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PubMed2002

Low-background gamma spectrometry for environmental radioactivity.

Development and performance of a low-background gamma-ray spectrometer are described. The spectrometer consists of a 131% efficient Ge detector in U-type configuration. The passive shielding consists of ultrapure lead of 6" thickness. A top muon guard is used as an active shielding. The spectrometer and shielding are positioned inside a steel room made of 6"-thick pre-World War II iron. The steel room is located underground with 33 m of water-equivalent overburden. The total integrated background rate in the energy range 50-2,700 keV was measured at 0.068 counts per second per 100 cm3 Ge volume. The spectrometer serves as a reference instrument for low-level and highly accurate environmental radioactivity measurements. One specific application of 228Ra determination in drinking water is described. With a 1 l water sample, 1-step chemical procedure, and 1,000 min counting time, a detection limit Ld = 20 mBq/l (0.55 pCi/l) was reached, which meets the EPA mandated limit of 1 pCi/l. Methods of upgrading the spectrometer as well as the predicted improvements in 228Ra detection, including direct counting of water without chemical processing, are discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1990

Premature rupture of the membranes and amniotic infections--the significance of laboratory tests.

White blood cell count (WBC), C-reactive protein (CRP) and elastase alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor complex (E alpha 1 PI) have been determined in 85 women during pregnancy and after birth to assess their diagnostic value in case of amniotic infection syndrome (AIS). In ten patients clinically diagnosed AIS could be confirmed by histopathological examination, five patients who fulfilled the clinical criteria showed no histological signs of infection. E alpha 1 PI levels were found to be elevated to above 200 micrograms/l in nine patients with clinical and histological infection and remained below this value in all but one of the cases not showing signs of AIS. On the other hand, CRP concentrations were elevated in five out of these ten women, but also showed false-positive values in patients without AIS; leucocyte counts above 15,000/mm3 have been observed in only one case before delivery. The application of betamethasone led to a marked elevation of leucocyte concentrations. CRP levels were raised substantially after birth, whereas E alpha 1 PI remained unchanged under both conditions. It is suggested that all three parameters should be taken into consideration to increase diagnostic reliability in case of suspected amniotic infections.

C-Reactive Protein↗
PubMed2005

Therapy with gentamicin-PMMA beads, gentamicin-collagen sponge, and cefazolin for experimental osteomyelitis due to Staphylococcus aureus in rats.

INTRODUCTION: In spite of new surgical techniques and recently developed antibiotics, there is no satisfactory solution for the treatment of chronic posttraumatic osteomyelitis. The introduction of local antibiotic treatment with gentamicin-PMMA beads according to Klemm has provided new stimuli for the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis. With the development of collagen as an absorbable carrier substance, the disadvantages of the rigid carrier system became evident. Due to the varying surgical techniques and different forms of adjuvant therapy, it is difficult to assess therapeutic methods and compare different studies. Therefore, it seemed appropriate to study the effect of local treatment with different antibiotic carriers in the setting of an animal study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The proven rat model for Staphylococcus aureus-induced osteomyelitis was used to compare the results of monotherapy with cefazolin, gentamicin-PMMA beads, or gentamicin-containing collagen sponge with the combination of local and systemic antibiotic treatment. RESULTS: Single-agent therapy with parenterally administered cefazolin reduced the CFU from 3.7 x 10(6) to 2.9 x 10(4) g(-1) of tibial bone. The effect on osteomyelitis was more pronounced with the local application of antibiotics. The best results were achieved with the gentamicin-containing collagen sponge which reduced the bacterial colony count to 1.4 x 10(2) CFU/g compared with 9.8 x 10(2) CFU/g achieved with gentamicin-PMMA beads. The effect was most marked using a 4-week combination therapy with local application of the gentamicin-containing collagen sponge and systemic administration of cefazolin. In 9 of 11 animals, no bacteria could be detected in the bone. CONCLUSION: Each of the treatment modalities resulted in a significant therapeutic effect. Due to its ability to quickly release large amounts of gentamicin, the flexible gentamicin-containing collagen sponge proved to be superior to the rigid PMMA system. Although the gentamicin-containing collagen sponge provided high antibiotic concentration at the site of implantation, an additive effect was attained when combined with systemic antibiotic treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Interpretation of skin tests to house dust mite and relationship to other allergy parameters in patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Dutch CNSLD Study Group.

