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PubMed1979

[Swiss Confederation cooperation in health development: beginnings, experiences and present projects].

The types of medical and health activities in the first ten years of the Swiss Confederation's development aid program (1961-71) are examined in a critical light. In that period such aid was primarily in support of missionary hospitals in Africa and came to 3% of the total aid program of Switzerland. In the seventies guidelines for health programs were established and these have since been systematically applied. The principal aspects are: creation of basic health services, adaptation to local conditions, integration into the overall economic and social development efforts, training of health personnel. In conclusion, the article lists geographically those health projects, which are at present financed and/or staffed by DEH.

Developing Countries↗
PubMedDate not supplied

India mental health country profile.

India, the second most populated country of the world with a population of 1.027 billion, is a country of contrasts. It is characterized as one of the world's largest industrial nations, yet most of the negative characteristics of poor and developing countries define India too. The population is predominantly rural, and 36% of people still live below poverty line. There is a continuous migration of rural people into urban slums creating major health and economic problems. India is one of the pioneer countries in health services planning with a focus on primary health care. Improvement in the health status of the population has been one of the major thrust areas for social development programmes in the country. However, only a small percentage of the total annual budget is spent on health. Mental health is part of the general health services, and carries no separate budget. The National Mental Health Programme serves practically as the mental health policy. Recently, there was an eight-fold increase in budget allocation for the National Mental Health Programme for the Tenth Five-Year Plan (2002-2007). India is a multicultural traditional society where people visit religious and traditional healers for general and mental health related problems. However, wherever modern health services are available, people do come forward. India has a number of public policy and judicial enactments, which may impact on mental health. These have tried to address the issues of stigma attached to the mental illnesses and the rights of mentally ill people in society. A large number of epidemiological surveys done in India on mental disorders have demonstrated the prevalence of mental morbidity in rural and urban areas of the country; these rates are comparable to global rates. Although India is well placed as far as trained manpower in general health services is concerned, the mental health trained personnel are quite limited, and these are mostly based in urban areas. Considering this, development of mental health services has been linked with general health services and primary health care. Training opportunities for various kinds of mental health personnel are gradually increasing in various academic institutions in the country and recently, there has been a major initiative in the growth of private psychiatric services to fill a vacuum that the public mental health services have been slow to address. A number of non-governmental organizations have also initiated activities related to rehabilitation programmes, human rights of mentally ill people, and school mental health programmes. Despite all these efforts and progress, a lot has still to be done towards all aspects of mental health care in India in respect of training, research, and provision of clinical services to promote mental health in all sections of society.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1997

Males with eating disorders: challenges for treatment and research.

Males represent only 10 percent of eating disorder cases. This gender discrepancy is among the most extreme in psychiatry and medicine. Determining what differences in etiology and mechanism best explain the discrepancy presents an intellectual challenge. Beginning at about the third grade, boys and girls diverge in social development. Boys show significantly less desire to lose weight, express dissatisfaction with the upper rather than the lower body, and use dieting to achieve specific external goals rather than as a cultural norm. Males reach a significantly higher body mass index (BMI) than females do before they beginning dieting. (27.2 versus 24.3, p < .01). While overall treatment principles are similar, males in treatment require attainment of a different hormonal milieu (testosterone), attention to past and future sexual role, amelioration of perception of stigma, and preparation for return to male social roles. Males and females suffer comparable degrees of osteopenia and brain shrinkage during anorexia nervosa. The effectiveness of antidepressants in males with eating disorders (compared with that in females) has not been well studied. Male gender is not an adverse factor in short-term or long-term treatment outcome. Understanding the lower frequency of these illnesses in males may lead to more effective means of protecting girls from eating disorders and from the culturally induced distress about normal body size and shape that burdens adolescent development and adult life.

Antidepressive Agents↗
PubMed1996

The team approach to the management of children on chronic peritoneal dialysis.

The diagnosis of chronic renal failure has a profound and lasting impact on a child and family, with the potential for impairment of the child's physical, mental, and social development. To achieve an ideal outcome, the peritoneal dialysis (PD) team must focus on preparing the child and family to perform home dialysis, prescribe the dialysis regimen most compatible with the patient's lifestyle and clearance requirements, ensure optimal nutrition, and facilitate psychosocial adaptation to PD. Close follow-up is essential for early detection, prevention, and treatment of potential complications of dialysis. A multidisciplinary team approach encompassing nursing, medicine, nutrition, and social work best suits the needs of the child and family.

