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PubMed2005

[Why do so many arts and social scientists have huge difficulties accepting (evolutionary)biologically based opinions for gender differences].

The contribution deals with the wide-spread rejection of (evolutionary) biological founded statements concerning sex differences by social sciences and arts, which are not based on objective objections, but are ideologically justified. The starting point therefore is to be seen in the justified critique of the biological legitimized racism and sexism in the sixties and seventies of the last century. The continuation of this rejecting position, though the modern biology has changed itself essentially, can be explained psychologically by Festinger's "Theory of Cognitive Dissonance".

Art↗
PubMed1997

[Human ecology and tropical medicine].

Tropical medicine's growing interest in social sciences has not remedied the neglect of some biological aspects related to human species polymorphism. These are adaptability to the environment and variability in time and space. Physical anthropology, when it is enlarged to include population genetics and the influence of the non-linear mode of thinking used in ecological sciences, may provide a good approach for solving problems related to development. Adaptability to a changing environment is partly cultural and partly biological. Medical standards used in developed countries may not be adequate in tropical regions. This paper reviews different areas in which human ecology can be useful to physicians, especially the study of the interactions between pathogens, human hosts, culture, and the physical environment.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1999

Towards practice development--a vision in reality or a reality without vision?

This paper describes the development of a conceptual framework for practice development. Drawing on the authors' combined experiences of facilitating developments in practice, a conceptual framework is proposed. It is argued that much practice development in health care today lacks a systematic approach and is often undertaken by individual practitioners who are poorly prepared for their roles. A short history of practice development is outlined to contextualize current development activities. The proposed framework is located in a critical social science philosophy and it is suggested that such a philosophy enables individual growth and development, empowerment of practitioners and the generation of cultural change that sustains continuous growth and innovation in practice. An example of the framework in use is described and recommendations proposed to enable organizations to embrace a systematic approach to practice development.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed2003

Psychology of the scientist: LXXXV. Research on homosexuality: a response to Schumm (and Herek).

Because social science is "messy," just about any criticism of any work--including our efforts--has validity. But the empiricist principle is more important than a theoretical search for perfection in research. The findings from our 1983-1984 nationwide random survey are superior to earlier efforts and similar enough to those reported by the 1992 nationwide random survey conducted by University of Chicago investigators, the 1994 British effort, and the 1996 NHSDA to suggest all approximate "a similar truth about reported sexuality."

Adult↗
PubMed2002

A simple method for estimating age-specific rates from sequential cross sections.

I develop and demonstrate a simple formula for estimating age-specific event rates for a period from "before" and "after" cross sections. The general approach applies to a wide range of estimation problems in demography, the social sciences, and epidemiology. The method arises from the formal mathematics of unstable populations and is similar in spirit to "variable-r" methods. Unlike those methods, however, the new technique does not require specialized computer programming or iterative calculations, and event rates can be calculated directly from cross-sectional data in simple spreadsheets. The article includes a formal mathematical exposition of the method, simulation tests, and several examples.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Policy implications of intervention research: research on the social context for intervention.

Intervention research is of significance because the failure or success of particular interventions may have influence on policy and practice. Poorly designed interventions may impede progress in health and safety. Frequently, interventions are based on scientific/ technical definitions of occupational health and safety problems but involve intrusion into complex sociotechnical work environments. Intervention research must be built on a solid foundation of social science research. An example of research useful to health and safety intervention is the Gray Institute study of management practices in the chemical industry that was commissioned by OSHA a few years ago. It focused on safety management in chemical manufacturing firms and their contractors, including a survey of managers and contractors and nine intensive case studies of particular plants. The study describes safety management practices in the best firms in the industry. Such research can provide the groundwork for effective safety interventions in the industry, including training and training requirements, experimentation with redefined managerial responsibilities, regulation of contractors, and others. It also suggests the kinds of useful data that might be collected by NIOSH in the normal course of health and safety studies. Finally, it suggests that the interdisciplinary teams currently investigating occupational health and safety should be expanded to include social scientists.

Chemical Industry↗
PubMed2005

Mathematical background and attitudes toward statistics in a sample of Spanish college students.

To examine the relation of mathematical background and initial attitudes toward statistics of Spanish college students in social sciences the Survey of Attitudes Toward Statistics was given to 827 students. Multivariate analyses tested the effects of two indicators of mathematical background (amount of exposure and achievement in previous courses) on the four subscales. Analysis suggested grades in previous courses are more related to initial attitudes toward statistics than the number of mathematics courses taken. Mathematical background was related with students' affective responses to statistics but not with their valuing of statistics. Implications of possible research are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Procedural misconceptions and informed consent: insights from empirical research on the clinical trials industry.

This paper provides a simultaneously reflexive and analytical framework to think about obstacles to truly informed consent in social science and biomedical research. To do so, it argues that informed consent often goes awry due to procedural misconceptions built into the research context. The concept of procedural misconception is introduced to describe how individuals respond to what is familiar in research settings and overlook what is different. In the context of biomedical research, procedural misconceptions can be seen to function as root causes of therapeutic misconceptions.

Behavioral Research↗
PubMed1999

Contemporary theories and contemporary nursing--advancing nursing care for those who are marginalized.

This paper critiques the topic of postmodernism and how it is represented in nursing and social science literature. This critique classified the debates into three identifiable constructs, those being: dissatisfaction; fragmentation and integration. The authors propose a solution from the integration debate by putting forward the notion of an 'integrated postmodern turn'. The 'solution' is situated within feminism and draws on modernist and postmodernist theory. The integrated model is grounded in nursing clinical examples which demonstrate the usefulness and workability of this approach when caring for those who are marginalized by nurses because of their ethnicity, gender, cultural and/or spiritual beliefs.

