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PubMed1991

Effect of diets low and high in refined sugars on gut transit, bile acid metabolism, and bacterial fermentation.

Increasing consumption of refined sugar has been implicated in many gastrointestinal disorders on epidemiological grounds. Nine volunteers agreed to participate in a study comparing the effects of a diet containing 165 g refined sugar/day with a diet of only 60 g/day on gut transit, bile acid metabolism, and fermentative activity of the intestinal flora. The wet and dry weight, pH, and water content of the stools were similar on the two diets. On the high sugar diet mouth-to-anus transit time was significantly prolonged, despite a shortened mouth-to-caecum transit time. The faecal concentration of total bile acids and the faecal concentration of secondary bile acids increased significantly. Diet affected neither the serum bile acid pattern nor the concentration. Breath hydrogen tests showed significantly enhanced H2 production on the high sugar diet. We conclude that the quantity of refined sugar in the diet can significantly influence gut function and the composition of bowel contents.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Stomach temperature telemetry reveals temporal patterns of foraging success in a free-ranging marine mammal.

1. We studied feeding frequency in free-ranging grey seals using stomach temperature telemetry to test if previously reported sex differences in the diving, movement and diet were reflected in the temporal pattern of foraging success. 2. Data were retrieved from 21 of 32 grey seals from 1999 to 2001, totalling 343 days and 555 feeding events, with individual record length varying from 2 to 40 days (mean: 16.33 +/- 2.67 days/seal). 3. Seals fed on 57.8 +/- 6.46% of days sampled and had an average of 1.7 +/- 0.26 meals per day, but individual variability was apparent in the temporal distribution of feeding as evidenced by high coefficients of variation (coefficient of variation = 69.0%). 4. Bout analysis of non-feeding intervals of six grey seals suggests that feeding intervals of individuals were varied and probably reflect differences in prey availability. Grey seals tended to have many single feeding events with long periods separating each event, as would be expected for a large carnivore with a batch-reactor digestive system. 5. We found significant sex differences in the temporal distribution of feeding. The number of feeding events per day was greater in males (2.2 +/- 0.4 vs. 1.0 +/- 0.2), as was time associated with feeding per day (56.6 +/- 5.8 min vs. 43.9 +/- 9.4 min). 6. The number of feeding events varied with time of day with the least number occurring during dawn. Feeding event size differed significantly by time of day, with greater meal sizes during the dawn and the smallest meals during the night. 7. The length of time between meals increased with the size of the previous meal, and was significantly less in males (541.4 +/- 63.5 min) than in females (1092.6 +/- 169.9 min). 8. These results provide new insight into the basis of sex differences in diving and diet in this large size-dimorphic marine predator.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

The tripartite DNA element responsible for diet-induced rat fatty acid synthase (FAS) regulation.

We investigated which region of the 5'-flanking sequence of the rat fatty acid synthase (FAS)-encoding gene could be responsible for its nutritionally regulated expression. Diet-induced differences in chromatin structure were determined by DNase I treatment of intact nuclei from hepatic tissue. A low-fat diet results in a different pattern of DNase I-hypersensitive sites (HS) in the chromatin of the FAS promoter (pFAS) from that seen when the nuclear extract was prepared from the livers of normally fed rats. The protein-binding properties of the region defined by DNase I hypersensitivity were tested by gel retardation. A putative cis-acting element with a tripartite structure, 5'-GCCT, 6-bp spacer and a 3'-palindrome, could be localized between bp -518 to -495 in pFAS. Competition experiments with oligodeoxyribonucleotides (oligos) representing subfragments of this cis-element showed that the requirement for structure is stricter than that for sequence. This element could be one of the termini of the insulin-induced signal cascade.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Effect of cross-fostering rats at birth on the normal supply of essential fatty acids during protein deficiency.

