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PubMed1993

Epidemiology and risk factors of wedge-shaped defects in a Swiss population.

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of wedge-shaped abrasion defects in the teeth of an adult Swiss population. 980 letters explaining the study were sent to randomly selected subjects. 391 persons (40%) belonging to two age groups (26-30 and 46-50 years) were checked for frequency and severity of wedge-shaped lesions on all buccal tooth surfaces. Furthermore patients were asked about dietary and prophylactic habits as well as other factors possibly relevant to this study. The frequency of severe wedge-shaped defects was 19.1% in the younger, and 47.2% in the older age group, with a mean of 3 affected teeth per person (pooled age group). On average, 34.8% of all patients suffered from tooth hypersensitivity. 84.6% of the examinees with wedge-shaped defects complained of hypersensitivity at these sites. It is concluded that wedge-shaped defects cause considerable problems to more than one third of the population, and that such lesions are often combined with hypersensitivity of affected teeth.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

The rate of cervical abrasion in dental students.

Abrasion of the cervical region of teeth has been attributed to mechanical cleaning procedures using dentisfrices containing abrasives of various kinds. In the present study the loss of substance during a 26 month period in the cervical region of the upper left premolars of dental students was measured directly by means of a micrometer. The average rate of abrasion was found to be 0.2 micro per day. No difference was observed between the group using a "non-abrasive" dentifrice and that employing a conventional paste. The risk associated with pulp exposure under the conditions observed is briefly discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

A longitudinal comparison of tooth whitening resulting from dentifrice use.

The effect of twice-daily brushing with one of three different dentifrices (Arm & Hammer Dental Care, Arm & Hammer Dental Care Extra Whitening, Crest) on stain removal and tooth whitening was examined in 115 volunteers over a period of 12 weeks. The facial surfaces of 12 anterior teeth were assessed for stain using a published, modified version of a standard stain index. Whiteness was measured on teeth 8 and 9 using a single Vita Lumin-Vaccum Shade Guide for consistency. At baseline, the mean facial stain scores were significantly higher (p < 0.05-0.01) for both Arm & Hammer dentifrices than for Crest. In addition, the tooth shades, as indicated by the stain guide, specifically the b* values representing yellowness, were quantified using a Minolta spectrophotometer. Arm & Hammer Dental Care Extra Whitening formula was found to be significantly better than Crest at removing naturally occurring extrinsic stain. The difference between Arm & Hammer Dental Care Extra Whitening and Crest became significant (p < 0.01) after two weeks of use, and remained intact during the balance of the study, achieving p values of 0.0002 for at least one of the three assessed parameters (total stain, proximal, and facial) at weeks 4 and 12. The study also found that Arm & Hammer Dental Care produced a significant increase in tooth whiteness by week 12, whereas Crest showed no such increase at any time during the study. These results suggest that the two Arm & Hammer Baking Soda products are more effective in reducing stain and increasing whiteness than the standard silica-based dentifrice. Their effectiveness is not related to abrasivity since they are less abrasive to tooth enamel than the silica-based product tested.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Dentin hypersensitivity. Occlusion of dentinal tubules by brushing with and without an abrasive dentifrice.

Daily toothbrushing with and without an abrasive dentifrice was performed on the ground surfaces of human cervical dentin attached to resin plates, which had been exposed to the oral cavities of 4 subjects for 8 weeks. Brushing with a dentifrice containing calcium hydrogen phosphate as an abrasive caused most of the dentinal tubules to open. The patency of dentinal tubules is thought to induce dentin hypersensitivity. Brushing without a dentifrice, on the other hand, resulted in occlusion of the dentinal tubules with organic pellicle-containing minerals. Furthermore, abrasion did not occur; however, no bacterial plaque or dental calculus were retained. The occluded tubules which were distributed over the entire dentin surfaces will likely prevent hypersensitivity. Such organic-mineral materials occluding the tubules can be derived from saliva and embedded by the brushing. We suggest that use of a non-abrasive dentifrice will prevent or reduce dentin hypersensitivity in the cervical regions.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Enamel abrasion and enamel tears by porcelain brackets].

Orthodontic brackets manufactured of poly- or monocrystalline alumina ceramics are aesthetically appealing, but unfortunately show disadvantages for clinical application primarily causing (1) Abrasions of the enamel of antagonistic teeth, and (2) Tear-outs of the underlying enamel through debonding. To determine whether hardness and/or textural and structural qualities of the ceramics (as characterized by SEM investigations) are responsible for the deleterious clinical effects of abrasion, the amount of decrease of the height of human enamel-molar-cusps was measured. Enamel loss was shown to be significantly more than 100 microns at 10 min. operating time in an abrasive testing device. Also debonding of the ceramic brackets proved to be problematic. Whereas metals and polymeric brackets allow some deflection of the material in addition to the tensile stress, separating the bracket from the enamel at the bracket-to-adhesive interface, or within the adhesive composite, the lacking workability in the ceramic brackets may induce a shift of the break-line during debonding to the adhesive-enamel interface or even into the dental enamel. Development and clinical application of ceramic brackets should improve safety for the enamel. Regardless of ceramic brand the abrasiveness endangers enamel through ceramic/enamel interferences. To avoid tear-out defects, brackets should debond at the ceramic-adhesive interface.

