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PubMed2003

e-Science and its implications.

After a definition of e-science and the Grid, the paper begins with an overview of the technological context of Grid developments. NASA's Information Power Grid is described as an early example of a 'prototype production Grid'. The discussion of e-science and the Grid is then set in the context of the UK e-Science Programme and is illustrated with reference to some UK e-science projects in science, engineering and medicine. The Open Standards approach to Grid middleware adopted by the community in the Global Grid Forum is described and compared with community-based standardization processes used for the Internet, MPI, Linux and the Web. Some implications of the imminent data deluge that will arise from the new generation of e-science experiments in terms of archiving and curation are then considered. The paper concludes with remarks about social and technological issues posed by Grid-enabled 'collaboratories' in both scientific and commercial contexts.

Archives↗
PubMed1991

A study of the teaching and learning of the biological sciences in nurse education.

The study was designed to explore the teaching and learning of the biological sciences in nurse education in an attempt to identify why some students are failing to support their practice with theory. Questionnaires were sent to third-year nurse students (n = 140) and nurse teachers (n = 43) in three schools of nursing. Several findings emerged from the study: (a) the balance between the behavioural and biological sciences in nurse education was perceived by the students as being too much in favour of the behavioural sciences; (b) the level of knowledge from the biological science taught was perceived by the students as being inappropriate for RGN training; (c) teachers felt inadequately prepared to teach the biological sciences and, similarly, nurse students felt inadequately prepared in these sciences; and (d) self-directed methods of teaching and learning, although used most frequently, were perceived by the students as being the most ineffective.

Biological Science Disciplines↗
PubMed2004

Analysis of New Zealand's research productivity in ophthalmology and vision science: 1993-2002.

AIM: To assess New Zealand's research productivity in the area of ophthalmology and vision science over the decade 1993-2002. METHODS: New Zealand-based researchers involved in ophthalmology or vision science research, including ophthalmologists, optometrists and vision scientists were identified via professional colleges, universities and electronic databases. Peer-reviewed publications by these authors were identified by both searching electronic databases (MEDLINE/Pubmed) and personal communication with individual researchers. RESULTS: Eighty-five New Zealand-based researchers involved in ophthalmology or vision science research published 446 articles in 84 scientific journals during the 10-year period. The cohort consisted of 59 ophthalmologists and 26 other researchers based in a diverse range of ophthalmology, optometry and university departments. Significant collaboration was observed between groups within New Zealand and with international institutions. Comparing ophthalmologists and 'other' researchers, ophthalmologists produced 69% of all ophthalmology and vision science research publications and those classified as 'active ophthalmologist researchers' published an average of 11 (range 5-55) papers each during this decade, compared to eight (range 5-25) for the group 'other active researchers'. This was also reflected in the high productivity rate by ophthalmologists of 277 publications per 1000. Publications were identified in a wide range of journals with the majority in top 20-ranked ophthalmology journals. The trend over the decade highlighted an increase in number of scientific publications, from 43 per annum in 1993, to 68 per annum in 2002. CONCLUSIONS: Despite a relatively small and geographically isolated population, New Zealand ophthalmology and vision science research is highly active and collaborative, with significantly increased research productivity during the period 1993-2002. The present study is the first to document these trends and provides strong evidence to justify continued support for ophthalmology and vision science research in New Zealand.

Bibliometrics↗
PubMed2004

Gadow's romanticism: science, poetry and embodiment in postmodern nursing.

