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PubMedDate not supplied

[Annual rates of rural-urban-rural migration, 1970-1980].

A method to measure levels of internal migration in Brazil is proposed based on the hypothesis that the decision to migrate in a given year depends on residence conditions in that year only, and not on conditions existing in previous years. "That is to say that the migratory process is first order Markovian process order. These estimates allow a better approximation of actual migration, as opposed to measures of net migration obtained through indirect methods." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Americas↗
PubMed2001

The distribution of early acquired immune deficiency syndrome cases and conditions for the establishment of new epidemics.

This article presents discussion on two issues: the distribution of early cases of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and the epidemiological conditions for the establishment of new diseases. Evidence from four presentations on early AIDS cases is discussed, together with issues of interpreting association and inferring causation. In the second section, the results of a stochastic epidemiological model using the 'real' geography of villages in northern Zaire is presented. This is used to investigate the conditions under which newly introduced infections with different characteristics are able to establish in human populations. It highlights additional spatial, temporal and behavioural conditions necessary for the persistence of introduced diseases, in addition to the condition that the basic reproductive rate R(0) > 1.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2003

Human hantavirus infections, Sweden.

The prevalent human hantavirus disease in Sweden is nephropathia epidemica, which is caused by Puumala virus and shed by infected bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus). To evaluate temporal and spatial patterns of this disease, we studied 2,468 reported cases from a highly disease-endemic region in northern Sweden. We found that, in particular, middle-aged men living in rural dwellings near coastal areas were overrepresented. The case-patients were most often infected in late autumn, when engaged in activities near or within manmade rodent refuges. Of 862 case-patients confident about the site of virus exposure, 50% were concentrated within 5% of the study area. The incidence of nephropathia epidemica was significantly correlated with bank vole numbers within monitored rodent populations in part of the region. Understanding this relationship may help forestall future human hantavirus outbreaks.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Detecting small-area similarities in the epidemiology of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and diabetes mellitus, type 1: a Bayesian approach.

Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and diabetes mellitus, type 1, have common epidemiologic and etiologic features, including correlated international incidence and associations with infections. The authors examined whether the diseases' similar large-scale distributions are reflected in small geographic areas while also examining the influence of sociodemographic characteristics. Details of 299 children (0-14 years) with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and 1,551 children with diabetes diagnosed between 1986 and 1998 were extracted from two registers in Yorkshire, United Kingdom. Standardized incidence ratios across 532 electoral wards were compared using Poisson regression, confirming significant associations between population mixing and the geographic heterogeneity of both conditions. Bayesian methods analysis of spatial correlation between diseases by modeling a bivariate outcome based on their standardized incidence ratios was applied; spatial and heterogeneity components were included within a hierarchical random effects model. A positive correlation between diseases of 0.33 (95% credible interval: -0.20, 0.74) was observed, and this was reduced after control for population mixing (r = 0.18), population density (r = 0.14), and deprivation (r = 0.06). The Bayesian approach showed a modest but nonsignificant joint spatial correlation between diseases, only partially suggesting that the risk of both was associated within some electoral wards. With Bayesian methodology, population mixing remained significantly associated with both diseases. The links between diabetes and acute lymphoblastic leukemia observed for large regions are weaker for small areas. More powerful replications are needed for confirmation of these findings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

A review of Q fever in Australia 1991-1994.

Q fever continues to be an important disease in Australia. Despite the development of an effective vaccine that has been commercially available since 1989, the number of cases notified has continued to increase. This study reviewed national notifications of Q fever between 1991 and 1994, together with demographic, socioeconomic and occupational information, to investigate temporal and spatial disease patterns. Based on notification data, Q fever can be considered primarily a disease of adult males that occurs in eastern Australia: southern Queensland and northern New South Wales have the highest levels of activity. A significant association between Q fever activity of areas and the presence of livestock was found. A strong association with the meat industry was also confirmed. Q fever is conservatively estimated to cost Australia around A$1 million and more than 1700 weeks of work time annually. There is a need to increase awareness of this disease and its prevention. An extension program in rural communities and provision of vaccine to all abattoir workers would appear to be sensible public health approaches.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Consanguineous marriage in Jordan.

