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PubMed1989

Hydatid disease: the threat within Papua New Guinea.

Hydatid disease is a problem in those countries where man, grazing animals and dogs live in close association. The adult tapeworm of Echinococcus granulosus causes few, if any, symptoms in the dog and so its presence may be unsuspected. Transmission to man is by ingestion of eggs, which resist desiccation and may be viable for up to one year. Food or water may be directly contaminated or infection acquired by close contact with dogs carrying eggs in their saliva or hair. Though quarantine regulations exist, the introduction of the disease as the tapeworm in dogs or as the hydatid cyst in imported sheep from New Zealand has occurred and its spread is a possibility. The life cycle, clinical manifestations and significance if introduced to rural communities are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Cestode egg production dynamics and fertility in Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Cestoda, Pseudophyllidea)].

Dynamics of egg production of the tapeworm Diphyllobothrium dendriticum has been estimated experimentally in nestlings of the herring gull Larus argentatus per day and per reproductive period. The number of eggs in strobiles has been estimated for the maturation period. Mean egg production of the tapeworm per day (10.43 +/- 2.72 mln) is two orders of magnitude as high as the maximum number of eggs in a mature strobile (0.206 +/- 0.007). It is proposed to estimate coefficient of reproduction intensity as the ratio of egg output per unit of time and maximum egg number in a mature strobile.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Dynamics of egg production of the cestode Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Nitzsch, 1824) (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea) and the concept of fecundity in helminths.

The dynamics of egg production of the tapeworm D. dendriticum has been estimated experimentally in nestlings of the herring gull Larus argentatus per day and per reproductive period. Numbers of eggs in strobilae have been estimated for the maturation period. Mean egg production, of one tapeworm per day (10.42 +/- 2.72 mln) is two orders of magnitude as high as the maximal number of eggs in a mature strobila (0.206 +/- 0.007). It is proposed to estimate the coefficient of reproduction intensity as the ratio of egg output per unit of time and maximum egg numbers in a mature strobila.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Epidemiologic characteristics of diphyllobothriasis in the lower Amur River valley].

Results of epidemiological studies of diphyllobothriasis in the Lower part of the Amur watershed have demonstrated that the disease nosogeographic range covered the entire region. Potential risk of invasion of humans and animals by the tapeworms exists all over the aforementioned area. Season of invasion coincides with the period of migration of calico and humpback salmon which are additional hosts of Diphyllobothriidae. Invasion occurs outside the Amur freshwater area; thus the real disease foci are absent in the Lower part of the Amur watershed. This is due to the fact that the disease is not induced by wide fish tapeworm, but by a marine or estuarine-marine species.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1987

Thymidylate synthase activity in the development of Hymenolepis diminuta.

Extracts of the tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta, catalyse N5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate-dependent release of tritium from [5-3H]dUMP, indicating the presence of thymidylate synthase. The enzyme activity was found in immature, mature and gravid proglottids, as well as in immature and mature oncospheres. The reaction showed pH optimum at 7.5. Its Michaelis constants were approximately 2 and 15 microM for dUMP and (+/-), L-N5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate, respectively. Incubation of the tapeworm extracts with 5-F-[3H]dUMP and N5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate resulted in formation of a labelled complex, separable under conditions of SDS polyacrylamide electrophoresis (mol. wt. of approx. 34,000), corresponding to thymidylate synthase subunit. Results of gel filtration of the above complex, under nondenaturing conditions, pointed to a dimeric structure of the enzyme.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Host genetics: a key factor in regulating the distribution of parasites in natural host populations.

The immune response that expels the tapeworm Hymenolepis citelli from the small intestine of its host the white-footed deer mouse is genetically controlled. Patent infections with this tapeworm occur only in individuals that are homozygous for a recessive allele expressed at a single gene locus. By studying this natural host-parasite system in the laboratory it was shown that host genetics contributes to parasite overdispersion in a host population in the absence of all other ecological variables. Thus, the substantive influence of the proportions of resistant and susceptible genotypes in the host population must be considered when developing parasite population models of transmission or control measures.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Studies on taeniasis in Taiwan. V. Field trial on evaluation of therapeutic efficacy of mebendazole and praziquantel against taeniasis.

