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PubMed1979

Effects of thyroid deficiency and sympathectomy on cardiac enzymes.

The effects of thyroid deficiency (Td) and of chemical sympathectomy (Sx) were studied on marker enzymes of energy metabolism in cardiac muscle of neonatal and of adult rats. Td prevented the normal development of neonatal body weight, relative heart mass, and cardiac levels of cytochrome c (-22%), citrate synthase (-27%), phosphofructokinase (-20%) and Mg2+- and Ca2+-ATPase activity of purified myofibrils (-33%, -44%). Exogenous thyroxin replacement restored those parameters studied to normal with the exception that it persistently elevated citrate synthase activity significantly above normal control levels. Responses similar to those of Td neonates occurred when adult rats were similarly treated. Sx produced no consistent effects on respiratory and glycogenolytic marker enzymes, but caused a 20% reduction in Ca2+-ATPase activity of both neonatal and adult cardiac myofibrils. These findings suggest that cardiac muscle cells require thyroxin for normal growth and enzyme development. Also, Sx may impair cardiac functional capacity by altering Ca2+ activity of actomyosin ATPase.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

IL-1 alpha and TNF-alpha expression in rat periapical lesions and dental pulp after unilateral sympathectomy.

OBJECTIVES: Apical periodontitis is an inflammatory disease characterized by bone resorption, and sympathetic nerves are known to modulate bone resorption and bone remodeling. Higher numbers of osteoclasts and larger periapical lesions have been observed after sympathectomy in rats, but the mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effect of sympathetic nerves on osteoclasts are unknown. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that sympathetic nerves inhibit the production of the bone-resorbing pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1 alpha and TNF-alpha in rat periapical lesions. METHODS: Rats were unilaterally sympathectomized and apical lesions were induced by exposing the dental pulp of molar teeth to the oral microflora. We quantified the cytokines IL-1 alpha and TNF-alpha by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunohistochemical analysis was done for qualitative localization. Pulp from intact incisor teeth was tested as a control. RESULTS: We showed that IL-1 alpha was increased, but not TNF-alpha, in the periapical lesions on the sympathectomized side. Both IL-1 alpha and TNF-alpha were expressed in unexposed pulp. TNF-alpha was significantly decreased in the denervated incisor pulp, whereas the level of IL-1 alpha remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that sympathetic nerves have an inhibitory effect on IL-1 alpha in periapical lesions and a stimulatory effect on TNF-alpha in the intact rat pulp.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Development of left ventricular hypertrophy in young spontaneously hypertensive rats after peripheral sympathectomy.

The effects of peripheral sympathectomy with nerve growth factor antiserum (NGFAS) on blood pressure, systemic hemodynamics, myocardial function, myocardial hypertrophy, and renin were studied in male spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats of the Okamoto strain and normotensive control Kyoto-Wistar (WKY) rats. NGFAS prevented the developing of hypertension in the SH rats but did not alter blood pressure in the WKY rats. The NGFAS-treated SH rats developed the same hemodynamic abnormalities as the sham-treated rats, including increased peripheral vascular resistance and depressed cardiac output; Indices of left ventricular performance, including peak flow velocity, stroke power, stroke work, dP/dtmax, and flow acceleration (dF/dt), were diminished in the SH rats compared to the WKY rats. NGFAS treatment further depressed ventricular function in the SH rats, but had little effect on the WKY rats; Plasma renin activity in both the SH and WKY rats was unaffected by NGFAS treatment. Although NGFAS treatment effectively prevented the development of hypertension in the SH rats, it did not influence the development of left ventricular hypertrophy as reflected by increases in left ventricular mass, RNA, DNA, and hydroxyproline content. The data suggest that the development of myocardial hypertrophy and myocardial dysfunction in the SH rat is in part independent of hypertension and plasma renin activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

A technical aid to performance of neurolytic lumbar sympathectomy.

The injection of ten ml of air into the retroperitoneal space outlines the anterior margin of the psoas muscle. This been found to be useful, using an Image Intensifier, for the accurate location of needle tips in the performance of neurolytic lumbar sympathectomy.

