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PubMed1991

Information systems design for development projects in Central America.

Present development projects in Central America, particularly food aid and food and nutrition education programs, are operating under severe management constraints which limit their potential to produce positive and measurable impacts on target communities and families. Thus, operational analysis and information systems are basic managerial tools to improve the efficiency of the projects. This paper presents an information system development methodology which has been used by the Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama (INCAP) to assist different development projects of Central America. The methodology is geared on the one hand, towards systematizing the definition of the demand and of applications and, on the other, of the types of response required or deemed convenient, taking into account the technologies that are appropriate to the users' various capacities. The complete development cycle is based on good understanding of the social, organizational and human aspects of the project. Through the whole process, not only is the information system being developed and documented, but personnel is being trained and assisted in solving their problems, contributing thereby, to true transfer of technology. No new set of techniques of systems development is presented. What has been done is to carefully select elements of current technical practices, modifying tools and techniques to generate a unique methodology through which the information systems' requirements, specifications, and details may be expressed.

Central America↗
PubMed2005

Innovation and the medical devices Farady partnership.

Demand for development of new generation medical devices has led many governments to support medical-sector research. In the United Kingdom, the Medical Devices Faraday Partnership was created to establish a collaborative network that would enhance the transfer of good ideas into new products and processes. The services it offers medical device manufacturers are outlined here.

Biomedical Engineering↗
PubMed1991

Using embryonic stem cells to introduce mutations into the mouse germ line.

It is now possible, through the use of a number of experimental technologies, to transfer genetic information into mouse embryos to stably alter the genetic constitution of mice. This experimental approach, namely the generation of so-termed "transgenic" animals, is affording new insights into a wide variety of biological problems. This review focuses on one system for the generation of transgenic mice, which utilizes tissue culture cell lines of embryonic stem cells, termed ES cells. The remarkable property of ES cells is that they retain the potential to reform an embryo; when they are replaced inside a carrier embryo, they resume normal development and contribute to all the tissues of the live-born chimeric animal. Recent experiments, using a repertoire of gene transfer techniques, have shown that ES cells are amenable to a variety of experimental manipulations in tissue culture. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that these genetically altered cells can be transferred into the germ line of chimeric mice, thus allowing the production of unique strains of animals for study. The applications of the ES cell system are reviewed, with particular emphasis on their use for the generation of random insertional mutations using a retrovirally mediated mutagenesis approach. Finally, the use of ES cells in conjunction with the recently described technique of homologous recombination, or "gene targeting," is discussed. This technology allows the generation of animals carrying extremely precise genetic modifications of endogenous genes.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Analysis of the eligibility of published economic evaluations for transfer to a given health care system. Methodological approach and application to the French health care system.

CONTEXT: Economic evaluations are costly and cannot always be carried out locally. Therefore, decision-makers may wish to use studies already performed in other settings. OBJECTIVE: To define a method for assessing the eligibility of published economic evaluations for transfer to a given health care system and apply it to the french health care system in the clinical situation of adjuvant therapy for women with breast cancer. METHODS: (1) Literature search in six databases from 1982 to 1996; (2) critical appraisal of articles based on four inclusion criteria; and (3) assessment of the eligibility of the studies for transfer based on five indicators. RESULTS: We identified 26 published economic evaluations concerning adjuvant therapy in women with breast cancer. Six (23%) met all four criteria used to select studies, but none of these studies were eligible for transfer to the french health care system. The main reason was that cost data was not reported in a transparent way. CONCLUSIONS: To improve the transferability of economic evaluations, we recommend that requirements for data provision in publications be standardized and international collaboration strengthened.

Bibliometrics↗
PubMed2003

The mitochondrial genome in embryo technologies.

The mammalian mitochondrial genome encodes for 37 genes which are involved in a broad range of cellular functions. The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) molecule is commonly assumed to be inherited through oocyte cytoplasm in a clonal manner, and apparently species-specific mechanisms have evolved to eliminate the contribution of sperm mitochondria after natural fertilization. However, recent evidence for paternal mtDNA inheritance in embryos and offspring questions the general validity of this model, particularly in the context of assisted reproduction and embryo biotechnology. In addition to normal mt DNA haplotype variation, oocytes and spermatozoa show remarkable differences in mtDNA content and may be affected by inherited or acquired mtDNA aberrations. All these parameters have been correlated with gamete quality and reproductive success rates. Nuclear transfer (NT) technology provides experimental models for studying interactions between nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Recent studies demonstrated (i) a significant effect of mtDNA haplotype or other maternal cytoplasmic factors on the efficiency of NT; (ii) phenotypic differences between transmitochondrial clones pointing to functionally relevant nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions; and (iii) neutral or non-neutral selection of mtDNA haplotypes in heteroplasmic conditions. Mitochondria form a dynamic reticulum, enabling complementation of mitochondrial components and possibly mixing of different mtDNA populations in heteroplasmic individuals. Future directions of research on mtDNA in the context of reproductive biotechnology range from the elimination of adverse effects of artificial heteroplasmy, e.g. created by ooplasm transfer, to engineering of optimized constellations of nuclear and cytoplasmic genes for the production of superior livestock.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Recent advances in imaging endogenous or transferred gene expression utilizing radionuclide technologies in living subjects: applications to breast cancer.

