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PubMed2006

Sociodemographic associations of physical, emotional, and sexual intimate partner violence in Spanish women.

PURPOSE: To measure the lifetime prevalence of physical, emotional, and sexual Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) in women attending general practice in Spain and to assess sociodemographic factors associated with the different types of abuse. METHODS: The sample included 1402 randomly selected women, aged 18 to 65 years, attending general practice in three Spanish regions. A self-administered structured questionnaire specifically developed for the study was used. Given the overlap between the different types of lifetime abuse, various categories were created by combining the different types. Multiple logistic regression models were developed to identify the sociodemographic factors independently associated with the different categories of abuse. RESULTS: Lifetime prevalence of IPV was 32%, and 14.4% referred having experienced emotional abuse alone. Factors independently associated with all categories of abuse included being separated/divorced/widowed, having three or more children, and lacking social support. Increasing age was protective for physical and emotional abuse (odds ratio = 0.96; 95% confidence interval = 0.93-0.99). Women with the lowest monthly family income (< 600 euro) (1 euro = 1.32 euro) were most likely to experience all IPV categories, except for emotional abuse alone. CONCLUSIONS: IPV is a common problem in general practice. The identification of factors associated with this public health problem is essential for its prevention and treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

The impact of federal and state laws on children exposed to domestic violence.

Until recently, few federal and state laws specifically addressed the needs of children in families in which there is domestic violence. Yet, many laws, particularly in the areas of domestic violence, family law, child welfare, welfare reform, and immigration, can have profound effects on the well-being of these children. The growing understanding by legislators and policymakers of the potential harms of domestic violence to children has resulted in recent years in statutory changes, particularly at the state level. However, laws that are enacted and implemented with inadequate knowledge of the complex dynamics of domestic violence and the unique issues battered parents and their children face may have unintended negative consequences for the children these laws are designed to protect. Collaboration across public and private social service agencies and domestic violence training for court personnel are examples of efforts that can bridge this knowledge gap and increase the likelihood that the protective intent of the laws is carried out in practice. This article analyzes current and proposed federal and state civil laws to better understand their potential impact on children affected by domestic violence. A companion article by Lemon in this journal issue examines court decisions related to these laws.

Child↗
PubMed1984

Privacy versus accountability: a health care dilemma.

Social work practitioners are obligated both to document their services to clients and to protect information about their clients from unwarranted access and use. In the current environment of social work practice in the health care field, these obligations often conflict. This article describes and offers solutions to the dilemma of privacy versus accountability. If social workers maximize the protection offered by the four principles of privacy: confidentiality, anonymity, client access, and abridgment , they can safeguard personal information while still meeting accountability standards.

Civil Rights↗
PubMed1998

What do adult squash players think about protective eyewear?

OBJECTIVE: To determine the attitudes of adult squash players towards protective eyewear. METHODS: A survey of 197 competition and social squash players from seven squash centres in the outer eastern suburbs of Melbourne, Australia was conducted in September to October 1995. Information about participation in squash, previous injuries, use of protective eyewear, barriers towards eyewear use, and attitudes towards protective eyewear was obtained by a self report questionnaire. RESULTS: Squash is a popular sport in Australia. Of the players surveyed, 6% played in junior competitions, 67% in senior competitions, and 27% were social players. Most had been playing for more than ten years. Some 15% of players had previously suffered an eye injury, most commonly caused by a racquet. Less than 10% of players reported that they wore protective eyewear when they played squash, and 35% of these wore prescriptive lenses which they considered to be protective. The major reason for not wearing protective eyewear was the perception that it was unnecessary. Poor vision and a lack of comfort were also stated as reasons by a significant number of players. More than half (57%) of the respondents agreed that more players should wear protective eyewear, yet only 16% thought it should be compulsory for all players. There was considerable support for protective eyewear use by junior players, however. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of protective eyewear use is low among competition and social squash players in Melbourne. The major areas that need to be addressed are the ignorance of the need for protective eyewear among social and experienced players and the mistaken belief that prescription lenses provide adequate protection on a squash court.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Social support, demands of illness, and depression in chronically ill urban women.