BACKGROUND: The relationships between allergic symptoms after exposure to house dust, allergy parameters (skin test to house dust mite [HDM], total IgE, HDM-specific IgE, and blood eosinophil counts), and several confounding variables (age, sex, smoking habits, and airway hyperresponsiveness) were evaluated in 235 patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). RESULTS: Skin tests had higher diagnostic value (sensitivity plus specificity) for symptomatic allergy than specific IgE (1.45 versus 1.36) or total IgE (1.16). The other allergy parameters gave no additional information on symptoms once the skin test was known. Expressing the skin test relative to the histamine control proved slightly better than uncorrected wheal size, but this probably has limited clinical value. The best cutoff level for a positive skin test was 0.7 when the histamine wheal size was accounted for by division, -6 mm when subtraction was used, and 7 mm for absolute wheal size. These cutoff levels proved equally applicable in various subgroups of patients with asthma and COPD. Only the skin test and female sex were independent predictors of allergic symptoms. CONCLUSION: We conclude that skin tests to HDM are better predictors for clinical allergy than total or specific IgE levels and eosinophil count, and that they are applicable in most patients with asthma and with COPD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Antimicrobial effectiveness of a highly concentrated chlorhexidine varnish treatment in teenagers with fixed orthodontic appliances.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the recolonization pattern of Mutans streptococci (ms) on densely colonized teeth with fixed orthodontic appliances after treatment with a highly concentrated (36%) chlorhexidine varnish. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Healthy subjects (n = 19) with fixed orthodontic appliances and high bacterial ms counts in saliva were recruited. In order to establish a baseline registration, plaque adjacent to brackets was sampled and cultivated on Dentocult strips. Following professional tooth cleaning, chlorhexidine varnish was applied on all teeth for 8 minutes. The degree of recolonization with ms was assessed 2 weeks after varnish application in plaque around the brackets. For statistical analysis, the data were subjected to a repeated measures design. RESULTS: After 2 weeks, ms counts were reduced as compared to baseline values. However, the reduction only weakly met statistical significance (P = .049). CONCLUSIONS: The application of a highly concentrated chlorhexidine varnish in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances does not result in a distinct reduction of ms numbers 2 weeks after treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Isolation and characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from precooked sausages (morcillas).

The aim of the study was to establish the microbiological quality of morcillas, typical Argentine sausages, and to investigate the presence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Between October 2001 and October 2002, a total of 100 morcilla samples were analysed. Several samples showed high levels of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria counts, molds and yeasts. The samples analysed contained Enterobacteriaceae (100%) and fecal coliforms (81%), indicating inadequate application of the thermal treatment and deficient hygiene conditions during the elaboration of the product. STEC strains were isolated from three out of 100 (3%) morcilla samples. Two strains (2%) were characterized as E. coli O157:H7 stx2+stx2vh-a/eae/EHEC-hlyA and one strain (1%), as E. coli O26:H11 stx1/eae/EHEC-hlyA. Considering both the high microbial count in all tested samples and the presence of STEC strains in three of them, morcillas should be considered a food unsafe to consume when inadequately cooked.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Mixture distributions in human genetics research.

The use of mixture distributions in genetics research dates back to at least the late 1800s when Karl Pearson applied them in an analysis of crab morphometry. Pearson's use of normal mixture distributions to model the mixing of different species of crab (or 'families' of crab as he referred to them) within a defined geographic area motivated further use of mixture distributions in genetics research settings, and ultimately led to their development and recognition as intuitive modelling devices for the effects of underlying genes on quantitative phenotypic (i.e. trait) expression. In addition, mixture distributions are now used routinely to model or accommodate the genetic heterogeneity thought to underlie many human diseases. Specific applications of mixture distribution models in contemporary human genetics research are, in fact, too numerous to count. Despite this long, consistent and arguably illustrious history of use, little mention of mixture distributions in genetics research is made in many recent reviews on mixture models. This review attempts to rectify this by providing insight into the role that mixture distributions play in contemporary human genetics research. Tables providing examples from the literature that describe applications of mixture models in human genetics research are offered as a way of acquainting the interested reader with relevant studies. In addition, some of the more problematic aspects of the use of mixture models in genetics research are outlined and addressed.