Sally Gadow's work is a sophisticated version of a familiar line of thought in nursing. She creates a chain of distinctions which is intended to differentiate cultural narratives, and particularly the 'science narrative', from imaginative narratives, especially poetry. Cultural narratives regulate and restrict; imaginative narratives are creative, liberating and potentially transcendent. These ideological effects are (supposedly) achieved through different structures of language. Scientific language, for example, is abstract and literal, while poetry is sensuous and metaphorical. In this paper, I argue that Gadow's way of discriminating between science and poetry fails. In the first place, the ideological valence she assigns to each of them is unwarranted. Science and poetry can both be harnessed to the project of emancipation, just as both can be incorporated in a strategy of oppression. In the second place, the claim that poetry and science are distinguished by their respective linguistic features--specifically, that one is metaphorical and the other literal--cannot be sustained. I illustrate this argument, as Gadow illustrates hers, by reference to the concept of embodiment, and consider whether Gadow is correct in thinking that poetry, not science, makes it possible for individuals (especially women) to 'reclaim the body'. I also suggest that Gadow's brand of postmodernism echoes Romanticism, whose defining characteristic was an insistent contrast between poetry and science. This is 'flip side' postmodernism, which merely opposes modernist values, preferring subjectivity to objectivity, feeling to rationality, and multiple realities to truth. It is less radical, and far less interesting, than 'remix' postmodernism, whose objective is not to reverse the polarities, but to reconfigure the entire circuit.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed1997

Gordin Kaplan Award Lecture. Building a relationship: science and the community.

An appreciation for the intrinsic relationship that exists among science, scientists, and the public must be established. Both practitioners of science and the public should be made more aware that science is part of everyday life and that the definition of a scientist should be more encompassing. It is generally accepted that the public supports but often does not understand the goals of the scientific community. This is often due to lack of effective communication. The scientific community has accepted accountability to the public and attempts have been made to improve our image. Programs by groups and individuals to interact with the public, particularly school children, have grown. However, there is still a need to expand this area. It is our responsibility to find our niche in science awareness programs as speakers, mentors, or facilitators. Participation in these programs is an essential part of a professional scientist's career and should be encouraged by administration. Interaction with the public improves our ability to explain science in lay terms and the relevance of our work to the community. End points should be established to measure success: not just numbers of students entering "scientific" careers but also science literacy. Developing this strategy will not only improve the image of the scientific community with the public but also build a lasting relationship where needs and aspirations will be mutually appreciated.

Community-Institutional Relations↗
PubMed1994

Basic science curriculum during residency: justification based on in-training examination scores.

The American Board of Surgery is increasing its emphasis on competency in surgical basic science as part of residency training. The 1991 American Board of Surgery In-Training Examination (ABSITE) contained 135 questions designated as basic science to assess residents' knowledge. We reviewed the separate progression of scores in clinical and basic sciences at Wayne State University (WSU) surgical residency and nationally through the 1991 ABSITE report. Regression analysis of WSU data yielded a slope (% correct answers per postgraduate year) of 5.3 for clinical and 2.4 for basic science scores (P < 0.001 by t-statistic applied to regression slopes). These data imply a progression of knowledge during residency but at a significantly slower rate for basic science. The national data confirm this trend, although we were unable to evaluate it statistically. This situation illustrates the need for organized teaching of clinically relevant basic science as part of a residency curriculum.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1997

A hospital/school science fair mentoring program for middle school students.

The Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) and the James P. Timilty Middle School established a partnership to enhance science education, promote faculty development, and improve the health status and academic performance of all Timilty students. This article describes one of the Partnership's Science Connection programs, the Science Fair Mentoring Program, designed to enhance middle school science education, inform urban early adolescents about professions in the health field, inspire them to pursue postsecondary study in the health sciences, and prepare them for rigorous academic work in high school. In this program, hospital-based clinical and research staff mentor young adolescent students. The authors describe the planning, implementation, and evaluation of the Science Fair Mentoring Program as an innovative learning experience.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

What is nursing science?

The enigma of defining nursing science is preceded by defining nursing, science, research, and nursing theory-guided practice. The context for exploring the meaning of nursing science is provided through examination of the totality and simultaneity paradigms. Differing views of nursing as a discipline are discussed. The position is taken that nursing is a basic science with various nursing schools of thought that constitute the substantive knowledge of the discipline. Finally, a definition of nursing science is presented that is broad enough to encompass all disciplinary knowledge. Despite current challenges, an optimistic vision is emerging. The nurse theorists and other nurse scholars who are furthering the development of this work are considered to be the cultural creatives of nursing and contributors to a larger movement toward wholeness in science and in society.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

Early convergence research and education supported by the National Science Foundation.