Taeniasis is a major public health problem among the aboriginal populations on Taiwan, and is highly prevalent and wide spread in the mountain areas of 10 Counties. Over 27,000 cases of tapeworm infection are estimated influencing the health and economy in the endemic areas. A treatment of taeniasis with mebendazole and praziquantel followed by a re-treatment with atabrine has been done in the field trial, and confirmed that praziquantel is highly effective agent against tapeworm infection, but mebendazole is not. Based upon experiments reported here praziquantel in a single dose of 150 mg, and 450 mg are highly effective against taeniasis and hymenolepiasis respectively.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

[Increased risk of infection by Echinococcus multilocularis for people in the endemic "Schwaebische Alb" region?].

The infestation by the larva of Echinococcus multilocularis, also known as alveolar echinococcosis, is the most dangerous parasitic disease of man in Middle Europe. This is due to the location in the liver but still more so because of the proliferative and infiltrating growth of the larval tissue. The basic infective cycle of the parasite is a zoonosis between foxes as final hosts and small rodents such as common voles as intermediate hosts. Man can be a false intermediate host and thus a carrier of the larval stage. The infection arises from oral ingestion of the tapeworm eggs either on wild berries or in dust. Dogs and cats are a further important source of infection. They can be facultative carriers of adult E. multilocularis and are thus able to excrete eggs or proglottids of the tapeworm. In west Germany, in particular the "Schwäbische Alb" must be regarded as an endemic region for E. multilocularis. According to the examinations of Zeyhle, the infection rate of foxes here is more than 15% on an average, in some local areas as for example in the district of Reutlingen it is over 25%. In order to estimate the danger of infection for man in hyperendemic areas the population of two villages of this district and also specially endangered occupational groups (hunters, foresters) of the whole "Schwäbische Alb" have been examined for echinococcosis by serological means. A stepless ELISA was used as screening test. Thus circa 2200 persons liable to E. multilocularis could be examined. Among the population of the district of Reutlingen nine highly suspective sera could be detected. Computer tomography of these nine persons showed only one case of Echinococcus which could be identified as E. multilocularis after operation. Presumably serological positive cases come up as a consequence of a real contact with E. multilocularis. But in most cases the larval cestode tissue might soon degenerate because man is a relatively poor intermediate host. It cannot be excluded, however, that the Echinococcus-larva could not yet be identified clinically because of its early stage. According to most cautious estimation the prevalence of E. multilocularis in this endemic area might be one per thousand, the contact frequency, however, up to one per cent.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Thymus dependency of induced immune responses against Hymenolepis nana (cestode) using congenitally athymic nude mice.

Anti-parasite antibody responses were compared among several strains of mice experimentally infected with the dwarf tapeworm, Hymenolepis nana. The antibody titres were highly variable among the mouse strains in addition to variation in worm fecundity and longevity. The influence of the thymus on both infection and anti-parasite antibody production (especially of IgE isotype) was studied by the use of congenitally athymic (nu/nu) nude and their phenotypically normal (nu/+) CD-1(ICR) mice infected with H. nana. All nude (nu/nu) mice harboured fully mature 70 day old adult tapeworms of the first generation derived from eggs initially given on day 0. In addition, they contained (a) younger second generation adults derived from autoinfection and present in the intestinal lumen, (b) a number of abnormally large (about 1-2 mm in diameter) balloon like, fluid filled cysticercoids in not only the intestinal tissue but also parenteral tissues such as the mesenteric lymph nodes, liver and lung, and (c) normal cysticercoids derived from challenging eggs in the intestinal tissue. Infected nude mice produced no antibodies detectable by PCA (IgE) and double diffusion (IgG) tests. In contrast, normal (nu/+) mice and nude mice reconstituted with thymocytes expelled almost all luminal adults of the primary infection by day 70 and produced antibodies to extracts of adult H. nana. Neither autoinfection nor reinfection following egg challenge occurred in any of these normal (nu/+) and reconstituted nude mice. Therefore, acquired immune responses against H. nana (as assessed by resistance not only to the tissue phase measured by the failure of tissue cysticercoid recovery from egg challenge, but also to the lumen phase assessed by the failure of autoinfection adult recovery and 'worm expulsion' of the initially established adults) are all thymus-dependent in mice. The antibody responses examined are also thymus-dependent.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Human infection with Bertiella studeri in Thailand.