In this study we used structural equation analysis to examine the relationship between chronic illness and depression among urban women. The model included the number of chronic illnesses reported, the demands of illness, perceived social support, and salient demographic variables as predictors of depression. The number of chronic illnesses had no direct effect on depression but had a direct impact on the demands of illness which led to decreased social support and increased depression. Being married played a protective role by reducing depression both directly and indirectly through increased social support. Having children under 18 in the home increased depression by increasing the demands of illness. These results provide important information about women with chronic illness and their resultant risk of depression.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Religion and mortality among the community-dwelling elderly.

OBJECTIVES: This study analyzed the prospective association between attending religious services and all-cause mortality to determine whether the association is explainable by 6 confounding factors: demographics, health status, physical functioning, health habits, social functioning and support, and psychological state. METHODS: The association between self-reported religious attendance and subsequent mortality over 5 years for 1931 older residents of Marin County, California, was examined by proportional hazards regression. Interaction terms of religion with social support were used to explore whether other forms of social support could substitute for religion and diminish its protective effect. RESULTS: Persons who attended religious services had lower mortality than those who did not (age- and sex-adjusted relative hazard [RH] = 0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.52, 0.78). Multivariate adjustment reduced this relationship only slightly (RH = 0.76; 95% CI = 0.62, 0.94), primarily by including physical functioning and social support. Contrary to hypothesis, religious attendance tended to be slightly more protective for those with high social support. CONCLUSIONS: Lower mortality rates for those who attend religious services are only partly explained by the 6 possible confounders listed above. Psychodynamic and other explanations need further investigation.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1995

Social support and schizophrenia: a review of the literature.

Within an interactive model of schizophrenia, social support is postulated to serve as a protective factor that facilitates coping and competence, thus modulating the deleterious effects of social and environmental stressors. Although there is growing evidence of the importance of social support in influencing the course of schizophrenia, the evidence suffers from many methodological weaknesses including vagueness in the conceptualization, operations, and measurement of the construct. These are discussed from the perspective of the social support research in general, and from the social support-schizophrenia perspective. Despite the wide range of research approaches and methodological problems encountered, common threads in respect to social support are found.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

Social vaccine for HIV prevention: a study on truck drivers in South India.

Nearly everywhere that AIDS has been found, HIV infection is fast spreading. No one is known to have recovered from HIV infection. There is no vaccine to cure AIDS (Population Reports, 1989 and The Hindu, dated 9.3.2000). Until a cure or vaccine for HIV infection is found, the only way to prevent the spread of the disease is by changing people's behaviour through AIDS education programmes (Population Reports, 1986). Many national governments are using broadcast, print media, personal contact, counselling methods, etc., to educate people on AIDS and safer sex. Thus, the best vaccine is the 'Social Vaccine.' Social vaccine involves spreading education on how to protect oneself, hundred percent condom use, and changing sexual behaviour. In fact, the social vaccine was so successful in Thailand that the infection rate has come down by 50 per cent (The Hindu, dated 9.3.2000). Truck drivers, prostitutes, and young adults are considered high risk groups for HIV/AIDS in India. An action research study was conducted in Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh (India) among truck drivers. As part of this study, different strategies, namely mass media, personal contact, group discussion, folk media, and counselling, were adopted to provide AIDS education, to encourage increase in condom use for safer sex, and bring changes in their sexual behaviour. The strategies adopted in this study greatly enhanced the knowledge of the truck drivers on AIDS, changed their attitudes on sex, increased the use of condoms, and modified their sexual behaviour. Thus, the social vaccine would help spread education on AIDS, bring changes in the sexual behaviour of the people, increase condom use, and thus help to prevent the AIDS scourge throughout the world. The social vaccine suggested in this study can also be extended to all the high risk group population for successful prevention of this dreadful disease in the world.

Condoms↗
PubMed1996

[Necessity of psychiatrist's support for critical care medicine].

The department of critical care medicine of Sapporo City General Hospital has been accepted 9,476 patients for past 10 years since opening. About 20% of all the patients who were hospitalized were due to accidents by backgrounds of psychiatric disorders. Main disorders are schizophrenia, manic-depressive psychosis, neurosis, alcoholism and so on. Suicides and to harm other persons are occurred unexpectedly and sometimes make the institute face to serious social problems against human rights. For protecting these tragedies, supports by psychiatrists are necessary. Our department has been connected very closely with our psychiatric department since starting. They suggest us to make correct diagnosis and treatment, ways to contact with such patients and their family properly. It's still very hard subject to know the possibility of these accidents in advance, but we strongly hope to promote these psychiatric sciences for protecting tragedies.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Primary socialization theory. Developmental stages, spirituality, government institutions, sensation seeking, and theoretical implications. V.