The effect of protein deficiency on the activity of delta 6 desaturase in the mother during lactation was determined in the liver microsomal fraction and the fatty acid composition of milk lipids from the analyzed stomach contents. The activity of delta 6 desaturase was profoundly affected by protein deprivation during pregnancy and only reached the values of controls at about 10 days after parturition. This fact did not affect the fatty acid pattern of milk lipids and no significant differences in the contents of arachidonic acid were detected between the two groups. Nevertheless, protein deficiency apparently affected milk production. The effects of protein deprivation on the supply of polyenoic acids of cross-fostering rats at birth from protein-deficient to protein-sufficient diets and vice versa, and rats maintained during pregnancy and lactation on a low protein or control diet were examined. The fatty acid pattern of liver phospholipids of the four groups under study was determined and used as a biochemical parameter for evaluating polyenoic acid status. Protein deficiency markedly affected the fatty acid pattern of liver phospholipids. A significant decrease of both arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids was observed. This fatty acid pattern was reversed when protein-deficient animals were placed on the control diet at birth. On the other hand, the fatty acid composition of controls was negatively affected by cross-fostering to a deficient diet. The findings from the present experiment provide evidence that the negative effect of protein malnutrition appears to be promoted at least in part, by the effect of protein depletion on the supply of polyenoic acids for normal development and metabolic adaptations.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Dietary patterns predict mortality in a national cohort: the National Health Interview Surveys, 1987 and 1992.

We examined the association of mortality and dietary patterns using data from the National Health Interview Surveys of 1987 and 1992 (n = 10,084), aged >/=45 y at baseline (with 2287 deaths due to all causes over 5.9 median years of follow-up). The approximately 60-item FFQ administered at baseline was examined for mentions of foods and dietary behaviors recommended in current dietary guidance (fruits, vegetables, lean poultry and alternates, low-fat dairy, and whole grains), and the resulting patterns were expressed as follows: 1) a Recommended Foods and Behavior Score (RFBS), 2) factor scores from factor analysis, and 3) clusters from cluster analysis. The multivariate-adjusted relative risk (RR) of mortality for each of the 3 types of dietary patterns was examined using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. In men, RR of all-cause mortality was 0.72 (95% CI: 0.56, 0.92, P for trend < 0.001) for RFBS, and 0.74 (95% CI: 0.57, 0.95, P for trend = 0.002) for the fruit-vegetable-whole grain factor score when comparing extreme quartiles. Membership in 1 of the 4 clusters also was associated with lower risk in men (RR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.66, 1.01). For women, the RFBS was a modest inverse predictor of mortality after multivariate adjustment (RR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.61, 1.04, P for trend = 0.04), but estimates for factor and cluster patterns were attenuated. The population-attributable fraction due to diet was 0.16 in men and 0.09 in women. Dietary patterns characterized by compliance with prevailing food-based dietary guidance were associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Diet, health and the nutrition transition: some impacts of economic and socio-economic factors on food consumption patterns in the Kingdom of Tonga.

An essential element of the "health transition" is the emergence of disease patterns associated with changes in dietary regimes. The consumption of nutritionally poor (imported) foods in the Pacific is associated with increasing rates of diet related non-communicable diseases (NCDs). An oft-made assumption is that changes in consumption patterns are related to food preference (specifically preferences for high fat and/or dense carbohydrate foods). Recent work in the Kingdom of Tonga suggests that the "common-sense" association between food preference and food consumption is incorrect. The results of a large survey (n=430) indicate availability is the key factor in consumption, and that food preference, knowledge of the nutritional values of foods, and frequency of consumption are not correlated. Further analysis shows there are significant differences in consumption patterns between persons of higher and lower socio-economic status; perception of availability and frequency of consumption are a function of economic and social position--specifically access to cash. These results underline the salience of economic factors; the rise in NCDs is correlated with the increasing importance of the cash economy (not cultural values or ignorance of nutritional issues). In the absence of economic solutions, current consumption patterns will continue.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Nutrient intakes, nutritional patterns and the risk of liver cirrhosis: an explorative case-control study.

