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PubMed1990

Implications of inflammatory changes on cervical cytology.

OBJECTIVE: To assess premenopausal women with inflammatory changes on cervical cytology for genital infections and cervical abnormalities. DESIGN: Prospective study of women attending general practice and family planning clinics who had a recent cervical cytology result with inflammatory changes. SETTING: Department of genitourinary medicine. PATIENTS: 102 Premenopausal women with recent cytology result showing inflammatory changes and with no history of antibiotic or antifungal treatment since their smear. INVESTIGATIONS: Genital examination and microbiological screening for genital infections; colposcopic examination about six weeks later. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Detection of genital infections, particularly those sexually acquired, and abnormalities on colposcopy. RESULTS: Genital infections were isolated in 77 patients, and one or more sexually acquired infections were found in 22. Prevalence of sexually acquired infections was significantly correlated with younger age (particularly being under 25), being single, separated, or divorced; using non-barrier contraception; and recent change of sexual partner. An abnormality on colposcopy was found in 36 women. There was a strong correlation of a sexually acquired infection with an abnormality at colposcopy; hence younger women were more likely to have a colposcopic abnormality. CONCLUSIONS: Inflammatory changes on cytology are often associated with the presence of a sexually acquired infection and premalignant disease of the cervix, particularly in younger, single women using non-barrier contraception.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the wife of a hemophiliac.

A 71-year-old previously healthy woman developed unexplained thrush, onychomycosis, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and a T-cell defect consistent with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Her only apparent risk factor was infrequent, monogamous sexual contact with her husband, a 74-year-old hemophiliac who had received factor VIII concentrate and subsequently died due to P. carinii pneumonia. She first developed probable signs of the syndrome (recurrent thrush and onychomycosis) 1 year before her husband became ill. These findings suggest that the syndrome can be transmitted heterosexually by an asymptomatic person, and that the female sexual partners of hemophiliacs treated with factor VIII concentrate may be at risk of acquiring the syndrome; frequent sexual contact or several sexual partners are not necessary for transmission to occur; and the syndrome can occur in elderly people if exposed to risk factors. This case further supports the theory that the syndrome in hemophiliacs is due to an infectious agent that can be transmitted heterosexually as well as parenterally.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in a young, sexually-active population.

A prospective study was carried out to determine the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis among 1000 sexually-active women at the Family Planning Association Clinic in Melbourne. This organism was isolated from the cervices of 5.1% of screened women. The women were surveyed about their sexual and gynaecological history, and symptoms of discharge or pain. It was found that women who gave positive results for the presence of Chlamydia were younger, and had commenced intercourse at an earlier age. Risk factors of multiple sexual partners, cervical ectopy and symptoms of urethritis were identified. We recommend that women who have more than one sexual partner should ask their partners to use condoms or, failing this, undergo annual screening for Chlamydia by immunofluorescent staining.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Contextual factors and other correlates of sexual risk of HIV among African-American crack-abusing women.

This study examined differences in contextual factors, substance use, sexual risk behaviors, and comorbid histories between African-American, out-of-treatment, crack-abusing women who had either a single sexual partner or multiple partners. Bivariate analysis indicated that women with multiple partners were more likely than women with a single partner to be homeless, financially dependent, and to have histories of sexual, physical, and emotional abuse. Women with multiple partners reported higher levels of depression, anxiety, and more symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In multiple logistic regression analysis, being unemployed, difficult childhood, and number of days of crack use in the previous 30 days, longer crack runs, and more frequent unprotected fellatio were associated with increased odds of having multiple sexual partners. Being married or living as married was associated with decreased odds of having multiple sexual partners. The importance of assessing contextual and historical factors and implications for future research is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Interventional effect of behaviour psychotherapy on patients with premature ejaculation].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the interventional effect of comprehensive behaviour psychotherapy on the ejaculatory latency of premature ejaculation (PE) patients, sexual satisfaction of sexual partners, as well as its influence on the results of clinical treatment. METHODS: Ninety PE patients were randomly divided into a psychological intervention group (n = 45) and a control group (n = 45). Both groups were given medicine therapy, and the former also received comprehensive behaviour psychotherapy for 6 weeks. All the patients were assessed with the Chinese index of sexual function for PE and ejaculatory latency in the vagina, and the clinical efficacy was compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Before treatment, the ejaculatory latency in the vagina was (0.69 +/- 0.25) min and (0.71 +/- 0.19) min respectively in the intervention and the control groups, as compared with (5.87 +/- 0.59) min and (4.76 +/- 0.54) min before treatment, with significant difference (P < 0.01). In the intervention group, the scores in the control of ejaculatory reflex, the sexual satisfaction of the patients and their sexual partners and anxiety or depress in sexual activity in CIPE were higher than in the control group, with significant difference between the two groups (t = 2.12, 2.31, 2.01, 2.24, P < 0.05). The difference in the SAS score after therapy was of significance (P < 0.01). A month after treatment, the effectivity rates of the two groups were 82.9% and 30% respectively, and the difference was significant (P < .01). CONCLUSION: Comprehensive behaviour psychotherapy obviously adds to the clinical efficacy of drugs in the treatment of PE.

