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PubMed2002

College-educated women's personality development in adulthood: perceptions and age differences.

Adulthood encompasses a large time span and includes a series of psychosocial challenges (E. H. Erikson, 1950). Five aspects of personality (identity certainty, confident power, concern with aging, generativity, and personal distress) were assessed in a cross-sectional study of college-educated women who at the time of data collection were young adults (age: M = 26 years), middle-aged adults (age: M = 46 years), or older adults (age: M = 66 years). Respondents rated each personality domain for how true it was of them at the time, and they then rated the other 2 ages either retrospectively or prospectively. Results are discussed with attention to the ways in which women's adult development may have been shaped by experiences particular to both gender and birth cohort, and to how these women fit with E. H. Erikson's theory of adult development.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Adverse reproductive outcomes in women who subsequently develop rheumatoid arthritis.

The rates of adverse reproductive outcomes in 40 women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were compared with 67 of their unaffected female relatives. All women were aged between 35 and 65 years at the time of inquiry. Seven of the women with RA reported a perinatal death (six stillbirths, one early neonatal death) compared with one women in the unaffected group: estimated age adjusted relative risk (R) = 12.4, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.6-91.1. The rate of spontaneous abortions was, however, not significantly different between the two groups (R = 1.2, 95% CI 0.5-2.9). All the perinatal deaths occurred before clinical disease onset in the women with RA. It is possible that in these two groups of women with a similar genetic background perinatal loss may be related, at least in part, to disease expression.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed2003

Women and tobacco.

Smoking prevalence is lower among women than men in most countries, yet there are about 200 million women in the world who smoke, and in addition, there are millions more who chew tobacco. Approximately 22% of women in developed countries and 9% of women in developing countries smoke, but because most women live in developing countries, there are numerically more women smokers in developing countries. Unless effective, comprehensive and sustained initiatives are implemented to reduce smoking uptake among young women and increase cessation rates among women, the prevalence of female smoking in developed and developing countries is likely to rise to 20% by 2025. This would mean that by 2025 there could be 532 million women smokers. Even if prevalence levels do not rise, the number of women who smoke will increase because the population of women in the world is predicted to rise from the current 3.1 billion to 4.2 billion by 2025. Thus, while the epidemic of tobacco use among men is in slow decline, the epidemic among women will not reach its peak until well into the 21st century. This will have enormous consequences not only for women's health and economic wellbeing but also for that of their families. The health effects of smoking for women are more serious than for men. In addition to the general health problems common to both genders, women face additional hazards in pregnancy, female-specific cancers such as cancer of the cervix, and exposure to passive smoking. In Asia, although there are currently lower levels of tobacco use among women, smoking among girls is already on the rise in some areas. The spending power of girls and women is increasing so that cigarettes are becoming more affordable. The social and cultural constraints that previously prevented many women from smoking are weakening; and women-specific health education and quitting programmes are rare. Furthermore, evidence suggests that women find it harder to quit smoking. The tobacco companies are targeting women by marketing light, mild, and menthol cigarettes, and introducing advertising directed at women. The greatest challenge and opportunity in primary preventive health in Asia and in other developing areas is to avert the predicted rise in smoking among women.

Advertising↗
PubMed1999

Incidence and risk factors for radiographic knee osteoarthritis in middle-aged women: the Chingford Study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the natural history, role of risk factors, and incidence of knee osteoarthritis (OA) in a prospective study of women from a population cohort. METHODS: Women from the Chingford Study who had been recruited in 1989 were followed up with knee radiographs 4 years later. A total of 715 paired radiographs (71% of the original sample) were graded for osteophytes and 644 for joint space narrowing (JSN). Women whose radiographs had been graded as 0 in 1989 and as > or =14 years later were classified as having incident disease. Incident cases were compared with controls for associations with a number of risk factors. RESULTS: Eighty-one women (12.6%) developed JSN of the knee, equating to an incidence of 3.1% per year. No clear risk factors for JSN were identified. Reproducibility of measures of joint space is poor, however, leading to inaccuracy of definition. Incident knee osteophytes developed in 95 women (133%), equating to an incidence of 3.3% per year. Compared with controls, women with incident knee osteophytes were older, heavier, and had more hand OA and knee symptoms. Women in the top tertile of obesity (body mass index >26.4) had a significantly increased risk of incident knee osteophytes (odds ratio [OR] 2.38, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.29-4.39). Incident knee osteophytes increased by 20% per 5-year age increase. A nonsignificant protective effect for incident knee osteophytes was seen with current estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) (OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.12-1.42). No effect was associated with smoking, physical activity, hysterectomy, or previous knee injury. CONCLUSION: Obesity and aging are associated with a high risk of new knee OA developing in women. Evidence of a protective effect of ERT was seen. No clear association was found for incident JSN, suggesting that different etiologic mechanisms are operating or that standard radiographs are an inaccurate measure of incident narrowing.

