Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “ectopic”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,117 records · Page 62Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

[Ectopic thyroid].

PURPOSE OF STUDY: Ectopic thyroid is defined as thyroid tissue not located anterolaterally between the second and the fourth tracheal cartilage. This anomalous localization results from abnormal embryologic development and/or migration of the gland. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the role of imaging in the preoperative evaluation of ectopic thyroid. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A 13-year-old girl with no other significant medical history, consulted for dysphonia, fullness in the throat and breathing difficulties. Examination of the oral cavity and oropharynx showed a large mass attached to the base of the tongue, the mass was evaluated by ultrasanography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and scintigraphy. RESULTS: Ultrasound sonography showed a well-defined hypoechogenic mass in the posterior end of the tongue. Scintigraphy showed hyperfixation at the base of the tongue with no fixation in the normal thyroid site. Computed tomography scan revealed a spontaneously hyperdense spherical basilingual mass with a high enhancement after contrast injection. In MRI, the mass was isointense with the muscle in T1-weighted images and hyperintense in T2 weighted images. CONCLUSION: Ectopic thyroid must be evoked in the presence of any basilangual mass. Scintigraphy and ultrasanography are gold standard in demonstration the ectopic thyroid tissue. But computed tomography and MRI playing an increasingly important role in the diagnosis, in determination of the malignant transformation and planning the surgical approach.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

QX-314 inhibits ectopic nerve activity associated with neuropathic pain.

In animal models of neuropathic pain, transection or constrictive injury to peripheral nerves produces ectopic discharges originating at both injury sites and related dorsal root ganglia (DRG). In addition, hyperexcitability is observed in associated dorsal horn (DH) neurons of the spinal cord. As ectopic discharges are inhibited by agents that block voltage-sensitive Na+ channels, it has been postulated that accumulation of Na+ channels in the membrane at nerve injury sites may contribute to the development of ectopic nerve activity (ENA). The goal of the present study was to compare the sensitivity of ENA to lidocaine and QX-314, a positively charged lidocaine derivative, which is frequently assumed to be membrane impermeant. Experiments were performed on adult male Sprague-Dawley rats in which the common sciatic nerve had been transected 4-10 days earlier. Extracellular microelectrode recordings were made from DRG and DH neurons, and neuronal activity was measured in fine bundles of microfilaments teased from sciatic nerves in anesthetized and paralyzed rats. Comparative effects on heart rate (HR) and mean blood pressure (MBP) were also studied. To confirm that externally applied QX-314 is able to inhibit high frequency activity in sensory nerves, QX-314 was superfused over isolated rat vagus nerves during stimulation of compound action potentials in C-fibers (C-spikes). As expected, intravenously administered lidocaine inhibited ENA at all three sites. Lidocaine ED50 values (expressed as mg/kg, with 95% confidence limits) were: 10.2 (7.8-13.3), 1.4 (0.8-2.4) and 0.9 (0.4-2.0) for neuromas, DRG and DH neurons, respectively. QX-314 also induced dose-dependent inhibition of ENA at neuromas and DRG, but produced only a small inhibition of DH neuron ENA. QX-314 had the following ED50 values (mg/kg) for neuromas, DRG and DH neurons, respectively: 2.3 (2.0-2.8), 6.9 (4.7-26.5) and 85.7. QX-314-mediated inhibition of DRG ENA had a slow onset and was long-lasting, relative to lidocaine. Lidocaine or QX-314 also significantly reduced HR and MBP in the same dose range as that which reduced ENA in DRG or neuromas. In isolated rat vagus nerve recordings, QX-314 induced marked use-dependent inhibition of C-spike amplitude, with IC50 values (microM) of 9000 (4600-18,000) and 350 (290-420) for low- (0.03 Hz) and high-frequency (30 Hz) C-spikes, respectively. These data support the hypothesis that Na+ channel accumulation contributes to the generation of ectopic discharges in neuromas and DRG, and suggests that intravenous QX-314 can acutely block Na+ channels at these sites.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2000

Ectopic gestation following emergency contraceptive pill administration.