Dental Bonding↗
PubMed2005

Abrasion resistance of titanium nitride coatings formed on titanium by ion-beam-assisted deposition.

To improve the physical properties of the pure titanium surface, thin titanium nitride (TiN) films were deposited by means of ion-beam-assisted deposition. Film structure was confirmed as TiN by X-ray diffraction analysis. Surface hardness and abrasion resistance were significantly improved on TiN-coated specimens. Five combinations of oral hygiene instruments and materials were applied to the specimens as simulations of the oral environment. Treatment with the metal scaler and ultrasonic scaler severely changed the surface features and significantly increased the surface roughness parameters on pure titanium controls, whereas only small scratches and dull undulations were seen on the TiN-coated specimens. Profilometric tracings and scanning electron micrographs demonstrated the improved abrasion resistance of the TiN-coated specimens.

Coated Materials, Biocompatible↗
PubMed2005

The measurement in vitro of enamel and dentine wear by toothpastes of different abrasivity.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the in vitro enamel and dentine wear by toothpastes with a range of Relative Dentine Abrasivity (RDA) and Relative Enamel Abrasivity (REA) values. METHODS: Human enamel/dentine (approximately 50:50) blocks (approximately 4 x 4 mm) were polished and the enamel indented with four Knoop indents. The step across the enamel-dentine junction was measured by interference microscopy. Specimens were brushed in vitro with toothpastes with a range of RDA/REA values using a flat trim toothbrush mounted in a Wira brushing machine for 360 s and a load of 375 g. After brushing the Knoop indent length and the enamel-dentine step were remeasured and the amount of wear to the enamel and dentine was calculated. RESULTS: The mean enamel wear ranged from 0.05 to 0.40 microns, with the highest wear for the highest REA product. The mean dentine wear for all toothpaste products tested was positively correlated with RDA value (R2 = 0.897). The correlation was further improved if median wear values were used (R2 = 0.930). CONCLUSIONS: This study has demonstrated a rapid technique for the simultaneous investigation of the abrasive wear of toothpaste on enamel and dentine. There was a good correlation between median dentine wear and RDA values.

Dental Enamel↗
PubMed1984

Dentifrice abrasivity. The use of laser light and supplemental techniques for characterizing toothpastes containing different abrasives. An in vitro study.

The abrasivity characteristics of six commercially available toothpastes containing different abrasives were investigated by using laser light reflexion and radiotracer methods. Surface profile and laser diffusometer measurements were also included in the study. Significant and, in some cases, substantial variations of abrasivity were observed. A certain correlation between the results of the different methods was found and used for purposes of ranking the toothpastes. The investigation indicated a necessity to use a combination of quantitative and surface descriptive methods in order that a complete picture of the abrasive properties of a dentifrice might be obtained. The importance of including other than biological materials in the test was also emphasized.

Dentifrices↗
PubMed1990

Paleoepidemiology of a central California prehistoric population from CA-Ala-329: dental disease.

Ala-329 is a prehistoric central California site located on the southeastern margin of San Francisco Bay, dating from approximately 500 AD up to pre-European contact. A large earth mound, Ala-329, has yielded many well preserved burials, approximately 300 of which are included in this study. The most common pathological lesions seen in this population are in the dentition. Advanced attrition is pervasive, affecting all individuals with teeth in occlusion for 2 years or more. Deciduous teeth are involved even in very young children and often show severe wear before replacement. In the permanent dentition, all elements are involved by the second decade; in the oldest age category (41+ years), all individuals show severe wear throughout their dentitions. In fact, by the end of the third decade, the majority of individuals have no enamel remaining. Mild periodontal involvement is found in 74% of adults, socket resorption in 53%, and abscesses in 31% of the relevant sample. Interestingly, although dental abscesses are found more than twice as often among males, socket resorption is seen more often among females. Dental caries are seen in only 10 individuals. The high incidence of periodontal remodeling, socket resorption, and dental abscesses is probably a secondary result of severe dental attrition. It is hypothesized that a large quantity of abrasives in the diet is responsible for the extreme degree of attrition, in fact, among the most severe for any population yet described.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

The restoration of functional occlusion and esthetics.

Severe occlusal destruction, whether it results from attrition, abrasion, or erosion, must be met with definitive diagnosis and treatment. This case report illustrates the step-by-step diagnosis and treatment of a patient with severe occlusal wear. Restoration of a functional occlusion and esthetics involved endodontic treatment, reestablishment of the vertical dimension of occlusion, osseous periodontal surgery, and placement of single-tooth cast glass-ceramic crowns.

