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PubMed1990

HIV infection risk to nonhealth-care workers.

As has been summarized above, the risk of casual contact transmission of HIV virus is remote. A review of these data should provide reassurance to both workers and management. No evidence exists for direct contact spread through shaking hands and nonsexual touching. There is also no evidence for indirect spread through contact with shared inanimate objects such as typewriters, telephones, computers, water fountains, rest rooms, dining facilities, exercise equipment, bathing facilities, spas, saunas, and swimming pools. In addition, there is no evidence to suggest the airborne spread of HIV, thus there should be no potential risk of transmission through air-conditioning units, air-handling systems, or by sharing the same office space with an infected individual. The fear of AIDS may lead to irrational beliefs and biased perceptions of risk. This, unfortunately, can sometimes lead to discriminatory and inhumane treatment of persons with AIDS. The best way to manage this potential problem in the workplace is through effective educational interventions.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Hot tub (Pseudomonas) folliculitis.

Folliculitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a rare, adverse effect of the therapeutic or recreational use of hot tubs, whirlpools, and occasionally swimming pools. The condition is characterized by painful, papulopustular skin lesions often accompanied by low-grade fever, malaise, and other systemic symptoms. Prompt recognition and treatment may shorten the duration of the disease and, more importantly, prevent further cases by identifying the source of exposure.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Drowning in children].

Drowning is one of the most common causes of death in children. Near-drowning is even more frequent: near-drowning/drowning ratio is approximately 9-10/1. The age-groups between 1 and 3 years and 15 and 25 years are most likely to be at risk for submersion accidents. The majority of drowning accidents in children occur in swimming pools and bathtubs. The awake or stuporous victim has an excellent prognosis. In comatose patients, the prognosis is directly proportional to the severity of coma. Treatment is mostly supportive. Despite optimal care, it is not infrequent for a near-drowning accident to end in death or severe neurological handicap. Prevention must be a priority for the medical profession.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Antimicrobial activity exerted by sodium dichloroisocyanurate].

Sodium dichloroisocyanurate is a chlorinated cleaner. It was used for swimming pool sanitation and for the sterilisation of linen. Not recently ago sodium dichloroisocyanurate has substituted hypochlorite for the sterilisation of infant feeding bottles and teats. Sodium dichloroisocyanurate is soluble in water; this condition causes the hydrolysis of sodium dichloroisocyanurate in hypochlorous acid, that is the active agent, isocyanurate and isocyanurate chlorine. These compounds form a chlorine protein that carry out microbicidal activity. In a toxicology study has been shown that no severe changes in the normal metabolic function occurred, furthermore sodium dichloroisocyanurate has not shown teratogenic effects at the concentration of 200 mg/kg. The antimicrobial activity of sodium dichloroisocyanurate was evaluated against Gram negative bacteria such as E. coli or Salmonella typhimurium and against some fungi. This study illustrates a rapid antimicrobial activity using concentrations. Our study concentrated on the antimicrobial activity of sodium dichloroisocyanurate in some experimental conditions. We tested 66 strains of fungi, 28 Gram positive bacteria and 29 Gram negative bacteria. We also evaluated the antimicrobial activity of sodium dichloroisocyanurate against protozoa such as Trichomonas vaginalis. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated in cultural conditions and non cultural conditions; in these experiments we observed similar action in both the commercial product and pure substance. In cultural conditions sodium dichloroisocyanurate shows a good activity against fungi and bacteria, moreover it can be observed that the serum didn't interfere with its activity. In a non cultural condition the Candida was killed rapidly by the sodium dichloroisocyanurate but this activity is influenced by the growth phase of the yeast. Against mycelial form such as Penicillium and Aspergillus the sodium dichloroisocyanurate needs a longer contact time than yeast form for its activity. It is interesting to note that well known bacteria, that are resistant to the common antimicrobial agents, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were inhibited by sodium dichloroisocyanurate in a rapid bactericidal action. Our data demonstrates that no significant adverse influence on the activity of sodium dichloroisocyanurate was shown by pH and by temperature even if in some experimental conditions increased activity was noticed at pH = 6.6. The sodium dichloroisocyanurate has demonstrated good activity against Trichomonas vaginalis. This fact extends the broad-spectrum activity of sodium dichloroisocyanurate to the protozoa. In conclusion, sodium dichloroisocyanurate has demonstrated a good activity against all tested strains, furthermore its activity did not decrease in the presence of 1% of organic substance (serum etc.).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Acanthamoeba keratitis: report of three cases.