The following pages describe research grants awarded by the National Science Foundation that illustrate how different fields of science and technology can converge in order to increase human potential. Technological convergence involves the unification of the sciences of Nanotechnology, Biotechnology, Information Technology, and new technologies based on Cognitive Science (NBIC). Because it supports research across all major branches of science and technology, including the social and behavioral sciences, the NSF has been a focus of discussions about converging technologies to enhance human capabilities and serve human needs.

Biomedical Enhancement↗
PubMed2005

Regulatory parallels to Daubert: stakeholder influence, "sound science," and the delayed adoption of health-protective standards.

There is broad agreement that regulatory decisions should be based on evidence. But interested parties have used the "sound science" mantle to demand extended research, analysis, and review of evidence for the sole purpose of delaying health-protective regulation. This historical review shows how the forces behind the "sound science" reasoning leading to the Daubert v Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc decision on science in the courtroom have operated in parallel in environmental regulation.Like Daubert, certain "sound science" regulatory tools can be used to improve decision quality. However, these tools can also challenge the federal government's ability to safeguard the public's health and well-being. Most recently, political tampering with science provides the foundation for some policymakers to disregard science completely in the environmental regulatory process.

Dioxins↗
PubMed2006

[Expectations for prosthetic dentistry as a health science].

Prosthodontics is a practical science based on life sciences and health sciences, and takes a role to contribute to improvement of health/welfare of peoples. By prosthodontic researches including life sciences and health science, it will be proved that the practice of prosthetic dental treatments is important to health/welfare. In addition, our research activities are expected because of the demographic change caused by the increase of aging population. The scientific research activity of our society is one of the activities for main medical/dental care demanded definitely in the 21st century. Especially, promotion of brain research is just going to be expected. From a prosthodontic treatment point of view, the improvement of diagnostic study focusing on the examining method and the inspecting method is desired. It is included in a diagnosis to predict a degree of functional recovery after prosthodontic treatments. For the evaluation of masticatory function, the evaluating method for the organ and tissue constituting stomatognathic system is necessary as well as the evaluating method for masticatory function. It is hoped that efforts will be made to establish evaluating methods for each organ and tissue in stomatognathic system will be made. As a corporate judicial person, we must build up public-interest activities. It is necessary to provide sufficient information to all dentists in order to offer a quality prosthodontic care by improvement of diagnostic and treatment abilities. Moreover, it is necessary to practice active enlightenment activity about clinical significance of prosthodontic treatment, and to develop strategies to make peoples recognize "prosthodontics as a health science" widely.

Biological Science Disciplines↗
PubMed2003

Psychometric characteristics of the Science Teaching Efficacy Belief Inventory in South Africa.

The psychometric properties of the Science Teaching Efficacy Belief Inventory are reported, based on responses of 200 (88 men and 112 women) elementary science teachers in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Previous factor analytic studies of this inventory have identified a two-factor solution but this has not been investigated in a South African context. The reliability estimated as internal consistency (Cronbach alpha) was .87. Principal components analysis with varimax rotation indicated a two-factor solution accounting for 38.1% of variance, with Cronbach alphas of .92 and .73 for the Personal Science Teaching Efficacy Belief subscale (Factor 1) and the Science Teaching Outcome Expectancy subscale (Factor 2), respectively. Principal components analysis of the Science Teaching Efficacy Belief Inventory yielded two conceptually meaningful components, similar to those reported in literature. Although one item did not meet the conditions for acceptance, this inventory may be useful in understanding science teachers' efficacy beliefs in South Africa. These particular findings are preliminary but hopeful. Studies using confirmatory analysis to address the cross-national invariance of this inventory are needed.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[The idea of the universality of science and its philosophical and historical critics].