Emergency contraceptive pill prescription following rape is common. We report a case of ectopic gestation after emergency contraceptive pill failure and review the literature on this rare complication. A 26-year-old woman with a normal menstrual period 2 weeks before was administered an emergency contraceptive pill 8 hours after a single sexual assault. The assault was her only sexual activity before and after the emergency contraceptive pill use. Forty-six days following the assault, the patient presented with a right ampullary tubal pregnancy of 59 days gestation and underwent emergent surgery for ectopic gestation. To prevent a delay in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy, we recommend that providers and the package insert advise women, that ectopic gestation can occur with emergency contraceptive pill failure.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Ectopic expression of the TrkA receptor in adult dopaminergic mesencephalic neurons promotes retrograde axonal NGF transport and NGF-dependent neuroprotection.

A recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) was used to investigate the impact of an ectopic expression of the NGF high-affinity receptor in adult neurons. The rat TrkA cDNA cloned in a pCMX vector was first tagged with a human c-Myc sequence. The resulting vector was shown to encode a functional receptor which promoted the expression of TrkA immunoreactivity upon transfection of 293 fibroblasts or nnr5 cells, a TrkA-defective variant of PC12 cells. These cells also accumulate TrkA transcripts upon transfection and extended neurites in the presence of NGF. Therefore, the TrkA(myc) cassette was inserted into the pSSV9 plasmid. The new vectors shared properties similar to pCMX TrkA(myc) in 293 and nnr5 cells and enabled the preparation of rAAV TrkA(myc) viruses. Unilateral injection of this rAAV into the substantia nigra (SN) resulted in a protracted expression of TrkA (or c-Myc) immunoreactivity in numerous cell bodies, including tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH)-positive dopaminergic neurons. The presence of TrkA receptors in corresponding striatal dopaminergic endings was demonstrated by the advent of a striato-nigral retrograde axonal transport of (125)I-NGF. Likewise, ectopic expression of TrkA in neurons of the parafascicular thalamic nucleus promoted a striatofuge transport of NGF toward this structure. To investigate whether ectopic expression of TrkA in SN neurons may confer neuroprotection, lesions were induced by 6-hydroxydopamine in striata located ipsilateral to the virus injection site. NGF or vehicle were next delivered dorsally to the virus-treated SN for 2 weeks, before sacrifice and processing of brains for TH-immunohistochemistry. NGF treatment, in contrast to treatment with vehicle, significantly enhanced the number of dopaminergic neurons counted in the lesioned SN. These data suggest that ectopic TrkA can mediate the trophic actions of NGF and influence neuronal plasticity in vivo.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Peritoneal fluid-mediated enhancement of eutopic and ectopic endometrial cell proliferation is dependent on tumor necrosis factor-alpha in women with endometriosis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of autologous peritoneal fluid and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) on proliferation of endometrial cells from women with endometriosis. DESIGN: Endometrial cells from eutopic and ectopic endometrium were cultured in vitro with peritoneal fluids or recombinant TNF-alpha for 72 hours before DNa synthesis determination by 3H-thymidine labeling and liquid scintillation counting. SETTING: An institute for the study and treatment of endometriosis and university-based research laboratories. PATIENT(S): Thirty-five women with endometriosis and 17 controls without endometriosis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): In vitro incorporation of 3H-thymidine in endometrial cells was examined. RESULT(S): Peritoneal fluid from women with endometriosis enhanced proliferation of autologous and heterologous endometrial cell cultures from women with endometriosis. The soluble TNF-receptor etanercept blocked the ability of peritoneal fluid from women with endometriosis to enhance proliferation of eutopic or ectopic endometrial cells. Recombinant TNF-alpha also enhanced proliferation of eutopic and ectopic endometrial cells from women with endometriosis. In contrast, autologous peritoneal fluid, heterologous peritoneal fluid from women with endometriosis, and recombinant TNF-alpha failed to enhance, and often inhibited, the proliferation of eutopic endometrial cells from controls without endometriosis. CONCLUSION(S): Endometrial cells from women with endometriosis can utilize factors in peritoneal fluids, such as TNF-alpha, to facilitate proliferation in ectopic environments. Endometrial cells from women without endometriosis do not share this ability, suggesting that this abnormality is etiologically related to development of the disease. Therapy with agents that block the effects of TNF-alpha may be warranted.

Ascitic Fluid↗
PubMed1987

Failure of tubal closure following laser salpingostomy for ampullary tubal ectopic pregnancy.