Child↗
PubMed1991

School readiness and CNS maturity: relation to psychophysical and psychosocial development and to early school achievement.

In randomly selected schools 113 girls and 102 boys were subjected to a School Readiness (SR) test and to a Complex Reaction Time (CRT) measurement at the age of 7. Their psychophysical development, social adjustment and school achievement were assessed by teachers and by means of self-ratings during the first 3 school years. The developmental outcome of the children seemed principally related to CNS-maturity as measured by CRT, and not to the SR test scores. A CNS-dysfunction, indicated by slow CRT, seemed to be an essential handicap during the early school years, impairing particularly the boys' language and motor development and their school achievement and causing feelings of inferiority. This handicap, which is mainly a developmental delay, should thus be taken into consideration when assessing school maturity. Early detection of this handicap might enable us to take preventive measures with regard to these children.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Development of the Grammar and Phonology Screening (GAPS) test to assess key markers of specific language and literacy difficulties in young children.

BACKGROUND: Despite a large body of evidence regarding reliable indicators of language deficits in young children, there has not been a standardized, quick screen for language impairment. The Grammar and Phonology Screening (GAPS) test was therefore designed as a short, reliable assessment of young children's language abilities. AIMS: GAPS was designed to provide a quick screening test to assess whether pre- and early school entry children have the necessary grammar and pre-reading phonological skills needed for education and social development. This paper reports the theoretical background to the test, the pilot study and reliability, and the standardization. METHODS: This 10-min test comprises 11 test sentences and eight test nonsense words for direct imitation and is designed to highlight significant markers of language impairment and reading difficulties. To standardize the GAPS, 668 children aged 3.4-6.6 were tested across the UK, taking into account population distribution and socio-economic status. The test was carried out by a range of health and education professionals as well as by students and carers using only simple, written instructions. RESULTS: GAPS is effective in detecting a range of children in need of further in-depth assessment or monitoring for language difficulties. The results concur with those from much larger epidemiological studies using lengthy testing procedures. CONCLUSIONS: The GAPS test (1) provides a successful screening tool; (2) is designed to be administered by professionals and non-professionals alike; and (3) facilitates identification of language impairment or at-risk factors of reading impairment in the early educational years. Thus, the test affords a first step in a process of assessment and targeted intervention to enable children to reach their potential.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1988

Early growth delay in diabetic pregnancy: relation to psychomotor development at age 4.

Ninety nine consecutive insulin dependent and 101 non-diabetic pregnant women were examined by ultrasonograph to assess early fetal growth. In 42 of the diabetic mothers and three of the non-diabetic mothers the scan showed early intrauterine growth delay. At 4-5 years of age all children available for study were evaluated by the Denver developmental screening test. Only 23 of the 34 children of diabetic mothers with early intrauterine growth delay had normal test scores compared with 46 of the 50 children of diabetic mothers with normal intrauterine growth. The children failed in personal-social development, gross motor development, and particularly in language and speech development. Children of diabetic mothers with normal early fetal growth had scores very similar to those of the children of non-diabetic mothers, of whom 76 of the 86 tested had normal scores. This study suggests that children with a history of growth delay in early diabetic pregnancy should be screened for possible developmental impairment.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Fetal testosterone and empathy.

BACKGROUND: In animals, fetal testosterone (fT) plays a central role in organizing the brain and in later social behavior. In humans, exposure to atypical levels of prenatal androgens may result in masculine behavior and ability patterns. Normal inter-individual variation in fT levels has also been correlated with later sex-typed behavior. METHODS: In the current study, 38 children (24 male, 14 female), whose fT was analyzed in amniotic fluid, were followed up at age 4. They were asked to describe cartoons with 2 moving triangles whose interactions with each other suggested social relationships and psychological motivations. RESULTS: Females used more mental and affective state terms to describe the cartoons than males. fT was not associated with the frequency of mental or affective state terms. Females also used more intentional propositions than males. fT was negatively correlated with the frequency of intentional propositions, taking sex differences into account. fT was also negatively correlated with the frequency of intentional propositions when males were examined separately. Males used more neutral propositions than females. fT was directly correlated with the frequency of neutral propositions, taking sex differences into account. This relationship was not seen when males and females were examined separately. CONCLUSIONS: These findings implicate fT in human social development. The relevance of our findings to the 'extreme male brain' theory of autism is also discussed.