During the last year we diagnosed three patients to have Acanthamoeba keratitis. In one patient, who wore soft contact lenses, keratitis had developed after swimming in a contaminated heated swimming pool. Neither a history of trauma was present in two other patients nor did they wear contact lenses. Diagnosis of Acanthamoeba was established by Calcofluor White (cellufluor) staining of the scraped corneal material. Patients were treated with Flagyl (metronidazole) 0.5% eyedrops, Brolene (propamidine isethionate) 0.1% eyedrops, Neomycin eyedrops, topical corticosteroids (including sustain-release corticosteroid subconjunctival injections) and mydriatics. Keratitis in one patient healed within one month with full visual recovery, whereas the disease nearly ameliorated in the second patient. Corneal inflammation subsided markedly in the third patient with medical therapy, but a keratoplasty had to be performed because of a central opaque and ectatic cornea. This patient had already developed severe keratitis with necrosis of the cornea at the time of diagnosis.

Acanthamoeba Keratitis↗
PubMed1989

[Fish breeder granuloma: infection caused by Mycobacterium marinum and other atypical mycobacteria in the human. Analysis of 8 cases and review of the literature].

Granulomatous lesions of the skin and tendon sheaths after exposure to fish tank or aquarium water are frequently caused by non-tuberculous so-called atypical mycobacteria. Mycobacterium marinum is the species most often isolated from such lesions. Rarely, other non-tuberculous species of mycobacteria may be isolated. In contrast to swimming-pool granuloma as the epidemic form of Mycobacterium marinum infection of man, fish tank granuloma seems to be a rare sporadic human disease that is often misdiagnosed. We report eight cases of fish tank granuloma. Five patients had sporotrichoid lesions, and one patient had a singular lesion. Three patients presented with tenosynovitis. Culture-proven Mycobacterium marinum infection was found in four patients, in one patient the causative organism isolated from the biopsy specimen was identified as Mycobacterium kansasii. In three patients with typical appearance of the lesions and exposure to fish tank water, biopsy specimens for culture were not available, and the diagnosis was histopathologically confirmed. Surgical treatment had an unfavourable outcome in two of three patients. Conservative antimicrobial therapy was evaluated in six patients. Similar to published reports, the treatment with rifampicin in combination with other agents seemed to be a useful therapy. Complete remission was, however, also achieved with doxycycline monotherapy. Microbiological diagnosis should be attempted in suspected cases of fish tank granuloma, and, if therapy is indicated, we strongly suggest primary medical treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Difficulties of animal experiments in psychopharmacology. Punctual aspects of antidepressants].

Animal psychopharmacological experimentation encounters great difficulty due to the lack of animal models for reproducing mental illness. This results from the greatly complex fashion of CNS, the lack of knowledge of biochemical and/or anatomical substrates of psychiatric pathology, and the difficulty in placing some CNS functions, such as memory and vice versa. The application of selective neurotoxins capable of specifically destroying a neuronal nucleus allows to advance in the knowledge of the CNS functions. Some easy experimental methods allow a quick investigation of certain pharmacological effects on CNS, though they have to be completed with more complex models. It is difficult to investigate the possible antidepressant effect because it is related to different mechanisms of action, it has an onset delay, and some trials which are positive to some drug with no antidepressant effect. In turn they have no right answer to other drugs with confirmed clinical efficacy. The forced swimming pool test that appears to be the most convenient for researching the possible antidepressant effect has been studied, although it should be completed with a spontaneous motility test.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Neurobehavioral deficit due to ischemic brain damage limited to half of the CA1 sector of the hippocampus.