A patient with recurrent ectopic pregnancy is described. The first ectopic gestation was treated by laparoscopic linear laser salpingostomy of the right fallopian tube. Her hCG became negative and a hysterosalpingogram demonstrated right tubal patency. She conceived again after Pergonal ovulation induction, but had a recurrent right ectopic pregnancy. At laparotomy, the pregnancy was extruding through the unhealed incision of her prior linear salpingostomy. This complication of conservative management of ectopic pregnancy has important potential clinical significance.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Cytolysis of eutopic and ectopic endometrial cells by peripheral blood monocytes and peritoneal macrophages in women with endometriosis.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the ability of peripheral blood monocytes (PBM) and peritoneal macrophages (PM) to mediate the in vitro cytolysis of endometrial cells from eutopic and ectopic endometrium in women with endometriosis. DESIGN: Prospective study of immune function. SETTING: Institute for the Study and Treatment of Endometriosis and university-based research laboratories. PATIENT(S): Twenty-four women with endometriosis (15 in stage I/II, 9 in stage III/IV) and 4 patients treated with GnRH agonists. INTERVENTION(S): Peritoneal fluid and peripheral blood were sampled and eutopic and ectopic endometrium were biopsied during diagnostic laparoscopy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Lysis of autologous endometrial cells. RESULT(S): Peripheral blood monocytes were significantly more cytolytic than peritoneal macrophages against autologous uterine endometrial cells. However, PBM and PM displayed a similar degree of cytolysis against a hepatoma cell line. Ectopic endometrial cells were significantly more resistant to cytolysis by autologous PBMC than were matched eutopic endometrial cells, and were completely resistant to cytolysis by autologous PM. CONCLUSION(S): The reduced capacity of PM from women with endometriosis to mediate the destruction of endometrial cells coupled with the increased resistance of ectopic endometrial cells to macrophage-mediated cytolysis may facilitate the survival of these cells within the peritoneal cavity of women with endometriosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Isoarea distributions during ectopic stimulation of isolated rabbit hearts.

These studies were designed to explore the effects of ectopic left ventricular stimulation on the area distributions recorded during the QRS, ST-T and QRST intervals. Twenty rabbit hearts were suspended in a spherical volume conductor, perfused with an electrolyte solution and stimulated from an anterior and/or a posterior subepicardial left ventricular site. ECG signals were sensed from 32 surface electrodes and were processed to compute areas under the three intervals, to construct area maps and to fit the computed areas to a single moving dipole equivalent cardiac generator model. Results demonstrated that control distributions were overtly nondipolar in 62.5% of cases. Second, ectopic pacing increased the dipolarity of the QRS and ST-T intervals significantly by both dipole ranging and isoarea methods. All area distributions became dipolar. Last, the QRST distribution response to ectopic stimulation varied widely, with major as well as minor changes in patterns occurring with alteration in excitation sequence. Thus, (1) ectopic stimulation changed electrical field properties of mean cardiac forces, and (2) QRST area distributions were dependent upon activation sequence. Each of these observations has direct bearing upon the ventricular gradient concept.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Intrapulmonary ectopic liver.

A case of intrapulmonary ectopic liver in a patient who had undergone right-sided diaphragmatic hernia is described. The intrapulmonary ectopic liver was found incidentally in chest x-ray at the age of 6 years. The final diagnosis was established at thoracotomy. Fewer than 10 cases of intrathoracic ectopic liver have been reported previously, but an intrapulmonary ectopic liver like the present case has not been described previously.

Choristoma↗
PubMed2001

Vesical continence in bilateral ectopic single ureters.

PURPOSE: We explore the possibility of gaining suitable vesical capacity and continence in bilateral single ureters without having to resort to urinary diversion or bladder neck reconstruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the last 10 years we treated 6 girls with bilateral ectopic ureters, and 2 with a single kidney and urethral ectopic ureter. Both ureters were ectopic in the urethra in 3 cases, and 1 ureter was inserted in the urethra and 1 in the bladder neck in the other 3. Preoperative examinations included ultrasonography, cystography, excretory urography and endoscopy in all cases, and magnetic resonance imaging in 2. Patient age at intervention ranged from 1 month to 8 years. RESULTS: Cross-trigonal reimplantation of the ectopic ureters through a correctly positioned neomeatus was performed in 7 cases. In 2 patients it was impossible to reach the ureteral insertion from inside the bladder (1 ureter in 1 and both ureters in 1), and so the distal tract of these ureters was resected extravesically as close as possible to the urethra. One patient with a single kidney also had an anorectal malformation and a rectovaginal fistula. She had pelvic renal ectopia and the ureter was inserted beneath the urogenital diaphragm causing minimal bladder capacity. Therefore, a sigmoid neobladder with appendicostomy was constructed according to the Mitrofanoff principle. A Young-Dees bladder neck plasty was done in 2 patients at the same time as ureteral reimplantation and 3 years later in 1. Followup urodynamics revealed more than acceptable continence. Bladder capacity was insufficient in only 1 polyuric patient. CONCLUSIONS: A bladder with bilateral ureteral ectopia is not necessarily useless, and the majority of patients can achieve normal bladder function and capacity along with normal transurethral voiding and satisfactory continence.