Several experimental studies have suggested that specific nutrients might play a role on the risk of liver damage. Nevertheless, few epidemiological studies have evaluated the role of diet on the risk of symptomatic liver cirrhosis, giving contradictory results. To evaluate the role of the intake of nutritional factors and dietary patterns on the risk of symptomatic liver cirrhosis and to examine their combined action with alcohol consumption we used data from the Italian Study on Liver Cirrhosis Determinants project. From 1994 to 1998 all the consecutive cirrhotic inpatients admitted to 19 Italian collaborative hospitals for signs of liver decompensation in whom the diagnosis of liver cirrhosis was made for the first time (259 cases) and one or two gender, age and area of residence matched individuals (416 controls) were recruited. Data on lifetime alcohol intake, usual consumption of 191 food items and on markers of hepatitis B and C viral infection were collected. The analysis of principal components identified a nutritional pattern positively correlated with vegetable and fruit intakes and negatively with animal and no-fruit sugar products. With respect to abstainers, relative risks in consumers of use < or = 25 and > or = 51 g/day of alcohol increased from 0.4 [95% confidence interval 0.0, 5.9] to 9.3 [1.3, 69.0] and from 2.1 [1.1, 4.2] to 18.1 [2.8, 118.3] for the lowest and the highest value of this nutritional pattern, respectively. Diet might therefore modulate the damaging effect of alcohol on the liver.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

One-month regular oral nutrition in alcoholic cirrhotic patients. Changes of nutritional status, hepatic function and serum lipid pattern.

The effect of a regular oral diet supplying 167 kJ/kg per d (40 kcal/kg per d) on nutritional state, liver function and serum lipid profile was assessed in thirty severely malnourished alcoholic cirrhotic inpatients. Their diet was monitored by a trained dietitian and they were vigorously encouraged to eat all meals served. One month after their entry into the study, protein and energy intakes were significantly higher (P < 0.001) in keeping with an improvement of their nutritional status as evaluated by means of height-creatinine index, muscular mid-arm circumference, tricipital skinfold thickness (P < 0.01 for all) and fat mass (P < 0.001). Assessment of liver function tests showed that levels of aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1), gamma-glutamyl transferase (EC 2.3.2.2) and bilirubin decreased (P < 0.05, P < 0.02 and P < 0.05 respectively) while prothrombin time values increased (P < 0.05). Similarly, serum albumin increased modestly while transthyretin did not change. Orosomucoid and C-reactive protein decreased (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01 respectively), indicating an improvement of the inflammatory state. Apolipoprotein A1 and high-density-lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol correlated with several tests of liver function and improved significantly during the study period (P < 0.001 and P < 0.02 respectively). Moreover, changes in cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol correlated with those in transthyretin (P < 0.02 and P < 0.05 respectively). The changes in ApoA1 and HDL-cholesterol were greater in patients whose fat mass increased significantly. Our findings show that adequate oral nutrition resulted in a better nutritional status in cirrhotics after 1 month of hospitalization. The serum lipid variables appeared to be more useful indicators of functional liver improvement than the classic liver function tests which rather indicate liver damage.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Docosahexaenoic acid level of the breast milk of some Filipino women.

This study was conducted to determine the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) level of the breast milk of 100 Filipino women as affected by diet. The subject distribution was patterned after the 1997 Family and Income Expenditure Survey of the National Statistics Office regarding the total number of families, and the total and average family income and expenditures by income class in an urban area. The subjects were asked to complete a 3-day food record and food frequency questionnaire to ascertain the nutrient content of their food intake and approximate eating habits. Hind milk was drawn manually by means of a fabricated glass breast pump and collected in polypropylene vials. The milk samples were stored in a freezer maintained at -25+/-2 degrees C until they were transported to the University of Montreal for fatty acid composition. The milk was methylated using the Lepage and Roy method. The obtained fatty acid methyl esters were analyzed by gas chromatography. Results showed that the milk samples contain an average of 188.34 microg DHA/ml milk, while %DHA of the samples is 0.65%. Regression analysis revealed that mean protein intake of the subjects was a determinant of the DHA level in the milk samples.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Bone mineral density and lifestyle among female students aged 16-24 years.