Ejaculation↗
PubMed2000

Self reported sexual and reproductive behaviour of male and female student nurses and midwives in Bulawayo.

OBJECTIVE: To find out more about sexual and reproductive behaviour in male and female student nurses and midwives in Bulawayo. DESIGN: Anonymous self administered questionnaire. SETTING: Schools of Nursing Mpilo and Bulawayo Central Hospitals. SUBJECTS: Three hundred and twenty four students, student nurses (n = 99) and student midwives (n = 225). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Preferred family size, enjoyment and frequency of sexual behaviour, induced abortion, masturbation, pre- and extramarital sex and HIV risk. RESULTS: Male student nurses have far more pre- and extramarital sexual contacts than their female counterparts. Of the married females 67% had only ever had one sexual partner, (this figure was 15% in married males) and 33%, suspect or know that their husband has another sexual partner sometimes. CONCLUSION: Promiscuity is rare in female student nurses. Their risk factors, if any, related to HIV infection are mainly caused by their partners' pre- and extramarital behaviour. HIV testing of these partners is their only realistic hope of reducing their risk. The enjoyment of heterosexual activity is like that in Western Countries although it starts at a later age.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Sexual relationships, secondary syringe exchange, and gender differences in HIV risk among drug injectors.

Injection drug use continues to place women at risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) through both risky injecting practices and risky sexual behavior with male injection drug users (IDUs). Although attendance at syringe-exchange programs (SEPs) is protective against HIV, a recent study found that women attending SEPs who exchanged syringes for other people (secondary exchange) were at greater risk for HIV seroconversion, potentially through risky sexual behavior. We examined this question in a sample of 531 IDUs (175 women and 356 men) attending 23 SEPs in California in 2001. Findings indicated that women were more likely than men to engage in secondary exchange and were more likely to have IDU sexual partners. In multivariate analysis among women, secondary exchange was independently associated with distributive syringe sharing, not engaging in receptive sharing, and not exchanging sex for money or drugs. Multivariate analysis among men found that having an IDU sexual partner was associated with secondary exchange. Women's sexual risk behavior was not associated with secondary exchange, and although women's secondary exchange was associated with individual protection for injection-related behaviors, it may increase network risk. More information on network members is needed to understand gender differences in secondary exchange.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Methods for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in the male partners of infected women: implications for control of trichomoniasis.

Trichomonas vaginalis infection in men is an important cause of nongonococcal urethritis. Effective detection of the parasite in men using culture requires examination of multiple specimens. We compared culture and PCR-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in urethral swabs, urine, and semen for T. vaginalis detection in male sexual partners of women with trichomoniasis identified by wet mount and culture. Trichomonads were detected by at least one positive test in 205/280 men (73.2%) who submitted at least one specimen for culture and PCR. Whereas InPouch TV culture detected only 46/205 cases (22.5%), PCR detected 201/205 (98.0%). Urethral swab cultures from men with urethritis were more likely to be positive with shorter incubation than specimens from men without urethritis. T. vaginalis was detected more often in men with wet-mount-positive partners. Even with a sensitive PCR assay, reliable detection of T. vaginalis in male partners required multiple specimens. The majority of male sexual partners in this study were infected, emphasizing the importance of partner evaluation and treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Increased sexual risk taking behavior among Swedish female university students: repeated cross-sectional surveys.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to perform a repeated cross-sectional study of female university students' sexual and contraceptive behavior, as well as experiences of pornography and sexual harassment and compare the findings with those from earlier studies. METHODS: Waiting-room questionnaires to female university students (n = 315) visiting a Student Health Centre in Sweden. Similar investigations had been performed earlier, which enabled comparisons. RESULTS: Almost all women (98%) had experienced intercourse and giving oral sex (94%). Condoms were most often used at first intercourse (72%) and combined oral contraceptives at latest intercourse (67%). The ever use of emergency contraceptive pills had increased from 22% to 52% over five years and there was a tendency towards more risk-taking behavior with more sexual partners (mean 5.4 in 1999 and mean 7.4 in 2004), more experience of first-date intercourse without a condom (37-45%), and more self-reported sexually transmitted infections (14-21%). The proportion of women who had undergone an abortion remained stable (6%) and fewer women reported ever being sexually harassed in 2004 compared to 1999. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, contraceptive use remained stable over time, but there was a trend towards more risky sexual behavior with more sexual partners, more unprotected first-date intercourse, and more self-reported sexually transmitted infections. Induced abortions, however, had not increased, but the use of emergency contraceptive pills had more than doubled in the five years between 1999 and 2004.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Sex, drugs, and HIV: does methadone maintenance reduce drug use and risky sexual behavior?