This fifth and final paper in the series on primary socialization theory includes discussion of issues raised by participants in a forum on the theory. The theory states that drug use and deviant behaviors occur as an outcome of bonding with primary socialization sources and the transmission of norms through those sources. Personal traits and secondary socialization sources influence drug use and deviance indirectly and through their effects on the primary socialization process. Developmentally, the only primary socialization source for the preschool child is the family. In early grade school years, the primary socialization sources are the family and school. Peer clusters emerge as a primary socialization source later, with their greatest effect occurring during adolescence. Adults have varied primary socialization patterns. Levels of ego development among adults may alter the primary socialization process. Spirituality is defined, and its influence on drug use is discussed. Government institutions, such as the criminal justice system, welfare, and child protective services, are now included among secondary socialization sources. The fact that the general theory of primary socialization is not ethnocentric or temporocentric is discussed. Implications of the theory for understanding existing or potential risk and protective factors for deviance, and for improving the effectiveness of prevention and treatment are discussed. [Translations are provided in the International Abstracts Section of this issue.]

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Service utilisation, social support and psychiatric status in a cohort of patients with schizophrenic psychoses. A 7 year follow-up study.

All persons (n = 60) who contacted the South-Verona Psychiatric Case Register in 1979 and received an ICD-9 diagnosis of 'schizophrenia or other functional non-affective psychosis' were traced in 1986. 41 patients (17 males, 24 females) living in the community were assessed on a number of measures of psychopathology, social functioning, social support and service use. There were two major types of contact during the follow-up period: long-term but not high use (n = 9); and neither long-term nor high use (n = 16). In addition, ten patients were out of contact and six were outside the catchment area. Social support was highly variable, but overall negative and positive factors were evenly balanced. Symptomatology and social functioning were largely unrelated to service use, but significantly and negatively correlated with social support (i.e., the greater the level of social support, the higher the level of functioning). Social support was unrelated to patterns of contact, but was negatively correlated with measures of service utilization (i.e., the greater the level of social support, the lower the dependency on hospital inpatient care). These findings point to the need for developing community-based mental health services which maintain and enhance the protective effect of the patient's social support network.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Inverse social gradient of secondary immune response parameters in children.

BACKGROUND: In children, the prevalence of allergy increases with increasing socioeconomic status. If frequent immune response stimulation by infections protects against development of allergic diseases, then a social gradient in infections should exist. The aim of our study was to assess the relation between social class, immune parameters, and the prevalence of respiratory infections in children. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey examined children aged 5 to 14 years in 3 communities of Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany. Data of 1724 children were gathered by a parent-completed questionnaire and analyses of blood samples. Social class was defined by parental educational level. Immune parameters included serum immunoglobulin (Ig)G, IgA, and IgM; the C3c component of complement; and the total leukocyte count. The period prevalence of febrile colds and lifetime prevalences of physician-diagnosed bronchitis, tonsillitis, otitis media, and pneumonia were assessed from parents' reports. Adjusted odds ratios for the association between social class and belonging to the group of children with immune parameter levels in the upper 50th or 75th percentile or experiencing respiratory infections were calculated by logistic regression. RESULTS: Social class was inversely associated with secondary immune response parameters (IgG, IgA), whereas indicators of primary immune reactions and inflammation (IgM, C3c, leukocytes) were not related to social status. While an inverse social gradient was found for the period prevalence of febrile colds, the frequency of bronchitis, tonsillitis, and otitis media decreased with decreasing social class. CONCLUSIONS: Health inequalities exist in immune reactions and respiratory infections in children from different social classes. We hypothesize that in children from lower social classes, increased frequency of infections stimulated the secondary immune response and protected against more severe courses of respiratory infections.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[The general practitioner in relation to social psychiatric concepts of schizophrenia treatment].

In the last 30 years the traditional concept of schizophrenia has changed basically because of epidemiological investigations and studies on expressed emotion and on life-events. The concept of vulnerability in schizophrenia distinguishes stress and protection factors. As a consequence to social psychiatry, psychiatric clinics got smaller, and new outpatient facilities were created. In the treatment of schizophrenic patients, the general practitioner has an important role. Some practical concepts of therapy are discussed.

Deinstitutionalization↗
PubMed2003

The evolving experience of illness for Chinese women with breast cancer: a qualitative study.