A variety of imaging technologies is being investigated as tools for studying gene expression in living subjects. Two technologies that use radiolabeled isotopes are single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET). A relatively high sensitivity, a full quantitative tomographic capability, and the ability to extend small animal imaging assays directly into human applications characterize radionuclide approaches. Various radiolabeled probes (tracers) can be synthesized to target specific molecules present in breast cancer cells. These include antibodies or ligands to target cell surface receptors, substrates for intracellular enzymes, antisense oligodeoxynucleotide probes for targeting mRNA, probes for targeting intracellular receptors, and probes for genes transferred into the cell. We briefly discuss each of these imaging approaches and focus in detail on imaging reporter genes. In a PET reporter gene system for in vivo reporter gene imaging, the protein products of the reporter genes sequester positron emitting reporter probes. PET subsequently measures the PET reporter gene dependent sequestration of the PET reporter probe in living animals. We describe and review reporter gene approaches using the herpes simplex type 1 virus thymidine kinase and the dopamine type 2 receptor genes. Application of the reporter gene approach to animal models for breast cancer is discussed. Prospects for future applications of the transgene imaging technology in human gene therapy are also discussed. Both SPECT and PET provide unique opportunities to study animal models of breast cancer with direct application to human imaging. Continued development of new technology, probes and assays should help in the better understanding of basic breast cancer biology and in the improved management of breast cancer patients.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Rural teleradiology: a snapshot.

A national survey was conducted among rural hospitals active in teleradiology and their affiliated health care providers to delineate the current status of rural telemedicine. 109 telemedicine programs were identified that use teleradiology as well as other telemedicine applications, and 340 programs were identified that use only teleradiology. Programs that use only teleradiology have been in operation longer than programs that combine teleradiology with other telemedicine services. Most teleradiology facilities are adjacent to small metropolitan areas or in more rural counties with a population of at least 2500. Only 22% of the teleradiology-only facilities spend more than $60,000 on initial equipment, and annual transmission costs average less than $4,000 for most facilities. Ordinary copper telephone lines are the transmission medium most commonly used for transfer of radiology images. Radiographs and CT scans are the types of studies most commonly transmitted, followed by MRI and nuclear medicine studies.

Diffusion of Innovation↗
PubMed1979

Application of control technology developed in the polyvinyl chloride industry to polymerization processes using acrylonitrile.

Polymerization processes for PVC are sufficiently similar to acrylonitrile polymerization processes to allow a significant transfer of control technology. This transfer should be of value to manufacturers of polyacrylonitrile, ABS/SAN resins, nitrile elastomer and latex who will need to install extensive additional controls to comply with the new permanent standard for acrylonitrile scheduled to be issued by OSHA in late 1978. Control strategies and individual controls developed to limit worker exposure in the PVC industry are described and evaluated relative to applicability to acrylonitrile polymerization processes.

Acrylonitrile↗
PubMed1999

Computer-based teaching of pathology at the Zagreb University School of Medicine.

AIM: To review the experience gained in transferring USA computer-based teaching system of medical school pathology to Croatia. METHODS: Computer-based teaching program of pathology developed at the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas, USA, was transferred to the University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia. The experimental group of 49 students was enrolled into this computer-based program. Their performance was compared with that of 195 classmates enrolled in the standard course. Objective (performance on the examinations) and subjective data (students' interviews and written evaluations of the course) were analyzed. RESULTS: The computer program was operational 5 months from the inception of the transfer. It was well received by the students, even though many initially complained that it required more effort and a continuous commitment. The major problems concerned scheduling, reflecting various requirements i mposed on students by other departments teaching in parallel with the Pathology course. Objective data gathered so far indicate that the students enrolled in the computer-based program took the first midterm examination at a significantly higher rate than the rest of the class (p<0.001), and passed the examination with significantly better grades (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Computer-based teaching programs can be readily transferred to other countries. Full implementation of the program, however, may require significant changes in the existing curriculum in the medical school to which such a program has been transferred or considerable modifications in the program adopted for transfer. It appears that the students enrolled in the computer-based program perform better than students in the standard pathology course.