Autonomic Nerve Block↗
PubMed1993

Detection of nerve growth factor mRNA in rodent salivary glands with digoxigenin- and 33P-labeled oligonucleotides: effects of castration and sympathectomy.

Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a protein highly expressed in the male mouse submandibular gland. We have applied a non-radioactive in situ hybridization method using digoxigenin-labeled NGF oligonucleotides, and have found the highest amounts of NGF mRNA in the secretory striated ducts of the male mouse submandibular gland. Scattered strongly positive cells were found in male mouse sublingual glands. Weakly labeled cells were seen in female mouse and in male rat submandibular gland striated duct cells. Using 33P as an alternative to 32P and 35S, we demonstrated a 1.3 KB NGF mRNA in salivary glands of male mice by Northern blot hybridization. Using 33P we detected NGF mRNA in male mouse submandibular glands by in situ hybridization but with a signal that, compared with the non-radioactive method, had a very low resolution. Castration of male mice almost abolished both the 1.3 KB NGF mRNA seen with Northern blots and the NGF mRNA labeling in submandibular glands 4 weeks after the operation, whereas levels were increased 6 hr and 2 days after sympathectomy. We conclude that hybridization with digoxigenin-labeled NGF oligonucleotides is a good tool to study the expression and regulation of NGF mRNA in male mouse submandibular glands.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Sympathectomy and prostaglandin deficiency do not prevent gastrogenic hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia.

To examine the mechanism of the recently reported effect of an acidified intragastric test meal on insulin release and glucose homeostasis, a liver extract test meal at either pH 2 or pH 7 was instilled into the stomach of normal dogs and dogs with a chemical sympathectomy or indomethacin-induced prostaglandin deficiency, all of which had a bisected pylorus and gastric fistula. In the normal dogs the instillation of the liver meal at pH 2 elicited a significant rise in plasma glucose, glucagon and insulin levels, while in response to the meal at pH 7 only glucagon rose significantly. This was not altered in chemically sympathectomized dogs, nor during the infusion of indomethacin. In all experiments gastrin or gastric glucagon release in response to the meal at pH 2 was either lower than or similar to the response to the meal at pH 7. These data suggest that the influence of the stomach upon islet cell function and glucose homeostasis does not depend on either adrenergic innervation or the presence of prostaglandings, but rather is mediated by a yet undetermined mechanism.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Differential development of salt-induced and renal hypertension in Dahl hypertension-sensitive rats after neonatal sympathectomy.

Rats with a genetic susceptibility to salt hypertension were given repeated neonatal injections of guanethidine. Vascular reactivity and tissue catecholamine concentrations indicated that a peripheral sympathectomy had been produced. Chemically sympathectomized rats had lower blood pressure than controls while fed a diet containing 0.4% NaCl. Furthermore, the dramatic rise in blood pressure exhibited by control rats fed a diet containing 8.0% NaCl was completely absent in sympathectomized rats similarly fed. The absence of salt-induced hypertension was observed regardless of whether the animals were anesthetized with ether or pentobarbital or had the blood pressures determined in an unanesthetized state. Finally, two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension did develop in sympathectomized rats, but to a level below intact rats similarly treated.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1980

Chemical sympathectomy and diurnal fluctuations of noradrenaline calorigenic action in the rat.

In the rat, in which a diurnal fluctuation of the sensitivity to noradrenaline was previously found, the effect of injected 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) was investigated. The heat production and catecholamines contents in the interscapular brown adipose tissue, heart and adrenals were measured. Chemical sympathectomy induces a disappearance of diurnal fluctuation in the sensitivity to injected noradrenaline. In these animals a lower capacity for heat production was found. However, a significant calorigenic effect of injected noradrenaline in 6-OHDA-treated animals was still present. In sympathectomized animals a depletion of noradrenaline from interscapular brown adipose tissue and the heart was observed. Besides, a change in adrenaline/noradrenaline ratio was found in the adrenals.

Adipose Tissue, Brown↗
PubMed1976

Effect of chemical sympathectomy (6-hydroxydopamine) on gastrointestinal propulsion after laparotomy. An experimental study in the rat.