Crowns↗
PubMed1992

A critical comparison of dentifrice abrasion scores on dentine recorded by gravimetric and radiotracer methods.

Dentifrice abrasivity on dentine is conventionally ranked by various in vitro methods. The abrasivity of selected dentifrices in Switzerland was ranked in 1985 by the gravimetric and in 1989 by the radiotracer method. Because same-named brands of dentifrices were differently ranked by these methods, Swiss clinicians were unsure which ranking to follow. This paper lists the errors known to occur in both techniques, but unfortunately it is difficult to quantitate the magnitudes of these errors. Consequently, it is impossible to determine which method yields the more reliable results. Thus, researchers should look into the problem of dentifrice abrasion scores and try to formulate tests which could simplify the selection of brand-named dentifrices by clinicians and the consumers.

Densitometry↗
PubMed2004

An in situ model to study the toothpaste abrasion of enamel.

OBJECTIVES: In order to understand the clinical relevance of dentifrice abrasivity on the dentition in vivo, an in situ enamel wear model has been developed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Polished human enamel blocks were indented with a Knoop diamond, attached to dentures and worn by adult volunteers for 24 h per day. The blocks were brushed for 30 s, twice per day with dentifrices of known relative dentine abrasivity (RDA) and relative enamel abrasivity (REA). The dentifrices used were either dentifrice A (RDA=85, REA=3.4), dentifrice B (RDA=189, REA=2.0) or dentifrice C (RDA=132, REA=42.7). After 28 days, the blocks were removed and the geometry of each Knoop indent was remeasured. From the baseline and post-treatment values of indent length, the amount of enamel wear was calculated from the change in the indent depth. RESULTS: The median values for enamel wear of dentifrices A, B and C were -0.02, 0.01 and -0.48 microm, respectively. The differences between dentifrice C and dentifrices A and B were of statistical significance. CONCLUSION: This study has demonstrated the usefulness of an in situ technique for investigating the relationship between the abrasivity of a dentifrice in vitro and the wear of enamel in situ.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Microfracture patterns of abrasive wear striations on teeth indicate directionality.

A method is described that will indicate the direction that an abrasive particle was traveling as it scored the surface of a brittle material. Light and scanning electron micrographs of glass, dentine, and enamel abraded by loose and, steel carbide, and diamond indicate that partial Hertzian fracture cones are formed at the margins of wear striations during abrasion. The bases of these fracture cones face in the direction of travel of the abrasive particle and, therefore, indicate directionality. Because this method is based only on the consistent geometry of fracturing of brittle materials, it is independent of the loading of the abrasive particle. The only other method available to determine directionality of striations is unreliable since it uses the width of striations, and, hence, is dependent upon a consistent loading regime of the abrasive particle. This new method has direct application for determining the direction of movement of the jaws during mastication in living or fossil animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[An in-vitro test procedure for evaluating dental restoration systems. 2. Toothbrush/toothpaste abrasion and chemical degradation].

The development of an in-vitro test for evaluation of dental restorative systems comprised primarily the construction of a chewing simulator, which was able to produce occlusal mechanical load and thermal cycling. This machine was described in a previous publication. Additionally, chemical disintegration and toothbrush/toothpaste abrasion have to be included in the cycle. The aim of the present study was to develop appropriate test methods to simulate the two letter parameters and to integrate these methods in the in-vitro test cycle. The results indicated, that the toothbrush/toothpaste abrasion did not show any significant effect in the occlusal contact area. Chemical cycling induced a generalized swelling of the composite samples and a modified wear curve. The toothbrush/toothpaste abrasion led to a rough composite surface in the contact-free area.

Dental Restoration, Permanent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A new abrasive applicator for human enamel biopsy procedures.

Experiments were performed that demonstrated that the felt cylinder usually used to obtain abrasive biopsy specimens did not uniformly remove enamel from rounded or irregular enamel surfaces in the window area. A foam-silicone rubber laminate was developed to replace the felt cylinder. This resulted in greater uniformity of abrasion over the enamel surface within the biopsy window area and better operator handling characteristics.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1993

Effects of two toothbrushes on plaque, gingivitis, gingival abrasion, and recession: a 1-year longitudinal study.

Plaque removal is an important part of good oral hygiene. Many short-term studies have compared the effectiveness of an electric toothbrush in plaque removal to that of a conventional, manual toothbrush. Previous studies proved the electric toothbrush to be more effective on a short-term basis; however, little is known about its long-term effects. In a study that examined 32 patients over a 12-month period, the authors found electric toothbrushing to be more effective in plaque removal. The study measured the differences in abrasion, gingival recession, gingival bleeding, and plaque scores. The study also concluded that no significant gingival abrasion was caused by electric toothbrushing.

Adult↗