Attitude↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Detection of infectious bronchitis virus by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and identification of a quasispecies in the Beaudette strain.

In this report, we describe a real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR) diagnostic test for infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) with the use of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) technology. Two primers that amplify a 383-base pair product between nucleotide positions 703 and 1086 relative to the start codon for the S1 gene of the Massachusetts 41 virus were designed and used to amplify the Beaudette, Massachusetts 41, Florida 18288, Connecticut, Iowa 97, Arkansas DPI, CA/NE95/99, DE/072/ 92, and GA/0470/98 strains of IBV. The primers were specific and did not amplify New Castle disease virus, Mycoplasma spp., or infectious laryngotracheitis virus. For RRT-PCR by FRET, an anchor probe conjugated to fluorescein and a detection probe conjugated to a red fluorophore were designed to anneal to a hypervariable region within the 383-base pair product. The level of sensitivity was 1 x 10(4) RNA molecules used as starting template. After amplification, a melting curve analysis was conducted to specifically identify IBV types. Because of sequence differences in the annealing position of the detection probe, the Arkansas, Connecticut, Beaudette, and Massachusetts 41 strains could be differentiated. No fluorescence was observed for the DE/072/ 92 and GA/0470/98 viruses with the anchor and detection probes. When the Beaudette strain was examined, two melting peaks were observed at 44 C and 51 C, indicating a quasispecies in that laboratory strain of IBV. Routine typing of vaccine strains of IBV was possible with this technology, but high standard deviations associated with the melting curve analysis of the FRET probes described herein made it difficult to use this test reliably for routine typing of IBV field isolates.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Microarray CGH: principle and use for constitutional disorders].

Chips technology has allowed to miniaturize process making possible to realize in one step and using the same device a lot of chemical reactions. The application of this technology to molecular cytogenetics resulted in the development of comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) on microarrays technique. Using this technique it is possible to detect very small genetic imbalances anywhere in the genome. Its usefulness has been well documented in cancer and more recently in constitutional disorders. In particular it has been used to detect interstitial and subtelomeric submicroscopic imbalances, to characterize their size at the molecular level or to define the breakpoints of translocation. The challenge today is to transfer this technology in laboratory medicine. Nevertheless this technology remains expensive and the existence of numerous sequence polymorphisms makes its interpretation difficult. Finally its is unlikely that it will make karyotyping obsolete as it does not allow to detect balanced rearrangements which after meiotic segregation might result in genome imbalance in the progeny.

Child↗
PubMed1999

FREEDOM TO OPERATE: Intellectual Property Protection in Plant Biology and Its Implications for the Conduct of Research.

▪ Abstract Research endeavors are being affected by issues involving intellectual property (patents, copyrights, and trademarks). The acquisition of rights in intellectual property by universities can result in the transfer of new innovations to the private sector, with the university recouping a share of the profits for support of further scientific research. Intellectual property rights available for new plant cultivars include plant patents, plant variety protection certificates, plant breeder's rights, and utility patents. Under the patent laws, there is no explicit exemption for research use, so researchers are increasingly being required to execute materials transfer agreements to obtain permission to use patented materials, such as techniques, genes, seeds, and cell lines, in laboratory research and in breeding programs. Research scientists must educate themselves on these issues so that they can make informed decisions regarding their research practices and the licensing of their discoveries.

patents↗
PubMed2004

Reproduction results and offspring performance after non-surgical embryo transfer in pigs.

Increased interest in transfer of valuable genetic material around the world with minimal health risks has stimulated the development of non-surgical embryo transfer (nsET) technologies in pigs. Experimental evidence shows that nsET without sedation of the recipients is now feasible. The goal of this study, therefore, was to evaluate a method of nsET under commercial conditions. The experiment included 135 donor gilts and 45 multiparous recipient sows. Ovulation was induced in both donors and recipients, and nsET was performed using the Swinlet catheter. Donor gilts averaged 16.5 (7-45) corpora lutea, but this depended on age of the donor (P < 0.05). An average of 10.1 transferable blastocysts was recovered per donor, and the recovery rate was 84%. For 44 nsET, 14 recipients (31%) came into estrous before Day 23 after ovulation, 7 recipients (16%) came into estrous between Days 23 and 30, 3 recipients (6.8%) came into estrous between Days 39 and 48, 2 recipients (4.5%) had a late abortion. Finally, 18 of 44 recipients (41%) resulted in successful births, with an average liter size of 7.2 +/- 2.8. Birth weight of nsET piglets were 0.2 kg more than control piglets, but depended on litter size ((P < 0.05). The sex-ratio was not different from 50%. No anatomical abnormalities were observed in the offspring of nsET. Of the recipients that did not become pregnant from nsET, 91% became pregnant after insemination in the next estrous. Gilts born from nsET gave on average 12.4 +/- 3.0 total born piglets in their first pregnancy. In conclusion, the nsET procedure used in this study can be applied in practice without the need for special facilities, such as surgical and anesthesia equipment.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Future directions in air quality research: economic issues.