The effect of chemical sympathectomy on gastric evacuation and small bowel propulsion 15 hours after a standardized laparotomy was evaluated. The animals were pre-treated with 50 mg/kg i. v. of 6-hydroxydopamine 15 or 48 hours or 150 mg/kg 48 hours before the evaluation of gastrontestinal propulsion. The treatment did not prevent the postoperative retardation. On the contrary 6-hydroxydopamine in itself seemed to retard gastrointestinal propulsion. In simultaneously adrenal demedullated rats no further retardation was produced by the laparotomy.

Abdomen↗
PubMed2001

Improvement in quality of life after bilateral transthoracic endoscopic sympathectomy for palmar hyperhydrosis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of bilateral transthoracic endoscopic sympathectomy (TES), in alleviating symptoms and improving quality of life for patients in Hawaii. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients who had undergone TES were evaluated by phone interview and the SF-36 questionnaire to assess improvements in symptoms and the development of compensatory hyperhydrosis. SF-36 scores were divided into 8 scales and evaluated by one-tailed t-test. RESULTS: Since 1999, eight patients (five women and three men, mean age 27.4 years old, range 15-41 yrs) underwent TES without significant complication. Length of hospital stay was less than one day for all patients except one, who stayed four days. Estimated operative blood lost was less than 100 ml and no blood transfusions were required. No Horner's syndrome was suffered. After a mean follow-up of 7.0 months (range 1.2-15.8 months), none of the patients had recurrent symptoms in the palms but all reported moderate compensatory hyperhydrosis located mainly in the trunk and lower extremities (two patients). SF-36 scores showed significant improvements in social functioning (p < 0.005), mental health (p < 0.049), and role-physical (p < 0.020) along with an increase in bodily pain (p < 0.012). CONCLUSION: Although TES resulted in some bodily pain and compensatory hyperhydrosis; these elements were outweighed by the improvement in palmar symptoms, social, mental, and role physical functioning, and overall quality of life.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Quality of life evaluation following endoscopic transthoracic sympathectomy for upper limb and facial hyperhydrosis.

In this prospective cohort study, the outcome of bilateral endoscopic transthoracic sympathectomy (ETS) was assessed using the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) questionnaire. 10 consecutive patients who underwent two-stage bilateral ETS for primary hyperhydrosis were assessed. Two patients had concomitant facial blushing. Symptomatic improvement was achieved in all patients. Statistical analysis (one-tailed Wilcoxon rank test) demonstrates a significant (p < 0.05) step-wise improvement in quality of life after each stage. This has not previously been described for two-stage bilateral ETS and confirms the suitability of this technique in the definitive management of refractory primary hyperhydrosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Digital sympathectomy for refractory Raynaud's phenomenon in an adolescent.

We describe the case of an adolescent with severe Raynaud's phenomenon refractory to conventional medical management. Her course was complicated by fingertip ulceration and necrosis. The localized surgical technique of digital sympathectomy was successfully used in the management of her disease, and should be considered for intractable Raynaud's phenomenon.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Evaluation of the permanent sympathectomy produced by the administration of guanethidine to adult rats.

The administration of guanethidine to adult rats has been shown by morphological criteria to destroy sympathetic neurons. The objective of this study was to evaluate by biochemical and functional criteria the degree and permanence of this sympathectomy. Young adult male rats (260-300 g) were injected with saline (controls) or with guanethidine for 5 weeks. The status of the sympathetic nervous system in the animals was evaluated 1, 3 and 6 to 7 months after cessation of treatment. Seven months after cessation of treatment; the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase in the superior cervical ganglia of treated animals was greatly reduced, as were the norepinephrine levels in peripheral tissues. The concentration of epinephrine and the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase in adrenals were not different from controls at any of the times studied. Norepinephrine concentrations in several areas of the central nervous system were unchanged. Increases in blood pressure in response to stimulation of the sympathetic vasomotor outflow in the pithed rat preparation were markedly and permanently reduced in guanethidine-treated animals. Isolated intestinal nerve-muscle preparations from guanethidine-treated animals usually contracted in response to nerve stimulation, rather than relaxing as in controls. The response to stimulation of the hypogastric nerve in vas deferens preparations was reduced 1 month after cessation of treatment. The responses of the vas deferens from guanethidine-treated and control animals were the same 7 months after treatment despite a 93% reduction in norepinephrine concentration. The data demonstrate that the administration of guanethidine to adult rats produces a marked and permanent destruction of the peripheral sympathetic nervous system.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed2005