Affect↗
PubMed2002

[A role of social fostering for rehabilitation of mental patients in nursing homes].

A number of younger disabled persons, aged 18-41 years, who are staying in social care units--psychoneurological nursing homes of the Russian Federation Ministry for Labor and Social Development--are reported to be 42%. A rehabilitation effect rise for these patients and their integration with community on the basis of communicative skill and professional training development proves to be important. A Kurov (Moscow region) psychoneurological nursing home activity is suggested as an example for partial resolution of the problem in the form of "home visits" for the most adapted patients and they stay for the period from 1-2 days to 3 months in the rural families--those of relatives, friends, nursing home staff--for supporting, training and work. A development of different daily living skills (buying, public transport using, etc) was higher in those, staying in the families, as compared to the control group. The problem for fostering law renewing and improvement is discussed.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed2000

Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia: its impact on social functioning.

OBJECTIVE: To examine cognitive impairment in schizophrenia and its impact on social functioning. METHOD: Cohort studies recording cognitive and social development, studies of predictors of poor community outcome, and evidence from brain imaging studies are reviewed. RESULTS: Executive function deficits, and poor performance in verbal memory, vigilance, and working memory tests are strong predictors of poor community outcome and impairment in skills learning. PET scans of regional cerebral blood flow suggest a dynamic imbalance between different cerebral areas rather than overall loss of brain function. CONCLUSION: Chronic cognitive impairment is the strongest predictor of social disability. Results suggest that the impairment of brain function associated with executive deficits is not necessarily irreversible and may therefore be treatable with appropriate drug therapy.

Brain↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Current concept of the role of the hygienic-epidemiologic service under special conditions and of the protection of human environment].

The contemporary role and tasks of hygienic-epidemiological service are the outcome of the significant social, demographic, economic and health changes as a result of general social development. Natural phenomena such as elemental catastrophies, pollution of human environment, permanent threat of breaking out war at different places, all these set special tasks and determine the role of hygienic-epidemiological service. The contemporary role of the hygienic-epidemiological service is to provide scientific approach to the efficient solving of topical hygienic-epidemiological problems originated in newly-made ecological conditions, disturbed balance in nature, and also in changes of social structure of population. The tasks of the hygienic-epidemiological service are classified according to the role and purpose of each institution and according to the territory where the institution is situated, all these depending on situation (regular or special). In regular situation they have the tasks which are concerned with protection of the living environment and they include prevention of the mass deseases, contagious and other. In special situation they are concerned with catastrophies such as floods, earthquakes, breaking out of grow epidemics, occurence of quarantine diseases and other, and their aim is to prevent or at least to lessen the consequences caused by these catastrophies.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed1989

Trends in perinatal and neonatal mortality and morbidity in India.

Although the infant mortality rate (IMR) has reduced by 50% during the past century, it compares poorly with the advanced countries and some developing countries. The observed fall in IMR has been mostly in post-neonatal mortality, with the result that neonatal deaths now account for over 60% of all infant deaths. The overall perinatal mortality rate (PMR) in India is still over 50 per 1000 and has shown virtually no decline during the past decade, However, PMR differs widely in different states, urban/rural areas, different hospitals and so on. PMR is seen to correlate better with social development than economic development of the representative community. The causes of perinatal deaths suggest poor health of mother and poor health facilities and are hence potentially preventable. Various studies have shown that PMR can be significantly reduced within a short span of time. The registration of vital statistics continue to be highly unsatisfactory especially in rural areas.

Cause of Death↗
PubMed1988

Follow-up three years after intervention to relieve unmet medical and social needs of old people.

A follow-up study was conducted 3 years after a socio-medical intervention had been performed as part of an epidemiological study of 75-, 80- and 85-year-old citizens of Copenhagen. The intervention was aimed at relieving unmet medical and social needs of this group of citizens. The main recipients of social services were the oldest, single persons and women. A preponderance of the oldest had unmet social needs, but the need for health intervention did not vary according to age or sex. Although a fifth of the participants displayed unmet health needs and a third unmet social needs, no difference could be demonstrated at follow-up between participants and controls with regard to mortality, hospitalization, and institutionalization. Nor could any difference be found regarding subjective health and economy, loneliness, quality of life and functional ability. This is in contrast to the findings of another recent Danish intervention study. On the basis of the present study and other Scandinavian intervention studies, the authors conclude that in countries with a well-developed social system, efforts to improve the living conditions of the elderly should be concentrated to those who are at particular risk. Also for ethical reasons individualized intervention is greatly preferable to general intervention. It is conceivable, however, that not all risk factors, perhaps not even the most important, can be eliminated by intervention.