Genetic Heterogeneity↗
PubMed2005

Application of a microplate scale fluorochrome staining assay for the assessment of viability of probiotic preparations.

Cell viability in probiotic preparations is traditionally assessed by the plate count technique. Additionally, fluorescent staining combined with epifluorescence microscopy or flow cytometry has been developed for the viability assessment, but the currently available assays are either laborious or require highly sophisticated equipment. The aim of this study was to investigate the applicability of a microplate scale fluorochrome assay for predicting the cell state of freeze-dried Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis preparations. In addition to viability assessment with LIVE/DEAD BacLight Bacterial Viability Kit, DiBAC(4)3 stain was used for the kinetic measurement of changes in bifidobacterial cell membrane functions during exposure to low pH. The microplate scale fluorochrome assay results on the viability and cell numbers of probiotic preparations correlated well with the results obtained with the culture-based technique and (with few exceptions) with epifluorescence microscopy. The assay was applicable also for the viability assessment of stressed (acid-treated) cells provided that the cell density in treatments was adjusted to the optimal measurement level of the fluorometer. The microplate scale fluorochrome assay offers a rapid and robust tool for the viability assessment of probiotic preparations, and enables also kinetic measurements.

Bifidobacterium↗
PubMed1972

[A Comparison Of The Efficiency Of The Three Egg Count Techniques]

Usually egg count technique has been employed to know the intensity of infestation of human intestinal helminths and to elucidate the effects of anthelmintics. Comparing the three egg count methods-Stoll's egg dilution method, Beaver's direct smear method and FHK counting board method-the authors reached the following results: 1) As the result of application of the three methods to 75 Ascaris egg positives and 95 Trichocephalus egg positives, in the case of Ascaris eggs, the egg detection rate was 99 per cent by Stoll's method, 97 per cent by Beaver's method and was lowest by FHK method at 79 %. Meanwhile, in Trichocephalus eggs, Stoll's method revealed 92 %, Beaver's method 95 %, and FHK method 95 %, there being no noticeable differences. 2) With regard to EPG, in counting Ascaris eggs, Stoll's method showed a value closest to the actual number of eggs, and the value revealed by FHK method was smaller than the actual number. 3) As the result of comparing the coefficiencies of variation of the three egg counting methods, both in Ascaris eggs and Trichocephalus eggs, the FHK method showed the smallest, followed by Stoll's method and Beaver's method.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

A prototype small CdTe gamma camera for radioguided surgery and other imaging applications.

Gamma probes have been used for sentinel lymph node biopsy in melanoma and breast cancer. However, these probes can provide only radioactivity counts and variable pitch audio output based on the intensity of the detected radioactivity. We have developed a small semiconductor gamma camera (SSGC) that allows visualisation of the size, shape and location of the target tissues. This study is designed to characterise the performance of the SSGC for radioguided surgery of metastatic lesions and for other imaging applications amenable to the smaller format of this prototype imaging system. The detector head had 32 cadmium telluride semiconductor arrays with a total of 1,024 pixels, and with application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) and a tungsten collimator. The entire assembly was encased in a lead housing measuring 152 mmx166 mmx65 mm. The effective visual field was 44.8 mmx44.8 mm. The energy resolution and imaging aspects were tested. Two spherical 5-mm- and 15-mm-diameter technetium-99m radioactive sources that had activities of 0.15 MBq and 100 MBq, respectively, were used to simulate a sentinel lymph node and an injection site. The relative detectability of these foci by the new detector and a conventional scintillation camera was studied. The prototype was also examined in a variety of clinical applications. Energy resolution [full-width at half-maximum (FWHM)] for a single element at the centre of the field of view was 4.2% at 140 keV (99mTc), and the mean energy resolution of the CdTe detector arrays was approximately 7.8%. The spatial resolution, represented by FWHM, had a mean value of 1.56 +/- 0.05 mm. Simulated node foci could be visualised clearly by the SSGC using a 15-s acquisition time. In preliminary clinical tests, the SSGC successfully imaged diseases in a variety of tissues, including salivary and thyroid glands, temporomandibular joints and sentinel lymph nodes. The SSGC has significant potential for diagnosing diseases and facilitating subsequent radioguided surgery.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

