Obtaining specific non-adsorbed sera to Haemophilus influenza for the agglutination test on glass].

Type-specific agglutinating sera to capsular antigenas of H. influenzae were recovered (from 1:3200 to 1:25600). With the given immunization scheme there formed mostly IgG immunoglobulins, and only insignificant amount of IgM (separation of G-200 Sephadex gel). IgG were found to be responsible for the type-specificity of the sera to bacteria, whereas the cross reactions within the H. influenzae genus were connected connected with the IgM. Use of the sera heated at various temperature regimens offered a possibility of obtaining highly specific agglutinating sera with the aid of which express serodiagnosis of the isolated H. influenzae strains was possible.

Adsorption↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Research on V. cholerae anti-antibodies (agglutinating and vibriocidal) in patients affected by cholera-like gastroenteritis. Studies performed during the cholera epidemic occurred in Apulia in August-September 1973].

Agglutinating and vibriocidal antibody titers anti-V. cholerae of the serotypes Ogawa and Inaba, were determined in sera from 189 patients with cholera-like diarrheas during the epidemic of cholera occurred in August-September 1973, in Bari. Antibodies were determined in 74,2% of 70 patients, whose in the faeces and vomiting were isolated strains identified as V. cholerae, biotype El Tor, serotype Ogawa. This frequency was higher against the serotype Ogawa. The antibodies could be proved very early, 4-6 days from the beginning of symptomatology, but they disappeared as rapidly; really, at 2.3 months antibodies were determined in 7,7% only of the above mentioned subjects. As regards the other 119 patients with non-vibrio, cholera-like diarrheas, antibodies were determined in 28 subjects only; 27 of these has received cholera-vaccine some weeks before. One single case remained which was bacteriological negative, but showed signifcant agglutinating and vibriocidal antibody titers against the serotypes Ogawa and Inaba.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1975

Dynamics of the immune response in rabbits immunized with spreptococcal extracellular antigens: comparison of the Streptozyme agglutination test with three specific neutralization tests.

The dynamics of the immune response to streptococcal extracellular antigens as measured by the streptozyme agglutination test have been defined in experimental animals andcompared with the dynamics of the immune response as determined by three established neutralization tests for streptococcal antibodies (ASO, anti-DNase B,and anti-NADase). In rabbits immunized with streptococcal extracellular Streptozyme-measured antibodies rose more quickly and peaked earlier than did antibodies to streptolysin O, streptococcal DNase-B, and streptococcal NADase. Additional studiesrevealed that the early peak was primarily due to 2-mercaptoethanol-sensitive (19S) antibody and that the later rise in Streptozyme-measured antibodies was due to 2-mercaptoethanol-resistant (7S) antibody. Preliminary observations using sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation tended to confirm this interpretation. These data provide a possible explanation for the early detection of a streptococcal antibody response by the Streptozyme test which has also been described in humans. The data suggest a theoretical advantage for the Streptozyme agglutination test in patients with streptococcal infections and their sequealae. However, the complexity of the Streptozyme reagent suggests that more extensive studies are needed to assure the consistent reproductivity of results with different lots of the test reagent.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1992

Microtiter particle agglutination test for diagnosis of leprosy.

The results of studying the microtiter particle agglutination (MPA) test for detecting anti-Mycobacterium leprae antibodies in blood sera are presented. The serodiagnostic test is based on the agglutination of colored polyacrolein latex microparticles (PAMP) conjugated with 3,6-di-O-methyl-D-glucose (DMG). Sera from 45 leprosy patients (LL, BL), 34 leprosy contacts, and 148 control subjects were investigated by the MPA test. A correlation between the anti-M. leprae antibodies and the bacterial load was found. In many long-treated leprosy patients increased titers of anti-DMG antibodies were observed, which might be due to specific polyneuritis in them. Four contacts of leprosy patients were also positive in the MPA test. "Nonleprosy" sera did not react in the test. The method proposed proved to be of high specificity and sensitivity for the serological diagnosis of leprosy. The rapidity, simplicity, and visual assessment of the results allow the method to be used in the field for epidemiological studies of leprosy contacts and the general population in leprosy-endemic areas.

3-O-Methylglucose↗
PubMed1956

Treponema pallidum agglutination tests.

One approach to obviating some of the difficulties and complexities of the Treponema pallidum immobilization (TPI) test is to be found in the use of T. pallidum as an antigen in agglutination tests. The four main representative techniques of such tests are compared with respect to: strain of organism used, treatment of rabbits, time of harvesting, extracting medium, method of inactivation, preservative, and reagent. The results obtained with the different techniques are then reviewed and the various difficulties met in each are discussed.The authors consider that the T. pallidum agglutination tests do not yet have a diagnostic value equal to that of the TPI test; the technical difficulties have not yet been overcome, and the immunological interpretation of results is by no means clear. Much still has to be done, and indeed it is possible that entirely different methods may even supersede techniques using whole, virulent T. pallidum as antigen.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1964

AGGLUTINATING, LETHAL TOXIN AND E1 TOR HAEMOLYSIN NEUTRALIZING POTENCY OF SERA IN CHOLERA.

There is a lack of agreement as to the significance of agglutination test results in cholera, and recent epidemics of "classic" Vibrio comma and El Tor infections have provided an opportunity to compare this test with two other serological procedures recently introduced in cholera work. These are determination of the circulating antitoxin expressed as the lethal toxin neutralizing power of a serum, and determination of the haemolysin neutralizing power through serial test-tube dilutions.Applying these tests to sera from cholera patients, convalescents, carriers and contacts and from immunized persons either exposed or not exposed to cholera, the authors found the agglutination test to be a less sensitive indicator of the immunological status than the other two procedures. They therefore recommend antitoxin and antihaemolysin titration for the study of cholera patients, convalescents and carriers. In the conditions of the experiments described, the results with exposed and non-exposed vaccinated individuals were less conclusive, but nevertheless suggest that antitoxin and antihaemolysin tests may be helpful in the follow-up of vaccination experiments.

Agglutination Tests↗