The question of the universality of science is considered, in contemporary debates, under the most varied and opposed positions depending whether one is sharing the point of view of an "ideal science" or that of a "social production of science". In the first case, science is conceived as the "hard core" of its statements and results at the period under consideration, and its supposed universality ignores factors that relativize its contents of knowledge, and which can be of a conceptual as well as social nature. Conversely, an exclusive focalization on the social aspects of the production of scientific knowledge ignores the objective character of these knowledge contents, be they either thought objects such as mathematical ones, or phenomena of the real, physico-biological as well as human and social, world. These two extreme positions, although caricatural, are shared by many. They illustrate the absence or ignorance of interdisciplinary analysis between philosophy, the various sciences, history of sciences and general history...

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed1992

The science of nursing: current issues and dilemmas.

The question regarding the nature and direction of nursing science, how it is derived or why and whether nursing is a science is a much debated one. This article focuses on an examination of the literature with regard to conceptualizations of science in general and nursing in particular with special emphasis on the nature, purpose, methods and domain of science and nursing science. It looks at the various positions taken, examines the consequences of holding any special position and makes suggestions for achieving excellence in Nursing Science.

Humans↗
PubMed1976

The basic science curriculun problem in dental education: some causes and solutions.

At present there is no established purpose generally agreed on by members of the dental profession for the basic sciences in the dental curriculum. Such a purpose, supported by the entire profession, is considered a necessary first step in improving the basic science curriculum. Substantive basic science courses should be taught by instructors, holding a Ph.D. degree. These basic science instructructors, however, need the respect of the clinical faculty in order to be effective in teaching dental students. They also need to be given professional opportunity equal to that given clinical faculty if they are to commit themselves to dental education. The role of the clinical faculty in teaching the scientific basis of clinical methods is described, and the need for cooperation and communication between the basic science and clinical faculties is emphasized. Regularly scheduled faculty workshops are recommended for this purpose. A decrease in student contact time for clinical faculty is also suggested. The dental profession, led by dental educators, with advice from other health professionals, dental students, and the general public, is the logical body to define the purpose of basic science in dental education.

Curriculum↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Secularism, science and Islam.

Western natural science, arising from philosophical secularism, is a potent perpetuator of secularism. Greeks view of reality, was paradoxically strengthened by Christian denigration of nature and reason and by the later, successive European stances of anti-theologism, anti-metaphysicism and scientism. Islam, by seeing the unity of reason-intuition and nature- ghayb posits scientific and spiritual meaning in nature. Western secular science has produced spiritual and natural crises while the holistic, Islamic science resolves them. The desecularisation and Islamisation of society together with the resolution of science-generated crises demands a fundamental criticism of western science and the emergence of a healthier science.

History, Modern 1601-↗
PubMed1996

[Is science coming to the end?].

Comparing opinions about science expressed by English public opinion in study from 1950 and 1970, the author has presented infavourable collision of social expectations and the abilities of science, mainly medicine. They bring the fruits in form of loosing hope of usefulness scientifc research work, and less interest of young people in scientifc career. The author has presented critical opinions on present science, expressed by science philosophers and scientists themselves. As an opposition to reductionism, predicting the end of science, he has presented the phenomena of chaos and complexity - which are the revulsion towards holistic understanding of life. He comes to conclusion, that though the science is passing through crises, its basic structure stays intact, and benefts coming from it is indisputable.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Opinions of a group of university students about science and technology].

OBJECTIVE: To learn the opinions of university students of four different areas on the impact of science and technology on society. SUBJECTS: One Hundred and sixty three close to graduate students of the Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana campus Iztapalapa, distributed as follows: Administration 59, Biology 50, Social Sciences 36 and Engineering 18. METHODS: For the survey we translated into spanish part of a questionnaire employed in several countries to explore ideas on the impact of science and technology on society of several groups. It contained general questions such as. Do you believe that science and technology are equally good or bad to society, or degree of knowledge of several technologies such as computation or in vitro fertilization. It includes also more specific questions, such as would your have problems with the use of genetically modified vegetables? RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The results suggested that Administration and Social Sciences students had less interest in Science and Technology than the other, and that in general, the knowledge of all students is rather limited including biotechnology, genetic enginering and gene therapy. We compared the results with those obtained previously in a group of Mexican Physicians and Biology students from India, Thailand and Singapor.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