Cellular logic implementation on a generalized image processor applied to biomedical image processing.

The implementation on a generalized image processor of a cellular logic package that performs non-recursive cellular-logic operations (CLOs) in real time is described. This system takes advantage of up to 20 512 X 512 X 8-bit memory planes within the image processor and can manipulate cells with up to 256 symbolic states. The flexibility of the image processor allows the use of an expanded cellular transition set, beyond bit-on or bit-off, as well as application-specific neighborhood configurations. The use of concurrent data-dependent global calculations, including CLO iteration termination control, is described. The array processor implementation specifics are discussed. This general cellular logic package is applied to biomedical images in the Image Processing Laboratory, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles. Geometric information is acquired from the images using real-time operators on the image array processor. This information includes image segmentation, area calculation, object counting, centroid determination and shape analysis. Initial clinical results are presented, and possible future medical applications are discussed.

Computers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Saratin, an inhibitor of collagen-platelet interaction, decreases venous anastomotic intimal hyperplasia in a canine dialysis access model.

Prosthetic dialysis access thrombosis and/or stenosis is the most common cause of graft impairment or loss and is primarily attributed to venous outflow stenosis due to intimal hyperplasia. Intimal hyperplasia is thought to result from interactions between areas of exposed subendothelial collagen in an injured vessel and platelets, resulting in platelet adhesion. Saratin, an inhibitor of the vWF-dependent binding of platelet to collagen interaction, has been shown in vitro to reduce the adhesion of platelets to collagen. In the current study, the authors investigated the effects of topical saratin administration in a canine dialysis access model in regard to intimal hyperplasia development at the venous anastomosis. Fourteen female mongrel dogs underwent placement of a femoral polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) dialysis access graft and were placed into 1 of 2 groups: 1) control or 2) experimental with topical saratin application. The experimental group had 600 microg of saratin (1 microg/microL) applied for 5 minutes directly onto the venous anastomosis before restoration of blood flow;control groups received vehicle control. At 4 weeks postoperative, a portion of the graft was removed along with a segment of the outflow vein. Veins were subsequently processed, sectioned, and analyzed along the length of the excised segment and divided into blocks that included the area of the graft toe, midanastomotic region and heel, and blocks A-E. Intimal hyperplasia was assessed by a computer-assisted morphometric analysis. Platelet counts and bleeding times were also measured. Vein segments in the control group (n=7) showed pronounced intimal hyperplasia in blocks B, C, and D as compared to the saratin group (n=6). Distribution of intimal hyperplasia by blocks between control and saratin groups were as follows: block [A] 8.6 +/- 1.9 vs 9.7 +/- 3.0% (p=NS), [B] 32.7 +/- 6.3 vs 10.7 +/- 3.5% (p=0.01), [C] 44.8 +/- 6.2% vs 10.3 +/- 1.5% (p=0.0004), [D] 40.8 +/- 11.0 vs 9.1 +/- 4.2% (p=0.02), [E] 7.5 +/- 5.5 vs 2.7 +/- 0.4% (p=NS). Intimal hyperplasia normalized to vein wall thickness also showed a significant reduction with saratin application. Bleeding times and platelet counts obtained at different time points during the experiment showed no difference between control and saratin groups. In a canine dialysis access model using PTFE grafts, topical application of saratin at the venous anastomosis decreased intimal hyperplasia development by as much as 77% when compared with control animals. Saratin provides for a method of substantially reducing intimal hyperplasia by direct local application without systemic side effects.