Chiropractic sympathectomy: carotid artery dissection with oculosympathetic palsy after chiropractic manipulation of the neck.

The clinical association between carotid artery dissection and oculosympathetic palsy is well-known. However, the occurrence of this combination with chiropractic manipulation of the cervical neck is rare. We describe the case of a 54-year-old Caucasian American male who underwent cervical manipulation for neck pain. The following day he noticed drooping of his left eyelid, with an unequal pupil size. Imaging later confirmed carotid artery dissection. Only three previous cases (one from the United States ), of an association between carotid artery dissection and chiropractic sympathectomy (oculosympathetic palsy after chiropractic manipulation of the neck) have been reported. Pictures of the oculosympathetic palsy, computed tomography of the head and magnetic resonance imaging of the dissection are presented.

Anticoagulants↗
PubMed2006

Effect of endoscopic sympathectomy for hyperhidrosis on quality of life using the illness intrusiveness rating scale.

AIM: The objective of this study was to assess the impact of bilateral endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy (ETS) on the quality of life of patients with hyperhidrosis of the upper limbs. METHODS: This is a prospective, multicentre cohort study. Patients were studied before surgery and early (within 2 months) and late (4 months or more) after surgery. The primary outcome was the total score of the illness intrusiveness rating scale (IIRS), which on a sevenpoint Likert scale assesses the impact of their disease on each of 13 domains of quality of life. At each visit participants completed the IIRS, 10 additional questions to assess severity of disease, a global severity item, questions about employment, companionship and smoking, and a single item question reflecting the results of surgery. RESULTS: From 1994 to 2003, 22 patients underwent surgery. Early postoperative data were available in 12, and late postoperative data in 19 patients. Preoperative IIRS score was high 57 +/- 14. After surgery a statistically significant improvement was noted for the IIRS score, the severity questions, and the global severity score at both early and late postoperative time points. Preoperatively, 47% of patients were in a stable relationship, 30% were currently smoking, and 73% were employed; postoperatively, the responses were 58%, 16%, and 90%, respectively (P = NS). One patient (5%) developed a postoperative pneumothorax and one (5%) compensatory hyperhidrosis. There were no other local complications and none developed Horner's syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: Using a reliable and valid quality of life instrument we have shown that surgery is effective for the treatment of hyperhidrosis. Given the possibility of complications, we believe that surgery should be reserved for patients with the most severe form of this condition. The severity can be defined by the use of the IIRS and the 10 severity questions, which we have designed.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Thoracic sympathectomy in the surgical treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon].

Authors present their results from a review of 38 thoracic sympathectomies practiced since 1977 to 1987, both included, on patients affected by a Raynaud syndrome resistant to medical treatment. Results show the evident clinical improvement of such patients after surgery. In all cases, surgical approach was a Crafoord thoracotomy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

The influence of central chemical sympathectomy and reserpine on peripheral effects of noradrenaline and cyclic AMP dibutyrate injected into the cerebral ventricles.

Chemical sympathectomy of the central nervous system by injection of 6-hydroxy-dopamine (2 X 250 mug) or 6-hydroxydopa (90 mug) intensified some of the peripheral effects of noradrenaline and cyclic AMP dibutyrate injected into the cerebral ventricles. Reserpine (5 mg/kg) injected intraperitoneally weakened the peripheral reactions to noradrenaline injected intraventricularly. The results of the experiments indicate that peripheral reactions to intraventricularly injected noradrenaline depend on changes in the content of endogenous narodrenaline in the brain and on the mechanisms leading to these changes.

Animals↗