This study examined differences in drug use, sexual behavior, attitudes, and perceptions of vulnerability for AIDS between injection drug users who received methadone treatment in the previous 6 months and those who did not. Of the 123 participants assessed, 62 (50%) received methadone treatment. Methadone patients reported fewer sexual partners and greater use of condoms compared to nonmethadone patients. Methadone patients also reported fewer high-risk sexual partners than those not in treatment. Women reported more high-risk partners than men. Methadone patients reported drinking alcohol less, but smoking marijuana more than nonmethadone users. Methadone users had more positive beliefs about the efficacy of condoms for preventing AIDS and expressed less anger than nonmethadone users in situations related to condom usage. These findings have important implications for using methadone maintenance to reduce the dual risk for HIV in injection drug users.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Sexual networks of African-American and Hispanic youth.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To describe the characteristics of several types of sexual partners of African-American and Hispanic urban youth and to determine the association of these characteristics with condom use, contraceptive use, experience with sexually transmitted diseases, and sexual practices. STUDY DESIGN: Data were drawn from personal interviews with a probability sample of low-income urban youth, age 15 to 24 years, conducted in Detroit in 1991 (N = 1,435). RESULTS: Although both ethnic groups tended to form partnerships most often within their own group. Hispanics had sexual partners who varied by ethnicity much more than did African Americans. Furthermore, the longer-term relationships, those that resulted in marriage or cohabitation, were more likely to be with Hispanic partners than were other relationships. Hispanic men were also more likely to report white partners than were Hispanic women. In contrast, for African-American men and women, most reported relationships were with other African Americans. Regardless of ethnicity or relationship type, women had older partners than did men. Partner differences in age or ethnicity showed few or no differences in condom use, reports of sexually transmitted disease, oral intercourse, or use of contraceptive methods. CONCLUSIONS: Although relationships with people of similar age and ethnicity are common, bridges exist for transmission of sexually transmitted infection between different age and ethnic groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Risk behaviour and STD acquisition in genitourinary clinic attenders who have travelled.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the travel history of clients presenting at a genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinic in order to assess the contribution made by sexual partnerships abroad to STD transmission in the UK. SUBJECTS: 386 old and new clients who attended during a 3-month period and who had travelled abroad in the 3 months preceding their visit. METHODS: All participating clients self-completed a confidential questionnaire, the results of which were then linked to their clinical diagnosis (if any). RESULTS: 25% of participants reported a new sexual partner during their most recent trip abroad. In comparison to those not reporting a new partner, they were more likely to be male, travelling alone, to have visited the clinic previously and to have no regular sexual partner. Two-thirds reported never or inconsistently using condoms with these new partners. A total of 11.6% of the STDs diagnosed in the study participants may have been acquired abroad. CONCLUSION: We have found a high rate of new sexual relationships reported by attendees at our GUM clinic, and a low rate of reported condom use. With high HIV incidence rates in many tourist regions, the need for further studies to establish the true extent of imported STDs in the UK is a priority, and primary prevention campaigns to inform travellers are of paramount importance.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Factors that could influence the spread of AIDS in Ghana, West Africa: knowledge of AIDS, sexual behavior, prostitution, and traditional medical practices.

Ghana is a West African nation in the early stages of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic. In a series of surveys done between 1987 and 1989, we examined factors related to the spread of HIV infection, including knowledge about the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), sexual habits, use of prostitutes, traditional healer practices, and skin-piercing customs. Although a polygamous society, three-fourths of married men had only one wife. The number of sexual partners at any one time was generally low. However, the divorce rate was more than 29% and 55% of married men had current sexual partners in addition to their wives. Knowledge about AIDS was widespread, yet 4% of men interviewed had had a sexual encounter with a prostitute within the last month. Use of condoms was very limited and 66% of customers of high-class prostitutes refused to use a condom even after a request to do so by the prostitute. Skin piercing, including scarification, was done by an unsterile instrument by 39% of 74 rural traditional healers, many of whom had more than one patient per day. To combat the spread of AIDS, Ghanaians will have to apply their knowledge of AIDS risk factors to their actual behavior. Many of the social customs are products of poverty and its ensuing social consequences. Funds are needed for specific AIDS prevention programs as well as improved education and health care throughout the country.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2002

Examining memory for heterosexual college students' sexual experiences using an electronic mail diary.