Bertiella studeri infection in a-26-year old Thai female was reported from Thailand. The intermittent diarrhoea and evacuation of a segment of the tapeworm brought the patient to the hospital. The parasitological description of the tapeworm specimen is reported.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Taeniacidal efficacy of SQ 21,704 in dogs by various types of oral administration and in comparison with niclosamide and bunamidine hydrochloride.

The streptothrinin antibiotics SQ 21,704 was evaluated against naturally occurring Taenia pisiformis and Dipylidium caninum infections in dogs when they were given at a dose level of 37.5 mg/kg of body weight in four different rations: loaf-type canned meat; chunk-type canned meat; dry (gravy-type) meal; and dry (pelleted) meal. The SQ 21,704 was 100% efficacious against both T pisiformis and D caninum infections when given with the chunk, gravy, and pelleted rations. When given with the loaf-type canned meat, it was 100% effective against T pisiformis and 60% efficacious against D caninum. The SQ 21,704 was effective against both tapeworm species when given orally as a liquid at a dose level of 37.5 mg/kg, formulated as an aqueous suspension containing 94 mg of activity per milliter. The SQ 21,704 was also tested in dogs when given orally in gelatin capsules at a dose level of 37.5 mg/kg without fasting, and was 100% efficacious against both tapeworm species. The results of a comparative taeniacidal study demonstrated that SQ 21,704 was 100% effective in removing both T pisiformis and D caninum when administered orally at a dose level of 37.5 mg/kg, whereas niclosamide and bunamidine hydrochloride were only partially effective at their recommended dose levels. One of five dogs treated with niclosamide at a dose level of 157 mg/kg was positive at necropsy, giving an orally efficacy of 80%. Three of five dogs treated with bunamidine hydrochloride at a dose level of 49 mg/kg were positive at necropsy, giving an overall efficacy of 40%.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1978

Cestocidal activity of albendazole in calves.

Sixty commercial-grade calves naturally infected with tapeworms (Moniezia benedeni and M expansa) were used in a controlled experiment to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of 4 dose levels of albendazole. Calves were randomly divided into 5 groups of 12 each. One group served as non-medicated controls. Other groups were drenched with albendazole (methyl [5-(propyltion)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl] carbamate) at dose rates of 20, 10, 5 and 2.5 mg/kg of body weight. Calves were necropsied 14 days after treatment. Doses of 20 and 10 mg/kg were 100% efficacious in reducing the number of tapeworm scolices, and doses of 5 and 2.5 mg/kg were 97.8%. Medicated cattle did not show signs of intoxication.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[The effect of paromomycin sulfate on Diphyllobothrium latum].

Nine vital tapeworms were expelled from 7 patients with diphyllobothriasis latum by the modified Damaso De Rivas' method. Seven worms of them placed in 1% and 5% paromomycin solution (37 degrees C, pH 6.8--6.9) and 2 were in physiological saline at 37 degrees C as controls. In both 1% and 5% solution, the movement of worms stopped completely within 15 minutes. When they were taken out from the solution and washed thoroughly with physiological saline solution, they did not move any longer and died soon. As for the controls, they were moving with animation in physiological saline at 37 degrees C even after 60 minutes. Pathohistologically (H.E. stain), the scolex was seriously affected down to the immature proglottid; degeneration and desquamation of the villi and cuticle with somatic cells exposed and edematous swelling of the whole body. Somatic cells had degenerative necrosis, plasmatomy and disorder in the disposition of the circular muscle and longitudinal muscle were marked. Scanning electronmicroscopy revealed that the worms treated with paromomycin had the scolex remarkably impaired and destroyed the villous epithelial layer and cuticle of the immature proglottid adjacent to the scolex desquamated exposing somatic cells regardless of the duration of exposure to and the concentration of paromomycin, while in the controls, the scolex was normal and the worm surface was closely covered with normal villi. Aminoglycoside antibiotics are known to have neurotoxic effect in general. It seems to be related to this neurotoxicity that paromomycin solution stopped the movement of worms. The changes occurring in the tapeworms were irreversible and the worms died soon. It is suggested that when patients with diphyllobothriasis latum are administered with paromomycin, the alterations of the worms induced by paromomycin are accelerated by potent human digestive juice.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[Diphyllobothrium latum infection in Akita Prefecture. Infections occurring from 1974 to 1981 and the clinical effect of paromomycin sulfate].

