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PubMed1987

Pseudogene in the genome of bacteriophage lambda?

We find a region in the non-coding part of bacteriophage lambda genome that codes for the conserved fold which repressors and other proteins use for specific DNA binding. The region is involved in a long open reading frame exceeding one kilobase and is read in the same frame as gene A in the opposite strand. The putative translation product of this open reading frame has a highly ordered secondary structure with a predominance of alpha helices, which is typical of repressors. In addition, codon usage in this frame suggests a protein-coding region. However, there is a TGA stop codon located between the putative gene start point and the region coding for the DNA binding fold. It thus appears that bacteriophage lambda had one more DNA binding protein, perhaps repressor, in the past that was inactivated by a mutation.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1989

Genes, variant genes and pseudogenes of the human tRNA(Val) gene family. Expression and pre-tRNA maturation in vitro.

Nine different members of the human tRNA(Val) gene family have been cloned and characterized. Only four of the genes code for one of the known tRNA(Val) isoacceptors. The remaining five genes carry mutations, which in two cases even affect the normal three-dimensional tRNA structure. Each of the genes is transcribed by polymerase III in a HeLa cell nuclear extract, but their transcription efficiencies differ by up to an order of magnitude. Conserved sequences immediately flanking the structural genes that could serve as extragenic control elements were not detected. However, short sequences in the 5' flanking region of two genes show striking similarity with sequences upstream from two Drosophila melanogaster tRNA(Val) genes. Each of the human tRNA(Val) genes has multiple, i.e. two to four, transcription initiation sites. In most cases, transcription termination is caused by oligo(T) sequences downstream from the structural genes. However, the signal sequences ATCTT and CTTCTT also serve as effective polymerase III transcription terminators. The precursors derived from the four tRNA(Val) genes coding for known isoacceptors and those derived from two mutant genes are processed first at their 3' and subsequently at their 5' ends to yield mature tRNAs. The precursor derived from a third mutant gene is incompletely maturated at its 3' end, presumably as a consequence of base-pairing between 5' and 3' flanking sequences. Finally, precursors encoded by the genes that carry mutations affecting the tRNA tertiary structure are completely resistant to 5' and 3' processing.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1987

Creation of a processed pseudogene by retroviral infection.

We have previously characterized a cell line transformed by a Rous sarcoma virus mutant, SE21Q1b, which contains a mutation preventing encapsidation of genomic RNA. A unique property of this mutant is that cellular RNAs are packaged into virions, even in the presence of replication-competent virus. In the current study, SE21Q1b quail cells were transfected with the plasmids pRSVneo or pCMVneo. Virions produced by SE21Q1b neoR clones contained neo RNA, and when virus from some SE21Q1b neoR clones was used to infect a chemically transformed quail cell line, QT35, neoR QT35 clones were obtained that contained single integrated copies of the neo gene. An intron inserted into pRSVneo was removed during gene transfer. These data are consistent with transfer of neo mRNAs by a pathway involving reverse transcription of mRNA encapsidated within SE21Q1b virions, and integration of resultant cDNAs into the genome of infected QT35 cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Differential hormonal responsiveness of the ovalbumin gene and its pseudogenes in the chick oviduct.

We describe the isolation of recombinant phages from a chicken gene library which contain two genes designated X and Y. These two genes are linked to the ovalbumin gene (OV) in the order 5'-X-Y-ovalbumin-3' [Royal, A., Garapin, A., Cami, B., Perrin, F., Mandel, J. L., LeMeur, M., Bregegegre, F., Gannon, F, LePennec, J. P., Chambon, P., & Kourilsky, P. (1979) Nature (London) 279, 125-132]. Both genes contain multiple intervening sequences and share limited sequence homology with the authentic ovalbumin gene but are expressed in oviduct cells at different levels. X and Y hybridization probes were prepared in order to study the expression and the relative hormonal responsiveness of these three genes in chicken oviduct. The sequence specificity of the probes was demonstrated by Southern hybridization assays. Northern hybridization studies using the X and Y gene probes indicated the presence of putative precursor molecules in stimulated oviduct ribonucleic acid preparations, which differ in size from those observed for ovalbumin. R0t analysis has demonstrated that, similar to the ovalbumin gene, the level of X and Y gene transcripts is increased by the steroid hormone estrogen, but to varying degrees. The extent of hormonal responsiveness of the three closely related genes is in the order (normalized) relative to ovalbumin of OV:Y:X congruent to 100:10:1. Pulse-labeling studies of these three closely linked genes suggest that in estrogen-stimulated oviduct, the markedly different steady-state levels of the X, Y, and ovalbumin gene transcripts reflect their differential transcription rates.

Animals↗