Female↗
PubMed1986

Women at risk for developing osteoporosis: determination by total body neutron activation analysis and photon absorptiometry.

With stepwise multiple logistic regression (MLR), probabilistic classification equations were developed to identify asymptomatic women who are at risk for development of fracture of the spine. Clinically normal women with low TBCa/square root H ratios can be classified as at risk for osteoporosis prior to their developing spinal compression fractures. With receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, it was possible to verify the accuracy of the MLR model to discriminate "normal" women at risk, with high sensitivity and specificity. With the MLR model, discrimination of osteoporotic women (50-59 years) was made correctly for 86.2% of the total osteoporotic subjects with the TBCa data. Similar models were derived from the photon absorptiometry data. From the spinal density (BDs) data, correct classification in the 50-59 year group was 55.6% of the total osteoporosis subjects; from the radius density (BMCr) data, the corresponding value was 31%. The highest probability of identifying osteoporosis in all age categories was, therefore, on the basis of TBCa data. Similar, but less accurate discrimination was achieved with the BDs and BMCr data. These conclusions were confirmed by the application of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Correct identification of the population at risk permits the timely and efficient application of therapeutic programs prior to onset of fracture. In a serial study of 104 peri-menopausal women, for example, it was possible to determine the P value for individuals measured annually over a 3-10 year period and thus to predict normal individuals at risk for developing osteoporosis each year.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1985

Support networks developed by immigrant women.

Women with young children who were immigrants to Canada were interviewed to understand how they defined their needs and what resources they perceived to be available to meet their needs. All of the women described a need to feel as if they belonged in Canada and had people to turn to for personal support. The women identified general groups of people they perceived as able to provide them with differing forms of support. The three groups were labelled; kin, insider and outsider. The women also described how they used the sources of support and the feelings which resulted from their interactions with members of the support groups. The conceptualization which was developed from the data suggests women may follow a pathway in developing a support network. How this information might be used by health professionals in clinical practice is discussed.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1992

Identification and treatment of postmenopausal women at risk for the development of osteoporosis.

One in the three women develops osteoporosis--low bone mass and structural deterioration leading to fractures. Pre- and postmenopausal deficiency states are main causes. Estrogens prevent bone loss: Oral doses of 2 mg estradiol or 0.625 conjugated estrogens/day or 50-100 micrograms transdermal estradiol/day substantially reduce vertebral, forearm, and hip fractures. Certain progestins may enhance this effect. Calcium as a prerequisite for attainment of peak bone mass will not substitute for estrogen replacement. Selection of patients actually being at risk for postmenopausal osteoporosis needs to be improved substantially; there is no sensitive single test or testing system for osteoporosis. As individual history and physical exam or biochemical markers of bone resorption and formation rarely provide the early diagnosis of osteoporosis, prophylactic estrogen replacement therapy has to be considered in the majority of postmenopausal women to achieve prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Compliance of replacement therapy in the European countries is poor, only 5-25% of postmenopausal women use estrogen replacement therapy for more than one year. Major compliance problems are alleged weight gain, resumption of withdrawal bleeding and fear to develop breast or endometrial cancer.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

The development of a women's health center in an academic health center.

Women's health needs have been a special focus of health care for more than a century. In the early 1970s, a segment of the women's market began seeking changes in the health care system. Since then, the emergence of women's health centers has been a nationally growing trend. This professional paper will address the various elements in designing a women's health center in an academic health setting, beginning with the development of a concept and needs assessment and ending with the influence a women's health center has on health care for others.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed2004

[Prediction of the pressure ulcer development in elderly women using the Braden scale].

BACKGROUND: Pressure ulcers are a common complication among elderly patients confined to bed for long periods. The Braden scale is a commonly used risk assessment tool. AIM: To evaluate the use of Braden scale. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seventy women aged 61 to 96 years, admitted to the Internal Medicine Service of Barros Luco-Trudeau Hospital, were studied. Their risk was evaluated using the Braden scale. The presence of pressure ulcer was diagnosed according to the National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel on admission, two weeks later and at discharge. RESULTS: On admission, mean Braden scale score was 16.6+/-2.8 and 34 women had a score of 16 or less, that is considered of risk. Twenty five women (20 with a score of 16 or less) developed pressure ulcers, mostly superficial. The odds ratio of a score of 16 or less for the development of ulcers was 4.2 (95% CI 1.8-11.7, p <0.001). The sensitivity and specificity of such score were 80 and 69% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The Braden scale predicts the risk of developing pressure ulcers with a good sensitivity and specificity in female elderly patients.