It is well known that ischemia causes neuronal necrosis in selectively vulnerable sectors of the hippocampus. Since the hippocampus is involved in spatial navigation, learning, and memory, selective deficits in these areas may arise from ischemic brain damage. The objective of this study was to test whether a minimal ischemic insult, producing selective neuronal necrosis restricted to only a portion of the CA1 pyramidal cells of the hippocampus, could produce a detectable spatial navigation deficit. Male Wistar rats received 9 min of forebrain ischemia induced by carotid clamping and hypotension or sham operation with exposure of the carotid arteries. The rats were allowed to recover and were tested on a simple place task, a place learning-set task, and a pattern discrimination task in swimming pools paradigms. Subsequently, the rats were perfusion-fixed and their entire brains subjected to quantitative histopathologic analysis. Although both ischemic and sham-operated groups learned the simple place task, the learning-set task revealed defects in spatial navigation, reflected as increased errors and latency in the performance of the ischemic rats. In the subsequent pattern discrimination task, the ischemic group was superior to the control group, which perseverated by attempting to use a place strategy to solve the discrimination. Quantitative neuropathology revealed neuronal necrosis in the ischemia group limited to 50% of the CA1 zone of the hippocampus. Extrahippocampal damage consisted of rare cortical neuronal necrosis in 2 of 6 animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Mycobacterium other than tubercle bacilli in various environments in Bangkok.

This research was designed to isolate Mycobacterium other than tubercle bacilli in various environments in the Bangkok area, in 1987. The results were as follows, one hundred samples of soil yielded 1 Mycobacterium gordonae, 2 M. chelonei, 57 M. fortuitum, 1 Nocardia asteroides, one hundred samples of natural water from the Chao Phraya River and the canals of Chao Phraya River yielded 2 M. chelonei, 18 M. fortuitum, 1 N. asteroides and 1 N. brasiliensis, thirty samples of tap water yielded 3 M. gordonae. But thirty samples of water from swimming pools were negative for Mycobacterium.

Humans↗
PubMed1989

Child abuse by drowning.

Drowning as a form of subtle fatal child abuse is difficult to distinguish from accidental immersion or from sudden unexpected natural death when the circumstances of immersion are concealed. Homicidal drownings are unwitnessed, usually occurring in the home, and the victims are young, either infants or toddlers. Accidental drownings are more likely to involve toddlers or older children in public areas such as swimming pools, drainage ditches, lakes, and rivers. This is especially true in rural areas. In cities, bathtubs remain a major site of accidental childhood drownings. Perpetrators of deliberate drownings often fit the sociopathologic profile of a child abuser. Because there is often a survival interval between immersion and death, pathologic findings consistent with postimmersion syndrome suggest the cause of death. Foreign material in the lungs, if immersion was other than in clear tap water, and injuries of the face are other positive correlating factors. A thorough investigation of the circumstances and cooperation between the investigating agency and the pathologist are essential to determine the correct manner of death in these cases.

Accidents↗
PubMed1989

Fatal carbon monoxide poisoning at a motel.

One man died and four other persons required hospitalization following accidental exposure to carbon monoxide at a motel. In spite of prompt diagnosis of the index cases, a search for the source of exposure and for other possible victims was delayed more than ten hours. Subsequent investigation revealed that air conditioning units drew carbon monoxide from the gas heaters for the motel's indoor swimming pools into three adjacent guest rooms through structural defects in the walls. Emergency care providers must remember that in environmental exposures, other persons may continue to be at risk, and efforts must be made to identify them.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Profile of drowning victims in a coastal community.

Accidental drowning accounts for 15% of all accidental deaths in Pinellas County, Florida, and this study was conducted to better understand the epidemiologic profile of the victim. The medical examiner's records of 230 drownings in Pinellas County from January 1, 1983, through December 31, 1987, were reviewed for demographic and epidemiologic data. Bodies of salt water were the most common drowning site (47%), followed by swimming pools (22%), lakes (11%), baths (7%), and canals (6%). The drowning incidence for males was more than three times that for females. Drowning was endemic among boys less than five years of age (30/100,000/year). Fifty-nine percent of young adult victims had detectable postmortem blood alcohol levels. Drowning rates were highest among children less than five years and adults more than 80 years. Epidemiologic profiles of populations at risk and contributing factors are described and public safety measures are suggested.