Anastomosis, Surgical↗
PubMed1986

Reduction of axonal transport in the rat optic system after direct application of methylmercury.

Fast axonal transport of proteins in the optic nerve and tract was quantified by scintillation counts of protein-bound radioactivity along the visual pathway after an intraocular injection of [3H]proline. In control rats the label traveled at a rate of about 60 mm/day, reaching the optic chiasm at 4 h and the lateral geniculate body at 8 h postinjection. When methylmercury was injected simultaneously with [3H]proline, the label traveled at a rate of about 30 mm/day. At 8 h postinjection, the labeled protein had reached the optic chiasm, but the more distal pathway was unlabeled. The same pattern was observed histologically by emulsion autoradiography of the pathway. Some label was detected in the lateral geniculate of methylmercury-treated animals at 8 h, but this may have resulted from local incorporation, as judged by a similar level of labeling in the contralateral visual pathway. Alternatively, it may be the case that a small fraction of the axons in the treated pathway continued to transport proteins in a normal fashion. The very heavy label observed throughout the pathway in controls was present only in the proximal half of the pathway in methylmercury-treated rats. Methylmercury significantly reduced incorporation of [3H]proline in the rat retina, but this reduction was not as great as the effect in the optic nerve. In contrast, cycloheximide, a potent protein synthesis inhibitor, reduced labeled protein in the optic nerve only to the same extent as it reduced incorporation. These results suggest that methylmercury's effect on transport is not dependent solely on its effects on protein synthesis, but represents a separate mechanism of neurotoxicity.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Two-dimensional fluorescence intensity distribution analysis: theory and applications.

A method of sample analysis is presented which is based on fitting a joint distribution of photon count numbers. In experiments, fluorescence from a microscopic volume containing a fluctuating number of molecules is monitored by two detectors, using a confocal microscope. The two detectors may have different polarizational or spectral responses. Concentrations of fluorescent species together with two specific brightness values per species are determined. The two-dimensional fluorescence intensity distribution analysis (2D-FIDA), if used with a polarization cube, is a tool that is able to distinguish fluorescent species with different specific polarization ratios. As an example of polarization studies by 2D-FIDA, binding of 5'-(6-carboxytetramethylrhodamine) (TAMRA)-labeled theophylline to an anti-theophylline antibody has been studied. Alternatively, if two-color equipment is used, 2D-FIDA can determine concentrations and specific brightness values of fluorescent species corresponding to individual labels alone and their complex. As an example of two-color 2D-FIDA, binding of TAMRA-labeled somatostatin-14 to the human type-2 high-affinity somatostatin receptors present in stained vesicles has been studied. The presented method is unusually accurate among fluorescence fluctuation methods. It is well suited for monitoring a variety of molecular interactions, including receptors and ligands or antibodies and antigens.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1984

[Dosimetric application of lyoluminescence using some saccharides].

A measurement system for lyoluminescence has been constructed using a photon-counting apparatus equipped with a highly sensitive photomultiplier and a microcomputer for a data acquisition and processing. For the lyoluminescent dosimetry, seven saccharide samples, including five monosaccharides (glucose, mannose, galactose, levulose and ribose) and two disaccharides (sucrose and trehalose), were irradiated with 60Co gamma rays. Effects on lyoluminescence were examined of the amounts of the sample, concentration of luminol phosphor in an aqueous solution, elapsed time after mixing the samples in the solution, variations of absorbed doses, annealing treatments and different radiation fields. The results revealed that relatively small amounts of sample, say 3 mg, is sufficient for reproducible routine analyses by using 125 mg luminol/l for 10 s data accumulation, and that the lyoluminescent dosimetry is useful for the significantly high dose regions of 1Gy-10kGy (the use of galactose and trehalose can extend the dose-region to higher levels). The comparison of sensitivity for samples with the same dose (215 Gy) showed the great luminescent changes over one order of magnitude between the highest value for galactose and lowest one for ribose, although there is no substantial difference in the structure. No meaningful radiation-quality effect was observed for monosaccharides irradiated with gamma-rays, X-rays, and neutrons.