We conducted a population-based study of consanguineous marriages in Jordan. About two thousand households were interviewed. First cousin marriages were encountered in 32.03%, second cousin in 6.8%, distant relation in 10.5%, and no relation in 50% of all marriages, respectively. Inbreeding coefficients were compared with those of other countries. The most important variables affecting inbreeding were social tradition, religion, education, and place of residence--urban vs. rural. Secular trends appear rather stable since the early decades of the twentieth century, especially for first cousin marriages. Jordan society showed a deeply rooted traditional behavioral pattern when inbreeding is considered.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Rural migration: what attracts new residents to non-metropolitan areas.

"This study uses the experience of three non-metropolitan counties in Pennsylvania to explore which community characteristics have the greatest influence on people's decisions to move to rural areas. Personal characteristics affected how in-migrants evaluated prospective rural residential locations. Higher income in-migrants placed a high priority on job opportunities, housing quality, a short commute to work, quality of schools, and low local taxes. Lower income in-migrants were more likely to value a location near family and friends. Ability to own a home, housing costs, and local taxes were also important."

Americas↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Measuring accessibility to family planning services in rural Thailand.

There are a variety of ways to conceptualize and measure accessibility to contraceptive services and supplies. Using detailed data for rural Thailand, a multiplicity of reasonable measures are developed that reflect time and/or distance to various government program outlets. Many of these are only moderately correlated with one another, and to an important extent, different measures show different associations with levels of contraceptive prevalence. Clearly there is a general need in this area of investigation to pay more attention to the measurement of accessibility as a community characteristic and to consider the sensitivity of results to alternate measures.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Modelling geographic variations in West Nile virus.

BACKGROUND: This paper applies a method for modelling the spatial variation of West Nile virus (WNv) in humans using bird, environmental and human testing data. METHODS: We used data collected from 503 Alberta municipalities. In order to manage the effects of residual spatial autocorrelation, we used generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) to model the incidence of infection. RESULTS: There were 275 confirmed cases of WNv in the 2003 calendar year in Alberta. Our spatial model indicates that living in the grasslands natural region and levels of human testing are significant positive predictors of WNv; living in an urban area is a significant negative predictor. CONCLUSION: Infected bird data contribute little to our model. The variability of West Nile virus incidence in Alberta may be partly confounded by the variations in the rate of testing in different parts of the province. However, variation in infection is also associated with known environmental risk factors. Our findings are consistent with existing knowledge of WNv in North America.

Alberta↗
PubMed1998

Poor people on the move: county-to-county migration and the spatial concentration of poverty.

"Poverty rates in high-poverty and low-poverty rural [U.S.] counties, and, thus, the spatial concentration of poverty, are affected by poverty-specific differences in in-migration and out-migration patterns. These patterns are investigated using 1985-90 county-to-county migration data from the decennial census. Effects on poverty rates of four migration flows (in- and out-migration of poor, in- and out-migration of nonpoor) are quantified, and their impacts on spatial concentration of poverty are assessed. The effect of selected county characteristics on the migration of the poor and nonpoor in nonmetro counties [is] estimated."

Americas↗
PubMed1987

Application of game theoretic analysis to a problem in demography.

"Governments in certain countries have tried over the last two decades to draw most industry to the largest cities. The effect has generally been a large increase in both the population and land area of the cities, as the nearby rural areas are taken out of agricultural production and urbanized. Where the land is especially fertile, this can represent a definite loss to the country's agricultural capabilities. By studying the Nash equilibria we show that, given political pressures, there is a very real danger that this process will continue until all, or practically all of the land has been urbanized." The geographical focus is on Colombia.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1986

Occupational and spatial mobility of temporary Mexican migrants to the U.S.: a comparative analysis.

"U.S. job and spatial mobility are compared here for recent returnee migrants from two Mexican areas--Rio Grande, Zacatecas, in the interior; and Nueva Rosita-Muzquiz, Coahuila, near the U.S. border. Results suggest that the interior migrants fit a hierarchical migrant model: they move up the urban hierarchy from U.S. rural areas to towns and cities, experiencing substantial job mobility at first, but little after reaching the urban sector. Border migrants fit a shuttle migrant model: they return to the same job and place year after year, experiencing little or no spatial and occupational mobility, although they tend to hold somewhat higher status jobs."

Americas↗
PubMed1991

Human immunodeficiency virus and migrant labor in South Africa.