The objective of the study was to investigate bone mineral density and bone turnover among female students aged 16-24 years in relation to lifestyle factors, such as dietary habits and physical activity, as well as physiological factors, such as age, body weight, and menstrual pattern. Female college and university students (n = 218) were given a validated questionnaire with 34 questions concerning diet, recreational physical activity, alcohol, smoking, menstrual pattern, weight gain and loss. Bone mineral density (BMD) measurements were performed using a heel bone scanner (DEXA). Deoxypyridinoline (DPD) levels were measured in urine samples. The data were analyzed by linear regression and multiple regression analysis. The mean BMD was 0.568 g/cm2. Multiple regression showed that hormonal age was a better predictor of high BMD and low bone mineral turnover than chronological age. The best model predicting high BMD was composed of physical activity, regular menstruation, hormonal age and body weight. Smoking, alcohol consumption and current calcium intake did not contribute to the model. A negative association between BMD and DPD was found, indicating an enhanced bone remodeling. A correlation was found between DPD and hormonal age, chronological age, sugar intake and time with irregular menses. In multiple regression analysis, hormonal age, high sugar intake and weight loss were the factors best predicting DPD. BMD was positively influenced by a healthy lifestyle, including a physically active life and healthy dietary habits without dieting. Our study shows that hormonal age is a stronger BMD predictor than chronological age. Menstrual disturbances might be an indication of a risk for low BMD and might therefore be a reason for measuring BMD among young females.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2003

Evaluation of amino acid patterns in recipes for kidney disease patients.

OBJECTIVE: To examine first-limiting amino acids in EAA patterns of a low-protein diet from card-style printed recipes on the market in Japan. In addition, this research explored practical knowledge about which combination of foods could cause an imbalance, if any, of amino acids, and seek to further improve diets for patients with kidney disease. METHODS: Thirty-nine card-style printed recipes for patients with diabetic nephropathy or chronic renal disease or those already on dialysis were chosen for this study. These recipes are available at major book stores in Japan. From each recipe, the first-limiting amino acid, if any, and corresponding amino acid score were investigated and identified. To determine them, the reference amino acid scoring pattern in Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Ad Hoc Expert Committee, 1973, was used as a reference. RESULTS: Among the 39 cards (recipes) examined, we found threonine to be the first-limiting amino acid in 59% of those samples, followed by valine in 8%, methionine + cystine in 3%, lysine in 3%, and leucine in 3%. In the remaining 26%, we did not find any limiting amino acids. Amino acid scores ranged from > or = 100 (26%) to 90-99 (54%), 80-89 (18%), and 70-79 (3%). QUALITY: In 26% of the samples, no deficits in regard to amino acid patterns were found in our analysis of these recipes. Valine, which is an index of malnutrition, was found to be among the first-limiting amino acids. However, because amino acid scores of less than 79 represented only 3% of all recipes chosen, EAAs in protein-controlled diets might not necessarily be deficient. CONCLUSION: The majority of the tested sample recipes were not balanced in EAA pattern, especially for threonine as the first-limiting amino acid of a meal. To prevent malnutrition in chronic renal disease, especially for those following low-protein diets, well-balanced meals on a daily basis as well as adequate energy intake are considered to be necessary.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1978

Westernization of diet and serum lipids in Ethiopians.