Forty-one patients, aged 2 to 68 years old, infected with Diphyllobothrium latum in Akita prefecture were treated using paromomycin sulfate from 1974 to 1981. Paromomycin sulfate was administered orally in a single dose of 20, 30 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg. Twenty-three cases expelled tapeworms. However, only 9 (28.1%) out of 32 tapeworms expelled had their scolex. It can be said that all cases were successfully treated with paromomycin sulfate, since they showed the egg-negative on 3 weeks or 1 month after the treatment. The drug was well tolerated and no side effects were encountered in any patients. It was suggested that paromomycin sulfate was effective and also safe therapeutic agent for the treatment of D. latum infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Single dose treatment with praziquantel (Cesol R, EmBay 8440) of human cestodiasis caused by Diphyllobothrium pacificum.

Diphyllobothrium pacificum, a large tapeworm of seals, is often found as an accidental parasite of man in Perú. The main symptoms is causes are abdominal pain, meteorismus and flatulence, and diarrhea. We report the results of 32 single-dose (10 mg/kg weight) treatments with Praziquantel (Cesol R, EmBay 8440) in 31 patients. One of these patients was shown to be cured but presented a reinfection 270 days later, and required retreatment. Praziquantel was effective in all cases. All patients were clinically cured. No ova were found in stool examinations at 30, 60, and 90 days after treatment, while pretreatment stools were positive for ova with all the techniques used. The antiparasitic effect was evident in 11 cases which segments of the tapeworm were eliminated within the first 3 days of treatment: the fragments were all partially digested or autolysed. A treatment scheme incorporating a purge may be best, to recover the parasite in its entirety and thus ascertain cure with no repeated controls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Prevalence of parasitism diagnosed by fecal examination in Louisiana dogs.

The prevalence of canine intestinal parasitism was evaluated by fecal examination of 4,058 dogs admitted to the Louisiana State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Clinics from March 1977 to March 1980). One or more species of parasites was identified in 2,048 (50.5%) dogs. Hookworms were encountered in 38.5% of the dogs examined, whipworms in 14.9%, ascarids in 8.5%, coccidia in 2.6%, tapeworms in 2.2%, and giardia in 0.8%. Single parasitic infection was present in 1,456 (35.9%) dogs. For hookworm and whipworm infections, male dogs were significantly (P less than .05) more often affected, compared with females or spayed females. Ascarid, coccidia, and giardia infections were more prevalent in pups than in mature dogs, whereas whipworm infections were detected less often in dogs less than 6 months of age. Hookworms were the most prevalent parasites in male (39.2%) and female (35.7%) dogs less than 6 months of age and maintained high prevalence in mature dogs. Tapeworm infections were diagnosed sporadically in all age groups. In female dogs greater than 24 months of age, significantly less parasitism was present as compared with younger females. In male dogs, the prevalence of parasitism diminished less markedly with increasing age.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1981

Scanning electron microscopy of the surface of the adult Multiceps endothoracicus and a comparison of its larval and adult scoleces.

Scanning electron microscopy disclosed differences in various areas of the surface of the adult tapeworm, and in larval and adult scoleces of M. endothoracicus. Microtriches with apically crooked spikes were found in the circlet of hooks of the adult tapeworm, and in the area between the outer and inner sucker margins, i.e., in sites important for intestinal attachment. Dimorphic microtriches were present on the inner margin of the suckers and around the genital pore, while the only area to contain dimorphic microtriches in the larva was the surface of the rostellum. An illustration is given of the egg and its fixation to uterine branches.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

The possible role of the soil fauna in the epizootiology of cysticercosis in cattle. I. Earthworms -- the biotic factor in a transmission of Taenia saginata eggs.

The role of earthworms in the transmission of Taenia saginata eggs was determined by inoculating 30 earthworms directly: lumbricus terrestris, Allolobophora caliginosa and Eisenia foetida with tapeworm eggs. The remaining earthworms (280 specimens) were examined by contaminating their medium indirectly with T. saginata eggs or segments. It has been concluded that the eggs of tapeworms may be transmitted by the digestive tracts of earthworms. It seems that in the natural environment earthworms may contribute to the horizontal and the vertical spreading eggs in soil and the same may play an important role in the epizootiology of cysticercosis in cattle.

Animals↗