The authors investigate the impact of the migrant labor system on heterosexual relationships on South African mines and assess the implications for the future transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The migrant labor system has created a market for prostitution in mining towns and geographic networks of relationships within and between urban and rural communities. A section of the migrant workforce and a group of women dependent on prostitution for economic support appear especially vulnerable to contracting HIV infection since they are involved in multiple sexual encounters with different, changing partners, usually without condom protection. Furthermore, sexually transmitted disease morbidity is extensive in the general and mineworker populations. Historically, migration facilitated the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases and may act similarly for HIV. Problems of combating the HIV epidemic in South Africa are discussed.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1988

A geographical profile of the South African population as a basis for epidemiological cancer research.

Because people do not necessarily become ill proportionally, particular subgroups of the population are more susceptible to certain types of diseases than others. It is also essential to take spatial distribution and accessibility of the population into account when considering the optimal location of medical facilities. A geographical profile of the heterogeneous population of South Africa with regard to demographic and socioeconomic composition and urbanisation patterns is therefore presented. Analysis of the composition of the population by tabulating and mapping population census results reveals a complexity which arises from the diversity between the developed white profile and the developing black and coloured communities with their escalating numbers, relative youth and socio-economic backlog. Examination of the maps shows up an unbalanced spatial urbanisation profile with overconcentration in the five metropolitan core areas. Although such a population framework usually fits best to cancer epidemiology, most other diseases could benefit from such an approach.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2004

Pilot study of using GIS to visualize health status distribution: case study of Songjiang District, Shanghai.

The aim of this study was to investigate the geographic variation in mortality indicators in Songjiang District of Shanghai under rapid change with urbanization. Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to visualize the distributions of health status and to test the extent of spatial auto-correlation in the indictors. In 2001, total crude mortality was 687/100,000 for the district; the rates for the townships (N=15) in the district ranged from 444/100,000 to 805/100,000. GIS maps indicated that the mortality was higher in the marginal areas of the district. Significant positive auto-correlations were found in total crude mortality rates, death rate for infectious diseases, and death rates for digestive diseases. The measures that consider intra-region inequality in health needs will be required in the regions under urbanization.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Stroke prevalence among the Spanish elderly: an analysis based on screening surveys.

BACKGROUND: This study sought to describe stroke prevalence in Spanish elderly populations and compare it against that of other European countries. METHODS: We identified screening surveys--both published and unpublished--in Spanish populations, which fulfilled specific quality requirements and targeted prevalence of stroke in populations aged 70 years and over. Surveys covering seven geographically different populations with prevalence years in the period 1991-2002 were selected, and the respective authors were then asked to provide descriptions of the methodology and raw age-specific data by completing a questionnaire. In addition, five reported screening surveys in European populations furnished useful data for comparison purposes. Prevalence data were combined, using direct adjustment and logistic regression. RESULTS: The overall study population, resident in central and north-eastern Spain, totalled 10,647 persons and yielded 715 cases. Age-adjusted prevalences, using the European standard population, were 7.3% for men, 5.6% for women, and 6.4% for both sexes. Prevalence was significantly lower in women, OR 0.79 95% CI 0.68-0.93, increased with age, particularly among women, and displayed a threefold spatial variation with statistically significant differences. Prevalences were highest, 8.7%, in suburban, and lowest, 3.8%, in rural populations. Compared to pooled Spanish populations, statistically significant differences were seen in eight Italian populations, OR 1.39 95% CI (1.18-1.64), and in Kungsholmen, Sweden, OR 0.40 95% CI (0.27-0.58). CONCLUSION: Prevalence in central and north-eastern Spain is higher in males and in suburban areas, and displays a threefold geographic variation, with women constituting the majority of elderly stroke sufferers. Compared to reported European data, stroke prevalence in Spain can be said to be medium and presents similar age- and sex-specific traits.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1998

Monitoring unmet obstetric need at district level in Morocco.

Unmet obstetric need was assessed in Taounate province (Morocco) during the year 1995 by monitoring rates of major obstetric intervention for absolute maternal indications. We report results in terms of spatial distribution of the failures of the health care system to provide women with essential emergency obstetric care. An estimated 135 women with life-threatening conditions did not benefit from the obstetric interventions they required. The paper documents the effects of the monitoring process on the way the provincial team changed their way of dealing with deliveries. Assessment of unmet obstetric need in Taounate province proved feasible and affordable without external budgetary inputs. It provided the team with information on the magnitude of a previously ignored problem. The results were so dramatic as to lead the team to look for causes and solutions. These were clearly not merely technical but systemic in nature.

Female↗