Choristoma↗
PubMed1993

Endoscopic incision of ureteroceles: intravesical versus ectopic.

A total of 51 children, mostly less than 2 years old, underwent endoscopic incision of ureteroceles as a primary form of treatment. In 73% no further surgery was required. Of the patients 19 were diagnosed by prenatal ultrasound, with a urinary tract infection the usual presenting symptom in the remainder. Of 27 intravesical cases endoscopic incision resulted in decompression of the ureterocele in 93%, with preservation of upper pole function in 96%, and secondary surgical procedures were required in 7%. Reflux was created in 18% and it persisted in 2 of 4 patients. Of 24 cases of ectopic (extravesical) ureteroceles incision resulted in decompression in 75%, with upper pole function preserved in 50%. Reflux was created in 47% and a secondary surgical procedure was performed in 50%. Preservation of upper pole function was significantly better for intravesical versus ectopic ureteroceles (p < 0.01), and the requirement for secondary surgical procedure was greater with ectopic ureteroceles (p < 0.01). Three patients had intermittent bladder outlet obstruction following the incision and required further surgery. The 2 different techniques for incision of intravesical and ectopic ureteroceles are described. The role of endoscopic incision in the overall management of ureteroceles is confirmed by this review, and the need for partial nephroureterectomy may diminish.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Ectopic labium and VATER association in a newborn.

We report on a female newborn with the VATER association and an ectopic labium majus in the right inguinal area. An ectopic labium majus is homolgous to an ectopic scrotum in the male subject. The latter anomaly is associated with renal agenesis or dysplasia. The possible relationship between ectopic labia and renal agenesis is discussed.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1998

Ectopic pregnancy causing hemothorax managed by thoracoscopy and actinomycin D.

BACKGROUND: Most patients with extratubal ectopic pregnancies present with vaginal bleeding and lower abdominal pain. We report a case of an extratubal ectopic pregnancy with extra-abdominal manifestations. CASE: An ectopic pregnancy implanted on the diaphragm resulted in spontaneous hemothorax due to trophoblastic invasion into the pleura. Thoracoscopic excision followed by actinomycin D chemotherapy provided successful resolution of the ectopic pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Abdominal pregnancies may have bizarre clinical presentations.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Pleuro-pulmonary endometriosis and pulmonary ectopic deciduosis: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 10 cases with emphasis on diagnostic pitfalls.

The clinical and pathological features of nine cases of pleuro-pulmonary endometriosis and the first case of pulmonary ectopic deciduosis are presented. The patients were all women between the ages of 27 and 74 years (median, 36 years) who presented with symptoms of catamenial pleural pain, shortness of breath, hemoptysis, or radiographically detected lung masses. Clinically, six patients were multiparous, one patient had pelvic endometriosis, and four patients had undergone prior pelvic surgical procedures, including dilatation and curettage. Radiographically, eight patients had pulmonary infiltrates or nodules, and four patients had pneumothorax. Three cases involved the visceral pleura and one case the parietal pleura. The other six cases, including the single case of ectopic deciduosis, involved the lung parenchyma. Histologically, the single or multifocal lesions were well circumscribed or infiltrative, nodular, cystic, or nodulo-cystic, and showed the characteristic features of proliferative or secretory endometrium with numerous mullerian metaplastic changes. Mucin stains were negative in five cases of endometriosis and in the single case of ectopic deciduosis. Immunohistochemical studies were performed in these same six cases using antibodies to epithelial, mesenchymal, vascular, and neuroendocrine markers. The glandular epithelium was decorated with antibodies to pan-cytokeratin, CK7, BER-EP4, ER, and PR, whereas the stromal cells showed positive staining for vimentin, actin, smooth muscle actin, desmin, ER, and PR. Follow-up information obtained in seven patients showed all women without recurrences after 1 to 20 years. The current study highlights the importance of recognizing intrathoracic endometriosis and ectopic deciduosis and properly assessing small biopsy specimens to avoid a misdiagnosis of malignancy.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Complex choristoma of the eyelid containing ectopic cilia and lacrimal gland.