Our challenge was to address future directions in air quality research that involve economic issues. The paper outlines the role of economics in the evaluation of air pollution impacts on environmental systems and describes existing research. We identify studies that address economic effects in the agricultural sector, in the commercial forest sector, and in unmanaged natural systems. Effects related to ozone exposure are highlighted. The summary of available research is followed by a discussion of research recommendations. Several short-term recommendations are identified that can augment some of the new research being considered by scientists. A more ambitious, long-term research project is outlined for valuing air pollution impacts in unmanaged natural environments. Specifically, the paper describes possible advantages of an 'integrated assessment' framework that more formally brings together the complex relationships that exist in both ecological and economic systems. A final section contains thoughts on the importance of education (i.e., information transfer) in the research process, especially in relation to policy. It is further noted that education should be inclusive of all members of the research team, throughout all stages of the research process.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2004

[Systemic inflammatory rheumatic diseases competence network].

The foundation of the competence network for rheumatology, which is funded by the "Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung" (BMBF) since 1999, succeeded to create a unique research structure in Germany: medical doctors and scientists from six university rheumatology centres (Berlin, Düsseldorf, Erlangen, Freiburg, Hannover und Lübeck/Bad Bramstedt) work closely together with scientists doing basic research at the Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), with rheumatological hospitals, reha-clinics, and rheumatologists. Jointly they are searching for causes of systemic inflammatory rheumatic diseases and try to improve therapies-nationwide and with an interdisciplinary approach. The primary objective of this collaboration is to transfer new scientific insights more rapidly in order to improve methods for diagnosis and patients treatment.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMed1999

Medical informatics educational tasks seen from practical perspective. Tempus-Phare Project CME-02555-96.

This paper tries to synthesize the discussion of a seminar on medical informatics educational tasks held in May 1998 in Sinaia, Romania, within the frame of the Tempus-Phare Project CME-02555-96 entitled "Know How Transfer from University to Industry" and coordinated by the University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Romania. Special emphasis was paid to particular features of medical education requirements in East European countries, with particular reference to Romania.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1999

An insider's guide to knowledge transfer. From Academia to industry.

Higher education institutions (HEIs) can improve the quality of their research through working with industry. Industry can develop more profitable products as a result of working with HEIs. This article explores the process of forming a rewarding partnership and lists the dos and don'ts for academic and commercial people seeking to form a partnership with the "other side."

Education↗
PubMed2004

Efficient gene transfer into primitive hematopoietic progenitors using a bone marrow microenvironment cell line engineered to produce retroviral vectors.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Effective gene transfer into human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells is a compromise between achieving high transduction efficiency and maintaining the desired biological characteristics of the target cell. The aim of our work was to exploit the stromal microenvironment to increase gene transfer and maintenance of hematopoietic progenitors. DESIGN AND METHODS: The murine bone marrow stromal cell line MS-5, known to support primitive human progenitors, was modified into an amphotropic packaging cell, by the stable introduction of DNA coding for retroviral structural proteins, and a viral vector encoding a marker gene. The gene transfer efficiency of the recombinant virus was evaluated by flow cytometry, in vitro assays for committed (CFC) and primitive (LTC-CFC) progenitors, as well as a clonal assay for B and NK lymphoid progenitors. RESULTS: The new packaging cell line (NEXUS) produced equivalent levels of virus as did the established GP+Am12 system, also under serum-free conditions. On average 30% of human mobilized peripheral blood CD34(+) cells were transduced by a single exposure to NEXUS supernatant, representing a three-fold increase over GP+Am12-based technology. Gene transfer into both committed and primitive progenitors increased on average two-fold using NEXUS retroviral supernatant. Furthermore, CD34(+) CD38(low) early progenitor cells purified from umbilical cord blood were efficiently transduced with NEXUS retroviral vector and gave rise to a high frequency of marked B and NK lymphocytes. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that that an established bone marrow stromal cell can be engineered to enhance the genetic modification of primitive hematopoietic and lymphoid progenitors using a clinically relevant method.

Animals↗