The dietary pattern, physical work output, and blood lipids were studied in three groups of healthy, young, urban Ethiopian men differing in the degree of "Westernization." The results showed striking increases in serum lipids that were associated with the degree of Westernization of the diet. These changes could not be accounted for by differences in other group characteristics such as age, weight, smoking, or length of residence in Addis Ababa. The effects of the level of physical work output on serum lipids were equivocal because the methods used for the assessment of energy output yielded crude approximations only.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Successful dieters have increased neural activity in cortical areas involved in the control of behavior.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether dietary restraint, a landmark of successful dieting, is associated with specific patterns of brain responses to the sensory experience of food and meal consumption. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: Cross-sectional study of the brain's response to the sensory experience of food and meal consumption in nine successful dieters (age: 38+/-7 years, body fat (%): 28+/-3) and 20 non-dieters (age: 31+/-9 years, body fat (%): 33+/-9), all women. MEASUREMENTS: Changes in brain activity in response to the sensory experience of food and meal consumption were assessed by using positron emission tomography and (15)O water as a radiotracer. Body fatness was assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry. Subjective ratings of hunger and fullness were measured by visual analogue scale. Dietary restraint, disinhibition and hunger were assessed by the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire. RESULTS: Successful dieters had a significantly higher level of dietary restraint compared to non-dieters. In response to meal consumption, successful dieters had a greater activation in the dorsal prefrontal cortex (DPFC), dorsal striatum and anterior cerebellar lobe as compared to non-dieters. In response to the same stimulation, the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) was significantly more activated in non-dieters as compared to successful dieters. Dietary restraint was positively correlated with the response in the DPFC and negatively with the response in the OFC. The responses in the DPFC and OFC were negatively intercorrelated. CONCLUSION: Cortical areas involved in controlling inappropriate behavioral responses, such as the DPFC, are particularly activated in successful dieters in response to meal consumption. The association between the degree of dietary restraint and the coordinated neural changes in the DPFC and OFC raises the possibility that cognitive control of food intake is achieved by modulating neural circuits controlling food reward.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Effects of hippocampal lesions on adaptive intake of diets with disproportionate amounts of amino acids.

Bilateral double electrolytic overlapping lesions were placed in dorsal-lateral hippocampus of male 230 g rats, and their food intake responses to the ingestion of diets containing disproportionate amounts of amino acids were examined. Rats with such lesions and intact control rats maintained their normal intakes of the 6% casein basal diet or a threonine basal amino acid diet postoperatively. However, they exhibited marked initial food intake depression, similar to that of intact rats, when fed the threonine imbalanced amino acid diet. Also, animals with lesions in certain areas of the dorsal-lateral hippocampus showed facilitated adaptation to the amino acid imbalanced diet. Similar severe reduction in food intake with relative lack of adaptation were observed in both the intact controls and rats with hippocampal lesions when fed amino acid diets completely devoid of threonine. Initial food intake of rats with hippocampal lesions was inhibited drastically as was the case with the intact controls when fed a 75% casein high protein diet. All rats, either intact or lesioned, showed similar slow adaptation patterns with the prolonged ingestion of the high protein diet. The initial food intake responses and facilitated adaptation of the animals bearing lesions in certain areas of the hippocampus suggest that such areas are not crucially involved in the inhibition of food intake of rats fed disproportionate amounts of dietary amino acids. Rather, such areas of lesions in the hippocampus may play a role in a system governing the behavioral adaptation of the intake of amino acid imbalanced diets but not of diets containing amino acids in general excess. This would also indicate that different mechanisms control the intake of amino acid imbalanced diets and diets containing amino acids in excess.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2006

Meal and snack patterns are associated with dietary intake of energy and nutrients in US adults.

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that specific meal and snack patterns are associated with selected nutrient intakes in US adults. DESIGN: Using the 24-hour dietary recall from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, meal and snack patterns were described in relation to nutrient intakes. SUBJECTS: The study included US adults aged 20 years or older (n=15,978). STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: All statistical analyses accounted for the survey design and sample weights. Linear regression analyses controlled for confounding factors, including energy intakes. Wald F tests were used for determination of significance between means of nutrient intakes by daily eating frequency or meal pattern groups. RESULTS: Daily eating frequency was positively related to carbohydrate, folic acid, vitamin C, calcium, magnesium, iron, potassium, and fiber intakes and inversely related to protein, total fat, cholesterol, and sodium intakes. Meal patterns were further categorized into the five most commonly reported meal and snack combinations by population percentages including breakfast (B), lunch (L), dinner (D), and > or =2 snacks (S) (31.6%); B, L, D and 1 S (15.4%); B, D and > or =2 S (13.1%); B, L, D (8.3%); and L, D and > or =2 S (7.6%). Groups reporting B, L, D and 1 S and B, L, D and > or =2 S had the highest intakes of all micronutrients examined except cholesterol, vitamin B-6, and sodium. Breakfast skippers (L, D and > or =2 S) had the lowest intakes of all micronutrients examined except sodium. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this cross-sectional survey suggest that meal and snack patterns may be markers for nutrient intakes and therefore diet quality. Complete nutrient intakes should be considered in investigations of meal patterns and health outcomes.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Activity of L-cysteinesulfinate carboxy-lyase and persulfurase in livers of rats fed different levels of sulfate and cysteine.