Existentialism↗
PubMed1994

Historical and epistemological perspectives on research and nursing.

This paper examines four main themes with respect to some problematic issues concerning the discipline of nursing, nursing scholarship and the social sciences. First, attention is directed to the controversial issues concerning nursing's search for a knowledge base. Second, a historical context is provided by drawing attention to some key developments between the quantitative and qualitative approaches to research in nursing. Third, the issue of the fundamental and attested difficulties in the application of qualitative methodologies is addressed. Finally, it is submitted that in the interest of nursing's future as a scholarly endeavour, the discipline should focus polemic attention on the body of knowledge already accumulated.

Australia↗
PubMed2006

Care management program evaluation: constituents, conflicts, and moves toward standardization.

Care management program evaluations bring together constituents from finance, medicine, and social sciences. The differing assumptions and scientific philosophies that these constituents bring to the task often lead to frustrations and even contentions. Given the forms and variations of care management programs, the difficulty associated with program outcomes measurement should not be surprising. It is no wonder then that methods for clinical and economic evaluations of program efficacy continue to be debated and have yet to be standardized. We describe these somewhat hidden processes, examine where the industry stands, and provide recommendations for steps to standardize evaluation methodology.

Actuarial Analysis↗
PubMed1987

Concept of the person: introduction to the health professionals' curriculum.

This paper deals with the concept of the person and its necessity in health care and health curricula. Specifically it looks at aspects of both the biological and social sciences. Further, there is some suggestion that for caring professionals in particular the concept of the person requires more analysis than purely a 'common sense' everyday meaning and use, and that there is some requirement for sorting out and understanding the difference and the interconnections of the two terms 'human' and 'person'. This first proposal will be followed by a further paper that discusses in more detail the distinction between the two terms and the moral issues that derive from the centrality of use of the concept of the person by the health professions.

Biology↗
PubMed1991

The dynamics of epidemiology and impact on the control of diseases: a review.

This paper describes the relationship between epidemiology and other desciplines including medical and social sciences both of which are expanding in scope. As a discipline, epidemiology is not only growing in scope as well but also developing new techniques of establishing facts about disease causation and interventions demonstrating how prevention programmes could be carried out for the benefit of communities from the burden of disease. Further, the effects of epidemiological findings in the developed North on the control of diseases and the lack of this in the poor South is described. The need for interdisciplinary approach in finding disease prevention solutions is emphasized.

Causality↗
PubMed1977

Federal constraints: earned or unearned?

The author discusses the evolution of federal constraints on medical, behavioral, and social science research. There has been only one court decision related to behavioral research and none in medical research. The burden of consent procedures can be lightened somewhat by careful consideration of the potential risks and nature of the research; questions are presented that can be used to determine whether constraints apply. The author notes that although there are good reasons for regulations in both behavioral and medical research, the appropriateness of current and proposed constraints is still a matter of debate.

Behavior↗
PubMed1977

Sexual dysfunctions and psychoanalysis.

The authors examine the major factors involved in recent changes in the social standards and attitudes related to homosexuality. The principal influences investigated include the misconstrued emphasis given to the humanist ideology, which properly stresses the dignity of the individual; the social sciences' relativization of the cultural norms defining homosexuality; the influence of the mass media in disseminating these perspectives and thereby tending to create an acceptable image of homosexuality, and the tendency of all these changes to result in a substantial increase in public acceptance and tolerance of homosexuality. The authors suggest that this trend in public opinion has begun to isolate psychoanalytic knowledge, to reduce its status and acceptability among the public, and to replace it with popular views concerning the meaning of sexual dysfunctions.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1987

Overurbanization reconceptualized: a political economy of the world-system approach.

"After many years of relative neglect, the issue of 'overurbanization' in Third World countries has recently received renewed attention in the social science literature. Adopting a political economy of the world-system perspective on urbanization and development, this article critiques the theoretical adequacy of the overurbanization thesis. Conceptualizing a causal relationship between spatio-demographic imbalances (labelled 'over-urbanization') and relatively skewed and stagnant economic development is midleading. Both urban patterns and development trajectories are distorted by the international dependency of Third World nations in the world economy. The general argument is illustrated by discussing the role that the so-called 'urban surplus labor' of the 'informal sector' plays in surplus extraction under peripheral capitalism."

Demography↗
PubMed2002

Research development mechanisms.

Studies designed to reduce the burden of affective disorders should apply and develop theories and methods from diverse social sciences that could strengthen current interventions. A series of papers from diverse fields, such as quality engineering, behavioral economics, etc. might be a needed first step. Methodological research on design strategies such as group-level randomized trials, or instrumental variables analyses are needed. Finaly, qualitative studies to understand diverse stakeholder views are also needed. To pursue these areas, interdisciplinary training programs are needed to develop skilled researchers to study communities and community-based delivery settings. New research infrastructures are needed to support community and research collaborations, as well as supporting development of new technologies to enable diffusion of care.

Cost of Illness↗
PubMed1991

Street studies that work and what they show in New York City.

The New York State Division of Substance Abuse Services (DSAS) maintains a street research unit that monitors drug activity on the streets of New York City. The Street Research Unit consists of a supervisor and several carefully selected researchers who have had a history of drug abuse. The team includes males and females, and whites, blacks and Hispanics. Their supervisor has trained them in social science methods and ethnographic techniques. The researchers' own knowledge of street language and drug behavior has enabled them to capture information that would escape most observers and even some participants. Despite the risks involved, the Street Research Unit has become a vital and indispensable part of the research capability of the agency. There is no better way to gather current information on drug activity on the streets of New York City. The paper traces the history of the Unit, discusses some methods that are used, describes the studies that have been conducted, and summarizes what works, what does not work in this type of ethnography, and the plans for the future.

Data Collection↗