Aged↗
PubMed1978

Reexamining barriers to women's career development.

This paper reviews recent literature concerned with beliefs and values relevant to women's careers. Changes in sex-role stereotyping, potential problems relating to affirmative action programs, and the conflict between "counter-culture" values and values of the women's liberation movement are discussed.

Achievement↗
PubMed1998

Effects of fasting on neuroendocrine function and follicle development in lean women.

A 72-h fast in normal weight women during the follicular phase results in transient alterations in neuroendocrine function, but follicle development and follicular phase length remain unaltered. In this study we evaluated neuroendocrine and ovulatory function in lean women (body fat, < or = 20%) undergoing a similar 72-h fast. Compared to fed controls, fasted lean women experienced significant weight loss, blunting of the diurnal variation of cortisol, suppression of the nocturnal TSH rise, and a decrease in T3 levels after a 72-h fast. In contrast to similarly fasted, normal weight women, lean women have significantly higher evening cortisol levels and do not exhibit a normal nocturnal TSH rise after the fast. Lean fasted women exhibited a 19% decrease in the number of LH pulses over 24 h compared to fed women (12.9 +/- 1.3 vs. 16.0 +/- 1.9; P < 0.05). Fasting did not result in significant differences in mean LH, LH amplitude, LH area under the curve, and mean FSH levels in these lean women. Of the seven fasted cycles, two were anovulatory. In the five women studied in fed and fasted cycles, one had interrupted lead follicle development with anovulation, and four had significant lengthening of the follicular phase compared to those during their fed cycles (14.4 +/- 1.2 vs. 13.2 +/- 1.0 days; P = 0.01). The clinical observations made in this small sample of lean women showing more profound changes in neuroendocrine function, anovulation, and lengthened follicular phase after fasting suggest that lean women may be more vulnerable to fasting stress than normal weight women.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1999

This is my story: a descriptive analysis of a peer education HIV/STD risk reduction program for women living in housing developments.

Descriptive, qualitative data was collected from 30 women who participated in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-funded Perinatal HIV Reduction and Education Demonstration Activities (PHREDA) Project. Women were primarily heterosexual, welfare-dependent, African-American mothers. Staff trained women to conduct HIV/STD education as peer volunteers. The theory-based educational components consisted of role model stories developed by women about their experiences with HIV/STDs and discussion groups to build behavioral and communication skills. Women were given role-model stories and safer sex supplies to initiate conversations about women's health and sexual safety in their communities. PHREDA groups allowed women to identify their risk reduction, sexual, and family issues. Role model stories provided a validating medium through which high-risk women explored reproductive health risk and planned steps toward behavioral change. Descriptive data from peer volunteers can provide an important perspective on small group, peer-based community HIV/STD reduction interventions.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2002

Levels of C-reactive protein in pregnant women who subsequently develop pre-eclampsia.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether a maternal inflammatory response precedes the development of preeclampsia. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Antenatal clinic in an inner city teaching hospital. POPULATION: Two groups of women were examined at 23-25 weeks of gestation. The first group (45 women) had normal uterine artery Doppler waveforms and subsequently had a normal pregnancy outcome. The second group (45 women) had Doppler evidence of impaired placental perfusion and 21 (47%) of them had normal outcome, 14 (31%) developed intrauterine growth restriction and 10 (22%) developed pre-eclampsia, with or without intrauterine growth restriction. METHODS: C-reactive protein, an acute-phase reactant, was measured in maternal serum using a highly sensitive method with a detection limit of 0.05 mg/L. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Development of pre-eclampsia, as defined by the International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy. Intrauterine growth restriction was defined as birthweight <5th centile for gestation and sex of the neonate. RESULTS: The serum C-reactive protein concentration in women who subsequently developed pre-eclampsia (median 1.56, range 0.55-3.12 mg/L) or delivered a baby with birthweight <5th centile (median 0.74, range 0.64-1.58 mg/L) was not significantly different from that in women with uncomplicated pregnancies (median 1.28, range 0.75-2.08 mg/L; P = 0.95 and P = 0.62, respectively). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the onset of clinical signs of pre-eclampsia may not be preceded by a maternal inflammatory response, as assessed by measurement of C-reactive protein.

Adult↗