Activity of L-cysteinesulfinate carboxy-lyase (CSC) and persulfurase was measured in livers of rats fed 15% casein diets supplemented with (1) 0.53% cysteine, (2) 0.40% cysteine, (3) 0.40% cysteine + 0.10% sulfate, (4) 0.42% sulfate, or (5) 0.42% sulfate + 0.40% cysteine. The diets were fed to adult rats for 1 week and to weanling rats for periods of 1 and 4 weeks. At the end of each feeding period, the highest CSC activity was detected in livers from animals fed diet 4, but no differences in CSC activity were detected among livers from the other four groups. Persulfurase activity did not differ significantly among those weanling or adult rats fed the diets for 1 week but was lower among those fed diet 4 than diet 5 for 4 weeks. The acitivity patterns did not parallel those of taurine excretion or conjugation observed previously among rats fed the same diets, and may indicate that factors other than taurine synthesis and ingestion control those processes.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1995

Changes in psychological variables and health behaviors by dieting status over a three-year period in a cohort of adolescent females.

PURPOSE: Psychologic and behavioral changes associated with frequent dieting were examined. Compared to nondieters, frequent dieters were hypothesized to show more adverse psychologic changes and increased use of unhealthy weight control behaviors, but possibly healthier eating and exercise behavior changes, over the three-year period of observation. METHODS: A prospective study of female students, in grades 7-10 at baseline completed a health behavior survey in school once a year for a total of three years. RESULTS: Restrained eating, body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness, self-induced vomiting, laxative use, diet pill use, and alcohol use, significantly increased, and physical appearance and self-concept significantly decreased among frequent dieters, compared to non-dieters. Changes in scores on five EDI subscales, eight self-esteem subscales, weight fluctuations, dietary intake, and physical activity patterns did not significantly differ over time by dieting status. CONCLUSION: Dieting may reflect a general pattern of unhealthy behaviors adopted in adolescence, rather than act as a causal factor in promoting psychologic distress.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Dietary patterns associated with bone mineral density in premenopausal Japanese farmwomen.

BACKGROUND: Because several nutrients are known to affect bone mineral density (BMD), the analysis of dietary patterns or combinations of foods may provide insights into the influence of diet on bone health. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated associations between dietary patterns and BMD in Japanese farmwomen. DESIGN: The study included 291 premenopausal farmwomen (aged 40-55 y) who participated in the Japanese Multi-centered Environmental Toxicant Study (JMETS; n = 1407). Forearm BMD was measured by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Diet was assessed by using a validated self-administered diet history questionnaire comprising 147 food items, from which 30 food groups were created and entered into a factor analysis. RESULTS: Four dietary patterns were identified. The "Healthy" pattern, characterized by high intakes of green and dark yellow vegetables, mushrooms, fish and shellfish, fruit, and processed fish, was positively correlated with BMD after adjustment for several confounding factors (P = 0.048). In contrast, the "Western" pattern, characterized by high intakes of fats and oils, meat, and processed meat, tended to be inversely associated with BMD; however, the association was not significant (P = 0.08). CONCLUSION: A dietary pattern with high intakes of fish, fruit, and vegetables and low intakes of meat and processed meat may have a beneficial effect on BMD in premenopausal women.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