Carbohydrates↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Study of the peripheral blood leucocyte population by Fourier analysis of the cell volume histogram.

The Fourier transformation is proposed as a technique for the description of cell volume histogram data. In order to test the applicability of this transformation, peripheral blood leucocytes were studied as model populations and the technique assessed by determining the extent to which the Fourier coefficients could be applied as descriptors of various pathologic abnormalities of the differential leucocyte count. Histograms of leucocyte volume distribution were plotted for 87 cases with a variety of abnormalities of the peripheral blood leucocyte population. These histograms were submitted to Fourier analysis and the coefficients thus obtained were used as the basis of a multivariate classification system designed to distinguish certain predefined abnormalities of the differential count. The results obtained suggest that Fourier analysis may prove a valuable technique for the interpretation of cell volume histogram data, and its potential applications are discussed.

Cell Count↗
PubMed2005

High doses of taurolidine inhibit advanced intraperitoneal tumor growth in rats.

BACKGROUND: The antitumor agent taurolidine (TRD) affects tumor growth in animals. Thus far, no animal studies have been published concerning the systemic or local toxicity and the effectiveness of long-term intraperitoneal (i.p.) and intravenous (i.v.) administration on advanced tumor growths. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a first experiment (A) the systemic toxicity of the liver and kidneys was examined only after i.v. treatment in 40 rats (BD IX). For local toxicity the superior vena cava (SVC) was histologically analyzed. In a second study (B) 20,000 colon adenocarcinoma cells (DHD/K12/TRb) were initially applied i.p. after laparotomy in 80 rats (BD IX). After 28 days a port catheter system was placed in the SVC and left for 1 week. The animals were randomized into eight groups (n = 10) and received a 7-day treatment (eight hourly, 1 ml): 1, 2, 3% TRD or Ringer's solution (control group) either i.p. or i.v. Total i.p. tumor weight was measured 4 weeks after the end of the therapy. Side effects on differential blood counts and animal weight changes were examined. RESULTS: No organ lesions were detected in liver, kidneys, and SVC in experiment A. The i.v. administration of 2% TRD (P = 0.034) and 3% TRD (P = 0.05) as well the i.p. application of 2% TRD (P = 0.05) decreased the development of advanced i.p. tumor lesions. No changes of differential blood count nor relevant animal weight changes resulted. Three port catheter-related infections were examined. CONCLUSIONS: TRD does not impair the liver tissue, kidneys, SVC, and leucopoiesis. The intravenous therapy of 2% TRD is safe and anti-tumorigenic in advanced local tumor growth in rats.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2001

Monitoring in-shoe plantar pressures, temperature, and humidity: reliability and validity of measures from a portable device.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the reliability and validity of measures obtained from a portable electronic device used to monitor changes in plantar pressure, temperature, and humidity that occur within the shoe during prolonged activity. DESIGN: Descriptive study comparing electronic sensor output with criterion values. SETTINGS: Indoor level walkway for pressure data; uncontrolled, outdoor environment for step count data; enclosed environmental control chamber for humidity and temperature data. PARTICIPANTS: Convenience sample of 4 healthy, sensate subjects. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Correlations between sensor output and criterion measures were determined for pressure and temperature data. The absolute differences between sensor output and criterion values of temperature, humidity, and step count were also determined. RESULTS: Pressure measurements from electronic sensors correlated highly with criterion values (r > or =.82), both before and after prolonged use. Relative humidity sensor output were within 5% of hygrometer values. In-shoe temperature data correlated highly with criterion values (r > or =.99), and differed from known temperatures by.50 degrees +/-.84 degrees C and.96 degrees +/- 1.56 degrees C at the forefoot and heel, respectively. Electronic step counts recorded at the central forefoot were within 1 step of visual step counts. Pressure tracings obtained from the device during different weight-bearing activities revealed qualitatively distinct pressure patterns. CONCLUSION: The device provides valid and reliable measures of in-shoe plantar pressures, temperature, and humidity during prolonged activity.

Diabetic Foot↗