Accidents↗
PubMed1988

Near drowning of a gelding.

After becoming entangled in safety lines and being submerged in a chlorinated swimming pool, a 2-year-old Thoroughbred gelding was evaluated and treated successfully. Treatment included antimicrobial agents, anti-inflammatory drugs, bronchodilators, diuretics, humidified oxygen, and surfactant transplant. The results of follow-up examination of the gelding 120 days after hospitalization were normal.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Pseudomonas infections associated with hot tubs and other environments.

Infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa are not confined to the hospital intensive care unit. This paper examines the association of P. aeruginosa and several community-acquired infections. Hot tub folliculitis is a recently described disorder occurring in outbreaks among persons who unknowingly immerse themselves in contaminated whirlpools, spas, or swimming pools. The green nail syndrome and other dermatoses are also reviewed. Infective endocarditis, invasive external otitis, and puncture would osteomyelitis are serious infections that carry high risks for the patient and challenge the physician's most potent therapies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Plasma catecholamines in Finnish sauna.

Plasma catecholamines were measured by a modified single-isotope radioenzymic assay in five healthy medical students during and after a Finnish sauna bath with or without previous beta-blockade. The plasma noradrenaline rose more than twofold after 10 min in the hot room (100 degrees C) while the plasma adrenaline content exhibited smaller increases. The plasma noradrenaline concentration remained elevated or further increased after 5 min in a cool swimming pool (22 degrees C) whereas the exposure to cool water restored the plasma adrenaline concentration to resting values. Plasma noradrenaline, but not adrenaline, was still markedly elevated after a rest period of 15 min after the cool pool. Oxprenolol (40 mg) given 30 min before the sauna did not alter the plasma catecholamine pattern although it effectively lowered the heart rate before, during, and after the exposure to the heat stress.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Atypical mycobacteria.

The atypical mycobacteria are common human saprophytes. Their presence, particularly in a healthy person, is not associated with disease. In the child they cause two conditions, cervical adenitis and swimming-pool granuloma. Both of these diseases tend to be localized and nonprogressive. The former can be treated with reasonably nontoxic drugs; if this falls, total excision can be employed. The latter is best left to heal by itself. Occasionally, the atypical mycobacteria will cause widespread systemic disease, particularly in the patient whose immunity has been compromised.

Antitubercular Agents↗
PubMed1984

[Diseases caused by atypical mycobacterial].

Infections having atypical mycobacteria are occurring more frequently for 2 main reasons. First there are the disturbances of the immunity system, whether due to the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) or the result of therapeutic measures taken against malignant processes, other diseases or after organ transplantation. Second, travel and free-time activities increase the risk of an infection. In many cases such infections become localized on the skin, but can also develop changes in the lungs, depending on the patient's occupation. For this reason we provide a review of the new literature on the microbiology of mycobacteria as well as on the symptoms of diseases of the skin and other organs which are caused by atypical mycobacteria, such as swimming pool granuloma or Buruli ulcer.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

A simple inexpensive method for estimating underwater weight.

A description is given of a simple, inexpensive and versatile method for estimating underwater weight. The use of a portable stock tank allows the determination of % Fat by underwater weighing without requiring a swimming pool, built-in tank, or special facility. Twenty-eight college students were weighed on two separate testing sessions 24-48 hours apart. Ten trials were performed at each session. The mean of the last five trials was used in determining underwater weight. The test-retest reliability coefficient was high, r = 0.98, and most of the successive trial correlations were above 0.99. The mean % Fat for the women (N = 9) was 22.2 +/- 5.9 and for the men (N = 19) was 13.7 +/- 5.1.

Adipose Tissue↗