To examine memory for sexual expenences, the authors asked 37 sexually active, nonmonogamous, heterosexual college students to complete an e-mail diary every day for 1 month. The diary contained questions about their sexual behaviors. Six to 12 months later, they returned for a surprise memory test, which contained questions about their sexual experiences from the diary phase. They were asked about their sexual partners, the types of sexual experiences they had, and condom use. Participants underreported the number of partners they had, but they overreported both sexual experiences and condom use. The results have implications for both sexual health educators and for people who engage in high-risk sexual behaviors.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Are patient responses to sensitive sexual health questions influenced by the sex of the practitioner?

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a patient's responses to sensitive questions about their sexual behaviour are influenced by the sex of their treating practitioner. METHODS: An audit was conducted on the computerised medical records of all patients attending the Melbourne Sexual Health Centre through the walk-in triage system between January 2003 and July 2005. Patient responses to sensitive questions about their sexual behaviour were analysed according to patient group (based upon the sex of their sexual partners) and the sex of the treating practitioner. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the reported number of sexual partners, condom use, sex overseas, injecting drug use, or commercial sex work based on the sex of the treating practitioner for the different patient groups. This held true whether clients were homosexual men (n = 1609, p>0.07), heterosexual men (n = 4847, p>0.11), or women (n = 4910, p>0.08). CONCLUSIONS: The sex of the practitioner did not significantly influence patient responses to sensitive questions about their sexual behaviour.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed1993

Frequency of sexually transmitted diseases among university students.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the incidence rate of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among university students and evaluate the associated sociodemographic factors. DESIGN: Mail survey in April 1990. Included in the questionnaire were questions about the subjects' STD experience since their admission to the university and the type and date of the infection. SUBJECTS: Of the 19,682 undergraduate students 2920 subjects, in 10 groups of 292, were randomly selected. A total of 1731 (59.4%) completed the questionnaire. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Estimated annualized incidence rates of genital human papillomavirus infection and Chlamydia infection. RESULTS: The estimated annualized incidence rates of genital human papillomavirus and Chlamydia infections were 2.2% and 1.5% respectively. Among the students who indicated being infected with genital human papillomavirus 59% were 18 to 21 years old (p < 0.05), 76% were women (p < 0.01) and 69% had more than one sexual partner (p < 0.01). No statistically significant associations were observed between age, sex and Chlamydia infection. On the other hand, 95% of the cases of Chlamydia infection were found among those who had more than one sexual partner (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: University students continue to have sexual activities at risk for STDs and should be specifically targetted by general practitioners and health services in an effort to slow the spread of STDs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Focus group interviews about AIDS in Rakai District of Uganda.

Focus group interviews about AIDS were held in Rakai district, Uganda during early 1990 with groups from various sections of the community. It was found that the knowledge of AIDS symptoms and its transmission were widespread. Attitudes regarding many aspects of sexual behavior, AIDS patients, condoms, injections, hospital treatment, sexually transmitted diseases and an AIDS cure were investigated. We found that most people no longer fear casual contact with AIDS patients but they blame spouses of people with AIDS for spreading the infection. Condoms are generally not trusted. Many people feel that condoms cannot prevent transmission of the AIDS virus and some fear that they may get torn and cause complications in women. Most people now do not like injections for treatment and when necessary, prefer disposable needles and syringes. Hospital treatment for AIDS patients is not trusted very much, and many people believe that AIDS patients are intentionally killed off by doctors. Sexual behavior was extensively discussed and it was found that there is generally a reduced level of multiple sexual partners. The reduction is more marked in rural areas but the urban areas are still having higher levels of multiple sexual partners.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2004

Emergency contraception: who are the users?

The objective was to describe the demographic and sexual characteristics of clients attending a Sexual Health Clinic for emergency contraception (EC). Information about women attending the Parramatta Sexual Health Clinic (PSHC) who received EC between January 1999 and July 2002 was derived from the clinic database. Age-matched controls were randomly selected. Univariate and logistic regression analysis was performed to establish which factors were associated with use of EC. Two hundred and sixty-seven women requesting EC, and an equal number of controls, were studied. Factors that were independently associated with EC use were being a student, (OR=1.7 [95% CI 1.02-2.69]) and having a regular sexual partner (OR=2.3 [95% CI 1.14-4.73]). Women requiring EC were significantly less likely to have had a sexually transmitted infection (STI) (OR=0.3 [95% CI 0.16-0.60]) or a previous pregnancy (OR=0.2 [95% CI 0.09-0.67]) than controls. We concluded that users of EC are at low-risk for STIs, but need counselling about safer sex.

Adolescent↗