A 2-year-old girl was born with an aggregate of ectopic cilia in the right upper eyelid that intermittently produced tears. During elective excision, the cilia were found to be clustered tightly with prominent bulb-like follicles. A separate lobe of lacrimal gland tissue was adjacent to the roots of the cilia just posterior to the orbital septum with no direct communication with the lacrimal gland. Histopathologically, the lesion contained multiple large hair follicles in the dermis with accompanying adnexal structures. Large ectopic lobules of lacrimal gland tissue also were present. Postoperatively, the child had a good cosmetic result and has remained asymptomatic over an 18-month follow-up period. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of an eyelid choristoma containing ectopic cilia and lacrimal gland. Ectopic cilia alone is a very rare anomaly of the lashes, with only nine cases reported in the literature.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Treatment of pyeloureteral duplication associated with ureterocele or ectopic ureter].

INTRODUCTION: Pyeloureteral duplication is often associated to ureterocele and ectopic ureter. Therapeutic approach of ureterocele is actually a debated subject because of the differences treatments. There is controversy about the classic heminefrectomy with ureterocele aspiration and the minimal invasive endoscopic approach. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We made a retrospective study about 34 children with pyeloureteral duplication associated with ureterocele (26) or with ectopic ureter (8). The election of treatment was mainly based on renal function, showed on gammagraphy. It was performed heminephrectomy and ureterocele aspiration in patients with hypofunctioning upperpole, and surgery saving the kidney when the renal function was normal. RESULTS: Heminephrectomy was curative in 66.5% of children with ureterocele. In the others was required a correction of the vesicoureteral reflux associated with the lower pole or removal of the ureterocele with ureteral reimplantation due to failure in ureterocele collapse. 88.5% of ureterocele was collapsed. None of the heminefrectomies performed on patients with ectopic ureter needed further surgery. Pathology studies showed a high incidence of renal dysplasia (63%). CONCLUSION: We consider the heminephrectomy the treatment of choice in pyeloureteral duplication associated with ureterocele and ectopic ureter when gammagraphy studies show hypofunctioning upperpole.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed2002

[Infrequent left renal pseudomass: ectopic spleen].

Ectopic splenic tissue is uncommon in clinical practice, usually asymptomatic and generally unsuspected diagnosed. Interest from urological point of view is due to the possibility of mimicking left renal, adrenal and retroperitoneal tumours; as well as intrapelvic, inguinal and genital masses. We report a 42-years-old female patient with pseudotumoral upper pole left kidney mass with final diagnosis of ectopic spleen. Ethiopathogenic, diagnostic and therapeutical aspects are briefly reviewed in literature. We emphasized opportunity to include ectopic splenic tissue in differential diagnosis of left renal, adrenal and retroperitoneal masses. We recommend imaging studies as CT and MRI, complemented if necessary with liver/spleen radionuclide scan. We advocate for non-aggressive attitude in selected cases with asymptomatic extrapelvic ectopic spleen under confirmed diagnosis, deferring splenectomy in symptomatic instances or secondary portal hypertension cases.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Ectopic hamartomatous thymoma: a case report and review of the literature].

We report a case of a rare tumor of the head and neck: ectopic hamartomatous thymoma. The tumor involved the sus-clavicular area of a 48 year-old male. Ectopic hamartomatous thymoma exclusively occurs in the sus-scapular region. Histologically, it is characterized by the association of spindle-cell fascicles, epithelial solid or cystic structures and foci of mature adipose tIssue. Spindle cells express diffusely cytokeratins. The differential diagnosis of ectopic hamartomatous thymoma includes mixed tumor of salivary glands, biphasic synovial sarcoma and sarcomatoid carcinoma. Ectopic hamartomatous thymoma is a benign tumor which does not recur after complete excision.

Choristoma↗