Aged↗
PubMed1981

Precursors of symbol formation and childhood autism.

The salience of various precursory requirements for the formation of symbols is discussed. The conclusion is drawn that several necessary precursors could be assumed, and two experiments are described that were designed to test for the presence of these precursors in autistic children compared to matched retarded children. First, there was a study of the children's ability to imitate and form internal images, and then there was a study of their development of a concept of object permanence and ability to anticipate. These studies led to the conclusion that the autistic children could form internal images but seemed to lack the ability to manipulate them in a purposeful and meaningful manner, as reflected in their inability to show symbolic imitations and their lack of tendency to use elements of their perceptions that might allow prediction of future events. The findings are discussed in terms of cognitive and social development.

Arousal↗
PubMed1989

Delinquents and drug use: a model program for community reintegration.

Evidence indicates that serious and persistent delinquency and the frequent use of illicit drugs emerge from common etiological roots. This suggests that treatment efforts which target risk factors of adolescent drug use and crime may be effective in preventing subsequent antisocial behavior. This paper describes Project ADAPT, a treatment program for juvenile delinquents based on the Social Development Model, which integrates this knowledge of risk factors. Project ADAPT is a 3 1/2-year demonstration project which combines behavioral skill training, supportive network development, and involvement in prosocial activities to facilitate the community reentry of youths following placement in a Washington state correctional facility.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[Alcohol abusers 12 years after hospitalization].

The general objectives of this study were to describe the alcohol consumption and the long term effect on social development in a group of heavy alcohol abusers. All the patients were discharged from a special psychiatric department for the treatment of alcohol abuse in 1975. In 1987-1988 they were interviewed and subjected to the Michigan Alcohol Screening Test (MAST). On basis of the MAST-test the patients could be classified as belonging either to the Alcohol-Problem-Free (APF) or the Alcohol-Problem (AP) group. The two groups were compared with regard to conditions during adolescence, social status and alcohol consumption. Of the 206 patients 63 had died by 1987 and 113 were interviewed. The APF-group totaled 19.7% of the cohort. The APF group had had better conditions during adolescence and the main factors for stopping the alcohol abuse were a new marriage, their own will power or religious revival. The AP-group had a considerably reduced alcohol consumption since 1975, mainly because of failing health. Forty-two point five percent of all patients found that detoxification during hospitalization was a great help to them. In conclusion it is found that reasons why 19.7% of the patients stopped their alcohol abuse cannot readily be applied to new therapeutic strategies.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[Environmental primary care for the 21st century].

Primary environmental care combines the original strategy proclaimed at Alma-Ata as primary health care and the conception of integral rural development that emerged from the agrarian policies of Third World countries during the seventies. Within the renewed goal of health for all in the 21st century, the primary environmental care strategy may be considered as all those actions necessary to improve and protect the local surroundings through foresight and prevention of possible problems, with tasks institutionalized at the local level. Analysis and practice of this strategy are based on a model focused on the promotion of human beings, the environment, and social development. Furthermore, it is founded on critical theory and has a holistic perspective. This operational frame encourages participation and action, thus endowing individuals, communities, and societies with the power to make decisions. In this way, leadership is created for the sustainable development of nations.

Environmental Health↗
PubMed1998

Environmental motivations for migration: population pressure, poverty, and deforestation in the Philippines.

"This paper uses a multinomial discrete choice model and data from the Philippines to examine migrant choice between alternative destinations. Travel costs and perceived opportunities at the upland frontier are more important than general (upland plus lowland) destination attributes that indicate more developed social infrastructure or greater expected welfare. For example, migration streams are larger to destinations where the public share of forestland and the road system are larger. These features also characterize regions of more rapid deforestation. Therefore, emigration policies must recognize their effects on deforestation at the frontier--and their anticipated indirect effects on downstream environments."

Asia↗