The study of illness meaning in cancer in western communities has usually focused on causal attributions. We report a phenomenological study of 17 Hong Kong Chinese women with breast cancer, interviewed on completion of initial treatment, and describe how the illness experience and hence, meaning evolves for women in the Hong Kong Chinese culture. Themes arising from the identification and treatment of the disease include the difficulty of living in uncertainty and of maintaining and regaining normalcy in a superstitious society. The initial uncertainty of disease detection and the diagnostic process are characterized by shock and disbelief mingled with fear of death. Treatment choice presents women with difficulties arising from more uncertainty over the pressure to make quick decisions and the dilemma of death or mutilation. Following treatment, re-evaluation, re-prioritizing and positive life-re-evaluation occur. Changes in appearance proved problematic for those women who tried to hide their disease to protect themselves against stigmatization and social exclusion. In many ways, these findings parallel studies on western populations, suggesting that a common disease-medical care process is a predominant influence in shaping breast cancer experience. Implications for care are drawn from these data.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

Prevention of violence.

Rebuilding the village, increasing access to health, improving bonding and attachment dynamics, providing opportunities to increase self-esteem and social skills enhancing the adult protective shield, and minimizing the impact of trauma are presented as basic principles to change health behavior. The intent of putting these principles into practice is to strengthen the two key support systems of children, the family and the school, so that they can provide primary prevention of violence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

The primary group as supportive milieu: applications to community psychology.

The paper reviews evidence documenting the health-protective effects of the informal social support extended by kith, kin, and community gatekeepers. Noteworthy features of a classification scheme describing the substance of informal helping behaviors are reviewed. Implications for future research and action address: (a) the need for professionals to reexamine occasions for the provision of consultation and crisis-intervention services; (b) the potential for using social network analysis to identify vulnerable groups in the community; (c) the merits of advocating on behalf of informal support systems as favorable settings for the accomplishment of primary prevention.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Temperature related mortality and ambulance service interventions during the heat waves of 2003 in Ticino (Switzerland).

OBJECTIVES: This study investigates a potential increase in mortality and in the demand for ambulance emergency services among the elderly in particular, in Ticino in the summer of 2003. METHODS: Mortality rates and emergency ambulance interventions rates were compared with records from the previous years. We considered the whole population, aged 65 and over, as well as 75 and over. RESULTS: The 2003 mortality in the population was not significantly different from the previous years. The number of deaths among the elderly showed a small but significant deviation from the expected values during the first heat wave in June 2003, with no significant impact on the seasonal results. The number of ambulance service interventions was larger than during the previous years. CONCLUSION: These results are consistent with findings in other studies. The heat waves (especially in June), were correlated with a higher number of ambulance callouts. In addition to some geographic, climatic, and social factors that had a protective impact, the response of the emergency services is likely to have contributed to a certain reduction in mortality.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Occupational health services for shift and night workers.

It is important for an occupational health service to plan health supervision and measures for shift and night workers considering the biorhythmic and psychosocial desynchronisation, as well as the frequent prevalence of combined effects of adverse environmental and working conditions. The measures taken should be preventive to reduce the expected health risks rather than being rehabilitative. Both a medical surveillance and a counselling service are recommended before and during engagement in shift and night work. Sleep, digestive, metabolic and cardiovascular troubles should be noted and followed up. Medical counselling is especially necessary in the first months of shift and night work exposure and then after long-term exposure. The postulate for timed surveillance and intervention is supported by data of our epidemiologic investigations. The importance of the single health measures is underlined by direct reference to the relevant literature. Recommendations that should be applied in all countries and enterprises are in accordance with the ILO Night Work Convention 1990a and include: (1) appropriate occupational health services provided for night and shift workers, including counselling; (2) first aid facilities during all shift hours; (3) the option of transfer to day work when certified unfit for night work for reasons of health; and (4) measures for women on night shifts, in particular special maternity protection (transfer to day work, social security benefits or an extension of maternity leave). Examples of occupational health services already installed in some states for shift and night workers, and information on future developments are given. Up to now the medical service has been implemented mostly on the basis of collective agreements rather than on the basis of legal provisions. The Austrian Night Shift/Heavy Work Law Regulations of 1981, revised 1993, are cited: workers exposed to night shifts under defined single or combined additional heavy workloads are entitled to a special health assessment, additional rest pauses, additional free time and early retirement depending on years of exposure.

Journal Article↗